DOCSLIB.ORG

Bioluminescência Fúngica: Papel Ecológico, Purificação E Clonagem De Enzimas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bioluminescência Fúngica: Papel Ecológico, Purificação E Clonagem De Enzimas UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE QUIMICA Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Bioquímica) HANS EUGENE WALDENMAIER Bioluminescência fúngica: papel ecológico, purificação e clonagem de enzimas TESE DE DOUTORADO - PROGRAMA DE BIOQUĺMICA São Paulo Data do deposito na SPG: Versão corrigida 02/10/2017 HANS EUGENE WALDENMAIER Bioluminescência fúngica: papel ecológico, purificação e clonagem de enzimas Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Química da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciências (Bioquímica) Orientador: Prof. Dr. Cassius Vinicius Stevani Co-orientadora: Profa. Dra. Carla Columbano de Oliveira São Paulo 2016 Agradecimentos First I would like to thank my advisor Cassius V. Stevani for his generous support of my PhD research and related projects, for his guidance and encouragement to explore all aspects of fungal luminescence. I would also like to thank Prof. Anderson Oliveira for pioneering the recent enzymatic study of fungal bioluminescence and guiding me into this field. My thanks goes to Prof. Carlos Hotta, Dr. Armando Casas-Mollano and Eric Bastos for helping me keep my plant biology synapses firing. Additionally I would like to thank Prof. William Badder for helping me think through some of the more chemistry parts of this biochemical study. I would also like to thank Felipe Dorr for his help in characterizing equsistumpyrone and thinking though the hispidin biosynthesis. A thanks goes to Dr. Dennis Desjardin for help in characterizing newly found species, and to Dr. Ron Petersen for providing Panellus stipticus cultures.. My ​ ​ appreciation of the help from Clemson University Genomics Institute continues, their help in developing a DNA extraction method for our fungus was probably the most critical step of my thesis. I would also like to thank Sérgio Pompéia and the staff at IPBio for their collaboration and field help in the characterization of the ecology of fungal bioluminescence. I would also like to thank my “Brazilian grandfather” Dr. Ismael Dantas for allowing me to stomp around his property looking for bioluminescent mushrooms in Piaui and his kindness and hospitality when we are in Altos. My thanks also goes to Prof. Silvio Nihei for his assistance in identifying the captured arthropods in the ecology study. I would like to thank FAPESP for their generous funding support allowing for my dream PhD project. My sincere thanks goes to biochemistry department at IQ-USP for allowing this research and providing institutional structure. I would also like to thank my friends at IQ-USP for their help in acclimating to Sao Paulo and providing help with various aspects of this project. Finally I would like to thank my family and friends from back in the US for their support throughout this project and putting up with the long distances and missed events over the last five years. Resumo: ​ Waldenmaier, HE. Bioluminescência fúngica: papel ecológico, purificação e clonagem de ​ enzimas. Tese de Doutorado - Programa de Pós-Graduação em bioquímica. Instituto de ​ Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. Esta tese de doutorado descreve os estudos realizados para elucidar a biologia molecular da bioluminescência fúngica e sua relevância ecológica na natureza. A recente descoberta de que a luciferina fúngica é a 3-hidroxihispidina permitiu a caracterização do metabolismo secundário da fenilalanina nos genomas recém-sequenciados e transcriptomas de micélios das espécies luminescentes Panellus stipticus e Neonothopanus gardneri. ​ ​ ​ Adicionalmente os genomas e transcriptomas de variedades não luminescente de P. stipticus e ​ Lentinula edodes serviram como respectivos controles. Em geral, os genes envolvidos no metabolismo secundário da fenilalanina em amostras luminescentes tinham expressão igual ou superior àquela de espécies não luminescentes. Um agrupamento de genes relacionados com a biossíntese de fenilalanina foi encontrado em ambos os genomas luminescentes e não luminescentes de P. stipticus. A abundância de genes transcritos neste agrupamento foi ​ ​ semelhante para as espécies luminescentes e não luminescentes de P. stipticus, mas a ​ ​ policetídeo sintase tipo I em P. stipticus não luminescentes foi significativamente sub-regulada. ​ Não foi encontrado agrupamento semelhante nos genomas de N. gardneri e L. edodes, sendo ​ ​ ​ que os correspondentes homólogos estavam espalhados em diferentes loci. Extratos de fungos podem ser preparados in vitro, com a adição de 3-hidroxihispidina ​ ​ para produzir luz verde em abundância. A preparação de extratos proteicos de luciferase foi melhorada e a estrutura da luciferase, parcialmente purificada, foi investigada por espectrometria de massas. A presença de luciferase