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Susceptibility of Five Pearl Ecotypes to the Nymphal I Locusta Migratoria

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Susceptibility of Five Pearl Ecotypes to the Nymphal I Locusta Migratoria Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies Susceptibility of five pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. Ecotypes to the nymphal instars of the Migratory locust Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche and Farmaire) infestation. By Kholdi Fathi Salim Gomaa B.Sc. in Agricultural studies, Honors (Plant Protection). Sudan University of Science & technology. 2010. A dissertation Submitted to the Sudan University of Science & technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Plant Protection. Supervisor. Prof: Magzoub Omer Bashir. Department of Crop Protection. Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum June, 2015. INCEPTION ﻗﺎل ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ: (اﻷﻋﺮاف : 133 ) {ﺧُﺸﱠﻌﺎً أَﺑْﺼَﺎرُﻫُﻢْ ﻳَﺨْﺮُﺟُﻮنَ ﻣِﻦَ اﻟْﺄَﺟْﺪَاثِ ﻛَﺄَﻧﱠﻬُﻢْ ﺟَﺮَادٌ ﻣﱡﻨﺘَﺸِﺮٌ } (اﻟﻘﻤﺮ : 7 ) I DEDICATION To my beloved mother. To my dear father. To my dear and faithful uncle Nassir Elsayed. To my uncles, aunts, brothers, sisters and cousins. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the beginning I render my acknowledgement to the Almighty Allah. I am indebted to and express my deepest thanks, sincere gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Professor Magzoub Omer Bashir for his continuous guidance, suggestions and encouragement throughout the period of this study. I would like to thank all staff members of Plant Protection Department, Sudan University of Science and Technology and staff members of Crop Protection Department, University of Khartoum. My thanks also extend to my colleague Salih Nurain who helped me in literature, data analysis and thesis preparing. Also thanks to Dr. Jaffar Farah at crop production of (SUST), Dr. Rabei Abdelmagid from Ministry of Agriculture and to my colleague Abdelhakim Shogar. At Last but not least I am greatly indebted to all those whom I may have forgotten, I offer my sincere apologies. III TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page No. INCEPTION.......................................................................................................I DEDICATION ................................................................................................. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ III TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................IV LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................VI LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................VII LIST OF PLATES........................................................................................ VIII ABSTRACT....................................................................................................IX XI............................................................................................... ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻷﻃﺮوﺣﺔ CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................. 1 Introdcution ....................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................ 5 2- LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 5 2.1. Host plant (Pearl millet).......................................................................... 5 2.1. Classification of the pest (The African Migratory Locust) .................... 6 2.2. Ecology, habitats and Behavior:............................................................. 7 2.3. Geographical distribution ....................................................................... 9 2.4. The African Migratory Locust in the Sudan......................................... 11 2.5. Morphology .......................................................................................... 12 2.6. Biology.................................................................................................. 15 2.8. The Migratory locust plague dynamics ................................................ 16 2.9. Control Measures:................................................................................. 16 2.9.1. Chemical control................................................................................ 17 2.9.2. Natural control................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................... 19 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................. 19 3.1 Rearing of Migratory Locust. ................................................................ 19 3.2 Rearing and egg laying cages. ............................................................... 20 3.3. Hoppers rearing cage. ........................................................................... 21 3.4. Food materials. ..................................................................................... 22 3.5. Experimental cages............................................................................... 24 IV 3.6. Food preference experiments (Feeding tests)..................................... 25 3.7. Statistical analysis................................................................................. 26 CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................... 27 4.RESULTS.................................................................................................... 27 4.1. Food preference (Feeding tests) ........................................................... 27 4.2. Percentage of food -intake by Migratory locust hoppers on the fife millet ecotypes. ............................................................................................ 30 4.3. Weight of ingested food ....................................................................... 33 4-4: Percentage of ingested food. ................................................................ 36 4-5: Weight of Feces in grams.................................................................... 39 CHAPTER FIVE........................................................................................... 41 5.DISCUSSION ............................................................................................. 41 CONCLUSIONS. ........................................................................................ 44 RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................. 44 REFERENCES................................................................................................ 45 Appendices...................................................................................................... 51 V LIST OF TABLES Title Page No. Table 1: Amount of food -intake in gram by the migratory locust nymphs... 28 Table 2: Food-intake by Migratory locust hoppers of the fife millet ecotypes. ......................................................................................................................... 31 Table 3: Weight of ingested food in grams.................................................... 34 Table 4: Percentage of ingested-food.............................................................. 37 VI LIST OF FIGURES Title Page No. Figure 1. Food-intake in gram of the 5 test varieties by the 3rd. and 4th. migratory locust nymphs................................................................................. 29 Figure 2: Percentage of Ecotypes preference or food-intake by Migratory locust hoppers.................................................................................................. 32 Figure 3: Weight of food ingested. ................................................................ 35 Figure 4: Percentage of ingested-food. ........................................................... 38 Figure 5: Weigh of feces in gram.................................................................... 40 VII LIST OF PLATES Title Page No. Plate 1: Geographical distribution areas of Migratory locust Meinzingen, (1993). ............................................................................................................. 10 Plate 2: Solitarious hopper of the Migratory locust........................................ 13 Plate 3: Gregarious hopper of the Migratory locust........................................ 14 Plate 4: Oviposition unit setup for rearing of Migratory Locust. ................... 20 Plate 5: Migratory locust hoppers rearing cage. ............................................. 21 Plate 6: Millet seedlings grown in plastic cups and used to feed adults and nymphs. ........................................................................................................... 23 Plate 7: Experimental cages. ........................................................................... 24 VIII ABSTRACT The laboratory experiments were conducted at the unit of biological control, Insectary laboratory of the Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum, Shambat, during the period from the beginning of May 2014 to the beginning of January 2015. The experiments were carried out under semi-field conditions (cage- experiment). The objectives of the study were to study investigation and evaluation the susceptibility of five ecotypes of (Pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum var.) on the life system of the solitary African Migratory Locust. The main objective was to detect the most preferred food variety on the development of
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