nos géis de purificação foi revelada usando-se luciferina e molécula similares à luciferina advindas de extratos de plantas. O nicho ecológico nas vizinhas de cogumelos bioluminescentes foi investigado de duas maneiras, armadilhas adesivas com cogumelos artificiais de acrílico, iluminados com luz LED verde e através da observação direta de cogumelos bioluminescentes com fotografia no infravermelho com lapso de tempo. Os estudos ecológicos foram conduzidos nos biomas da Mata Atlântica e da Mata dos Cocais, no Brasil. Baratas, aranhas, tesourinhas, grilo e vagalumes tec-tecs foram os animais mais comuns que interagiram com os cogumelos. Todos estes animais podem agir como dispersores de propágulos e, em alguns casos, como defensores dos cogumelos. Palavras-chave: bioluminescência fúngica, metabolismo secundário da fenilalanina, luciferase, ecologia ABSTRACT Waldenmaier, HE. Fungal bioluminescence: ecological role, purification and cloning of ​ enzymes. Tese de Doutorado - Programa de Pós-Graduação em bioquímica. Instituto de ​ Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. This PhD thesis describes the studies performed to elucidate the molecular biology of fungal bioluminescence and the ecological significance of the trait in the wild. The recent discovery that the fungal luciferin is 3-hydroxyhispidin has allowed for the characterization of phenylalanine secondary metabolism in the newly sequenced genomes and mycelium transcriptomes of luminescent Panellus stipticus and Neonothopanus gardneri, additionally the ​ ​ genomes and transcriptomes of a non-luminescent variety of P. stipticus and Lentinula edodes ​ ​ served as respective controls. In general the genes involved in phenylalanine secondary metabolism had greater or equal expression in luminescent samples than non luminescent. A cluster of genes related to the secondary metabolism of phenylalanine was found in both luminescent and non luminescent P. stipticus genomes. Transcript abundance of genes in this ​ cluster was similar in both luminescent and non-luminescent Panellus stipticus, but the type I ​ ​ polyketide synthase in non luminescent Panellus stipticus was significantly down regulated. A ​ ​ similar gene cluster in the N. gardneri and L. edodes genomes was absent with corresponding ​ ​ homologues scattered at different genomic loci. Cell free fungal extracts can be combined in vitro with the addition of 3-hydroxyhispidin ​ ​ to produce abundant green light. Preparation of proteinaceous luciferase extracts was improved and partially purified luciferase samples were investigated by mass spectrometry. The presence of luciferase in the separation gel was also evidenced by using luciferin and luciferin-like molecules from plant extracts. The ecological niche surrounding bioluminescent mushrooms was investigated through two main means, glue traps with acrylic mushroom facsimiles that were internally illuminated with green LED lights and direct observation of bioluminescent mushrooms with infrared time lapse photography. Ecological studies were performed in the Atlantic rainforest (Mata Atlântica) and transitional Coconut Palm forest (Mata dos Cocais) biomes of Brazil. Cockroaches, spiders, earwigs, crickets, and luminescent click beetles were the most common animal interacting with mushrooms. All of these animals may be acting as fungal propagule dispersers and in some cases defense of the mushroom. Keywords: fungal bioluminescence, phenylalanine secondary metabolism, luciferase, ecology ​ Lista de Abreviaturas e Siglas Enzymes PAL phenylalanine ammonia lyase C4H trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase, cinnamate hydroxylase C3H 4-coumarate-3-Hydroxylase 4CL 4-coumaryl:CoA-ligase PKS Polyketide synthase (three types: I,II,III) CHS Chalcone synthase a type III PKS in plants with 3 malonyl-CoA additions SPS Styrylpyrone synthase a type III PKS in plants with 2 malonyl-CoA additions HMG Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase Sequence Data Set Abbreviations BL Panellus stipticus, Blount Co. Tenn USA - Bioluminescent ​ TU Panellus stipticus, Turkey ​ NG Neonothopanus gardneri, Altos PI BR - Bioluminescent ​ LE Lentinula edodes, Supermarket ​ BTNL The collective abbreviation for all four (BL, TU, NG, LE) datasets. PI An additional transcriptome subset of NG from a preliminary sequencing effort. Each PI transcript has expression fold change ratio between luminescent and non-luminescent mycelium DNA: “_scaffold_” ex. BL_scaffold_4, BL_scaffold_23 ​ Long sub-chromosome length of assembled DNA sequence. Genes: “_mg_” ex. BL_mg_002894, NG_mg_013453 ​ MAKER predicted gene sequence with intron/exons, CDS, translation and scaffold location. Transcript: ex. LE012345, TU006589 ​ Bowtie assembled transcript has associated replicate transcript abundance values. IPR - Interproscan annotation ex. IPR005922 - phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016
    Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry.
    [Show full text]
  • Panellus Stipticus
    VOLUME 55: 5 SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2015 www.namyco.org Regional Trustee Nominations Every year, on a rotating basis, four Regional Trustee positions are due for nomination and election by NAMA members in their respective region. The following regions have openings for three-year terms to begin in 2016: Appalachian, Boreal, Great Lakes, and Rocky Mountain. The affiliated clubs for each region are listed below; those without a club affiliation are members of the region where they live. Members of each region may nominate them- selves or another person in that region. Nominations close on October 31, 2015. Appalachian Cumberland Mycological Society Mushroom Club of Georgia North Alabama Mushroom Society South Carolina Upstate Mycological Society West Virginia Mushroom Club Western Pennsylvania Mushroom Club Boreal Alberta Mycological Society Foray Newfoundland & Labrador Great Lakes Hoosier Mushroom Society Illinois Mycological Association Michigan Mushroom Hunters Club Minnesota Mycological Society Mycological Society of Toronto Four Corners Mushroom Club Ohio Mushroom Society Mushroom Society of Utah Wisconsin Mycological Society New Mexico Mycological Society Rocky Mountains North Idaho Mycological Association Arizona Mushroom Club Pikes Peak Mycological Society Colorado Mycological Society Southern Idaho Mycological Association SW Montana Mycological Association Please send the information outlined on the form below to Adele Mehta by email: [email protected], or by mail: 4917 W. Old Shakopee Road, Bloomington, MN 55437. Regional
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Insect Color Vision: from Spectral Sensitivity to Visual Ecology
    EN66CH23_vanderKooi ARjats.cls September 16, 2020 15:11 Annual Review of Entomology Evolution of Insect Color Vision: From Spectral Sensitivity to Visual Ecology Casper J. van der Kooi,1 Doekele G. Stavenga,1 Kentaro Arikawa,2 Gregor Belušic,ˇ 3 and Almut Kelber4 1Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands; email: [email protected] 2Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan 3Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; email: [email protected] 4Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, University of Lund, 22362 Lund, Sweden; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2021. 66:23.1–23.28 Keywords The Annual Review of Entomology is online at photoreceptor, compound eye, pigment, visual pigment, behavior, opsin, ento.annualreviews.org anatomy https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-061720- 071644 Abstract Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2021.66. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Copyright © 2021 by Annual Reviews. Color vision is widespread among insects but varies among species, depend- All rights reserved ing on the spectral sensitivities and interplay of the participating photore- Access provided by University of New South Wales on 09/26/20. For personal use only. ceptors. The spectral sensitivity of a photoreceptor is principally determined by the absorption spectrum of the expressed visual pigment, but it can be modified by various optical and electrophysiological factors. For example, screening and filtering pigments, rhabdom waveguide properties, retinal structure, and neural processing all influence the perceived color signal.
    [Show full text]
  • Names, Names, Names: When Nomenclature Meets Molecules Ron Petersen and Karen Hughes*
    22 McIlvainea Volume 18, Number 1, 2009 23 Names, Names, Names: When Nomenclature Meets Molecules Ron Petersen and Karen Hughes* IN EASTERN North America, the Appalachian in point: for years it was assumed that Amanita cae- Mountains have their southern origin in northern sarea (Caesar’s mushroom; Fig. 1A) occurred in the Georgia, and extend to the northeast to Maine, a Smokies. Confronted with our mushroom in 1968, distance of over 3200 kilometers. Although not Marinus Donk and Roger Heim, with deep expe- as spectacular as other ranges (i.e. Alps, Himalaya, rience in Old World tropics (Indonesia and New Andes, Rockies, etc.), their height (up to 2250 m) Caledonia), told us that our species was, in fact, A. combined with their longitudinal range provide a hemibapha (Fig. 2A), with which they were familiar. host of ecological niches. Glaciation of the north- Creating further confusion: Vassilieva described A. ern portion of the range 10- to 20,000 years ago caesarioides (Fig. 2B) from far eastern Russia. Finally, produced climatic conditions which forced the we have come to call our version of Caesar’s mush- forest flora to colonize farther south into more room A. jacksonii (Fig. 1B). hospitable climatic refugia, taking its fungi with it But if such confusion is possible over such a and eventually to recolonize northward once the sensational mushroom, what other surprises could glaciers receded. The conifers of the Canadian lurk over other, more arcane worldwide mimics? Shield still can be found at high elevation as far While herbarium specimens can be (and have south as Tennessee (N 37o).
    [Show full text]
  • Announcement Nampijja 4.5.21
    Plant Pathology Seminar Series Bioluminescent fungi, a source of genes to monitor plant stresses and changes in the environment Marilen Nampijja, PhD student Bioluminescence is a natural phenomenon of light emission by a living organism resulting from oxidation of luciferin catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase (Dubois 1887). This process serves as a powerful biological tool for scientists to study gene expression in plants and animals. A wide diversity of living organisms is bioluminescent, including some fungi (Shimomura 2006). For many of these organisms, the ability to emit light is a defining feature of their biology (Labella et al. 2017; Verdes and Gruber 2017; Wainwright and https://www.sentinelassam.com Longo 2017). For example, bioluminescence in many organisms serves purposes such as attracting mates and pollinators, scaring predators, and recruiting other creatures to spread spores (Kotlobay et al. 2018; Shimomura 2006; Verdes and Gruber 2017). Oliveira and Stevani (2009) confirmed that the fungal bioluminescent reaction involved reduction of luciferin by NADPH and a luciferase. Their findings supported earlier studies by Airth and McElroy (1959) who found that the addition of reduced pyridine nucleotide and NADPH resulted in sustained light emission using the standard luciferin-luciferase test developed by Dubois (1887). Additionally, Kamzolkina et al. (1984;1983) and Kuwabara and Wassink (1966) purified and crystallized luciferin from the fungus Omphalia flavida, which was active in bioluminescence when exposed to the enzyme prepared according to the procedure described by Airth and McElroy (1959). Decades after, Kotlobay et al. (2018) showed that the fungal luciferase is encoded by the luz gene and three other key enzymes that form a complete biosynthetic cycle of the fungal luciferin from caffeic acid.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area
    Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area • Giuseppe Venturella Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area Edited by Giuseppe Venturella Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Diversity www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area Editor Giuseppe Venturella MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Giuseppe Venturella University of Palermo Italy Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Diversity (ISSN 1424-2818) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity/special issues/ fungal diversity). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03936-978-2 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-979-9 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. vii Giuseppe Venturella Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area Reprinted from: Diversity 2020, 12, 253, doi:10.3390/d12060253 .................... 1 Elias Polemis, Vassiliki Fryssouli, Vassileios Daskalopoulos and Georgios I.
    [Show full text]
  • Sporocarp Ontogeny in Panus (Basidiomycotina): Evolution and Classification
    Sporocarp Ontogeny in Panus (Basidiomycotina): Evolution and Classification David S. Hibbett; Shigeyuki Murakami; Akihiko Tsuneda American Journal of Botany, Vol. 80, No. 11. (Nov., 1993), pp. 1336-1348. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9122%28199311%2980%3A11%3C1336%3ASOIP%28E%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M American Journal of Botany is currently published by Botanical Society of America. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/botsam.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Tue Jan 8 09:54:21 2008 American Journal of Botany 80(11): 1336-1348.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioluminescence in Mushroom and Its Application Potentials
    Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment, Vol. 14 (1) (2016) BIOLUMINESCENCE IN MUSHROOM AND ITS APPLICATION POTENTIALS Ilondu, E. M.* and Okiti, A. A. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 2348036758249. ABSTRACT Bioluminescence is a biological process through which light is produced and emitted by a living organism resulting from a chemical reaction within the body of the organism. The mechanism behind this phenomenon is an oxygen-dependent reaction involving substrates generally termed luciferin, which is catalyzed by one or more of an assortment of unrelated enzyme called luciferases. The history of bioluminescence in fungi can be traced far back to 382 B.C. when it was first noted by Aristotle in his early writings. It is the nature of bioluminescent mushrooms to emit a greenish light at certain stages in their life cycle and this light has a maximum wavelength range of 520-530 nm. Luminescence in mushroom has been hypothesized to attract invertebrates that aids in spore dispersal and testing for pollutants (ions of mercury) in water supply. The metabolites from luminescent mushrooms are effectively bioactive in anti-moulds, anti-bacteria, anti-virus, especially in inhibiting the growth of cancer cell and very useful in areas of biology, biotechnology and medicine as luminescent markers for developing new luminescent microanalysis methods. Luminescent mushroom is a novel area of research in the world which is beneficial to mankind especially with regards to environmental pollution monitoring and biomedical applications. Bioluminescence in fungi is a beautiful phenomenon to observe which should be of interest to Scientists of all endeavors.
    [Show full text]
  • Foray Report
    TH THE 20 NZ FUNGAL FORAY, WESTPORT Petra White Introduction The New Zealand Fungal Foray is an annual event held in May each year at a different site in the country. It is intended for both amateur and professional mycologists. The amateurs range from members of the public with a general interest in natural history, to photographers, to gastronomes, to those with an extensive knowledge on New Zealand's fungi. Initiated in 1986 with a foray at Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula, the event has since been held in such varying places as Tangihua, the Catlins, Wanganui, Ruatahuna, Haast and Nelson. After last year‘s foray at Ohakune 438 fungi collections representing 298 taxa were deposited into the PDD national collection. Three collections were of species currently flagged as Nationally Critical in DoC‘s classification (Ramaria junquilleovertex, Squamanita squarrulosa, Russula littoralis), and 67 collections representing 44 taxa were of records flagged as Data Deficient. The list is published on the FUNNZ website. th The 20 annual NZ Fungal Foray was held this year from 7–13 May at the University of Canterbury Field Station in Westport. There were 66 professional and amateur mycologists staying for various durations during the week. We had visitors from Austria, Australia, Thailand, Sweden, England, Tasmania, Japan and USA. Each day‘s foraying involved collecting in the field and then identifying our finds back at the Field Centre, labelling them and displaying them on tables set aside for the purpose. Many of the collections were then dried to take back to the Landcare Research herbarium in Auckland.
    [Show full text]
  • 9B Taxonomy to Genus
    Fungus and Lichen Genera in the NEMF Database Taxonomic hierarchy: phyllum > class (-etes) > order (-ales) > family (-ceae) > genus. Total number of genera in the database: 526 Anamorphic fungi (see p. 4), which are disseminated by propagules not formed from cells where meiosis has occurred, are presently not grouped by class, order, etc. Most propagules can be referred to as "conidia," but some are derived from unspecialized vegetative mycelium. A significant number are correlated with fungal states that produce spores derived from cells where meiosis has, or is assumed to have, occurred. These are, where known, members of the ascomycetes or basidiomycetes. However, in many cases, they are still undescribed, unrecognized or poorly known. (Explanation paraphrased from "Dictionary of the Fungi, 9th Edition.") Principal authority for this taxonomy is the Dictionary of the Fungi and its online database, www.indexfungorum.org. For lichens, see Lecanoromycetes on p. 3. Basidiomycota Aegerita Poria Macrolepiota Grandinia Poronidulus Melanophyllum Agaricomycetes Hyphoderma Postia Amanitaceae Cantharellales Meripilaceae Pycnoporellus Amanita Cantharellaceae Abortiporus Skeletocutis Bolbitiaceae Cantharellus Antrodia Trichaptum Agrocybe Craterellus Grifola Tyromyces Bolbitius Clavulinaceae Meripilus Sistotremataceae Conocybe Clavulina Physisporinus Trechispora Hebeloma Hydnaceae Meruliaceae Sparassidaceae Panaeolina Hydnum Climacodon Sparassis Clavariaceae Polyporales Gloeoporus Steccherinaceae Clavaria Albatrellaceae Hyphodermopsis Antrodiella
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Species of Cladobotryum and Hypomyces Producing Red Pigments
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org StudieS in Mycology 68: 1–34. 2011. doi:10.3114/sim.2011.68.01 Tropical species of Cladobotryum and Hypomyces producing red pigments Kadri Põldmaa Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, and Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia Correspondence: Kadri Põldmaa, [email protected] Abstract: Twelve species of Hypomyces/Cladobotryum producing red pigments are reported growing in various tropical areas of the world. Ten of these are described as new, including teleomorphs for two previously known anamorphic species. In two species the teleomorph has been found in nature and in three others it was obtained in culture; only anamorphs are known for the rest. None of the studied tropical collections belongs to the common temperate species H. rosellus and H. odoratus to which the tropical teleomorphic collections had previously been assigned. Instead, taxa encountered in the tropics are genetically and morphologically distinct from the nine species of Hypomyces/Cladobotryum producing red pigments known from temperate regions. Besides observed host preferences, anamorphs of several species can spread fast on soft ephemeral agaricoid basidiomata but the slower developing teleomorphs are mostly found on polyporoid basidiomata or bark. While a majority of previous records from the tropics involve collections from Central America, this paper also reports the diversity of these fungi in the Paleotropics. Africa appears to hold a variety of taxa as five of the new species include material collected in scattered localities of this mostly unexplored continent. In examining distribution patterns, most of the taxa do not appear to be pantropical.
    [Show full text]
  • May 2015 Newsletter of the Central New York Mycological Society ______
    May 2015 Newsletter of the Central New York Mycological Society __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Stereum hirsutum Hairy Parchment Stereum ostrea False Turkey-tail Stereum striatum Silky Parchment Strobilurus esculentus Spruce Cone Cap Trametes gibbosa Lenzites elegans/Trametes elegans/Lenzites gibbosa Trametes hirsuta Hairy Turkey Tail Trametes versicolor Turkey-tail Trichaptum biforme Violet Toothed Polypore Trichia favoginea Physcia stellaris Star Rosette Lichen They’re coming . and hopefully they’ll bring friends! (tentative) https://siskiyou.sou.edu/2015/04/08/morel-mushrooms-the-new-gold- rush/ ESF Masters student Brandon Haynes shared the results of his research using oyster mushroom spawn to filter E April Recap coli from waste water. Many thanks to Brandon for getting the year off to a great start with his interesting Thanks to Paula Desanto for providing the following program! species list from the winter foray at the Rand Tract in March: Next month Bernie Carr will educate us about trees and Daedaleopsis confragosa Thin-maze Flat Polypore the mushrooms they grow with. A must for all Fomes fomentarius Tinder Polypore mushroom hunters! The May foray will be at Morgan Irpex lacteus Milk-white Toothed Polypore Hill State Forest . Directions : from I-81S take the Tully Ischnoderma resinosum Resinous Polypore Exit and turn left from the exit ramp. Take the next left Panellus stipticus Luminescent Panellus Schizophyllum commune Common Split Gill onto Route 80. Follow Route 80 east through Tully and Stereum complicatum Crowded Parchment Apulia. Just beyond Venture Farms take a right onto Stereum hirsutum Hairy Stereum Herlihy Road. Follow this to the top of the hill and Stereum striatum Silky Parchment turn left (before Spruce Pond).
    [Show full text]