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Costa Et Al. (2010) Quercetea 10: 5-106, 2010 ALFA, Lisboa. Portugal Guia geobotânico da excursão ao Parque Natural da Serras de Aire e Candeeiros José Carlos Costa ∗∗∗, Maria Dalila Espírito Santo * & Pedro Arsénio* RESUMO: No presente trabalho é feita uma breve resenha bioclimática e biogeográfica do Sector Divisório Português e descreve-se a vegetação do locais a visitar durante a Excursão Geobotânica ao Parque Natural da Serra de Aires e Candeeiros, organizada no âmbito dos VIII Encontros Internacionais de Fitossociologia - ALFA que decorreram em Lisboa entre 13 e 16 de Setembro de 2010, sob o lema “Novas perspectivas da Fitossociologia”. Uma breve descrição das comunidades vegetais reconhecidas do Sector Divisório Português é apresentada. São propostas três novas associações: Oenantho crocatae- Quercetum pyrenaicae ( Populenion albae, Populion albae, Populetalia albae, Salici purpureae-Populetea albae ), Trifolio pratensis-Phalaridetum coerulescentis e Arabido lusitanicae-Hordeetum bulbosae ( Gaudinio verticolae-Hordeion bulbosae, Holoschoenetalia, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea ). Palavras-chave: calcário, cársico, vegetação, flora. ABSTRACT: Guide to the Geobotanical Excursion to the Natural Park of “Serra de Aire e Candeeiros”. The “Serras de Aire e Candeeiros” Natural Park, in the Centre of Portugal, are mostly formed by limestone formations of the Middle Jurassic. Among the plant species located in this Protected Area, there are seven endemic species included in Annex II and/or IV of CEE/92/43 Directive by their rarity: Arabis sadina , Coincya cintrana , Iberis procumbens subsp. microcarpa, Juncus valvatus , Narcissus calcicola , Saxifraga cintrana and Silene longicilia . Other noteworthy plant species occurring in these limestone formations, although not included in any of the CEE/92/43 Directive annexes, are numerous orchid species and also Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. lusitanica, Crambe hispanica, Cytinus ruber, Dianthus cintranus subsp. barbatus, Jonopsidium abulense, Inula montana, Koeleria vallesiana, Orobanche latisquama, Scabiosa turolensis, Serratula baetica subsp. lusitanica, Serratula estremadurensis, and Teucrium chamaedrys , most of them of rare occurrence in Portugal. The vegetation of these hills, in its ridge line, consists of a mosaic of more or less degraded communities of the holm forest Lonicero implexae- Quercetum rotundifoliae . In the valleys and foothills of Serra dos Candeeiros, reaching as far as Minde, the Portuguese oak forest Arisaro-Quercetum broteroi ∗ Centro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura. Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] José Carlos Costa, Maria Dalila Espírito Santo & Pedro Arsénio dominates. In the last years, we verify the expansion of the arborescent matorral with the consequent decrease of grasslands as a result of the sucessional dynamics. In this paper a brief review on biogeography and bioclimatology of the Portuguese Divisory Sector is presented. The vegetation of the places visited during the Geobotanical excursion” is also described, including new plant communities recognized in this Sector. Three new associations are proposed: Oenantho crocatae- Quercetum pyrenaicae ( Populenion albae, Populion albae, Populetalia albae, Salici purpureae-Populetea albae ), Trifolio pratensis-Phalaridetum coerulescentis and Arabido lusitanicae-Hordeetum bulbosae ( Gaudinio verticolae-Hordeion bulbosae, Holoschoenetalia, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea ). Keywords: limestone, karst, vegetation, flora 1. INTRODUÇÃO O Parque Natural das Serras e Aire e Candeeiros integra-se no Maciço Calcário Estremenho e teve origem no Jurássico Médio, situando-se maioritariamente em solos derivados de calcários cársicos e margas calcárias. Na figura 1 apresenta-se o percurso e as localidades a visitar. Figura 1 – Percurso da excursão a efectuar, estando previstas as seguintes paragens: 1 – Teira (Rio Maior); 2 – Portela das Cruzes (Rio Maior); 3 – Arrimal (Porto de Mós); 4 – Arrimal (Porto de Mós); 5 – Polje de Minde (Alcanena). Coordenadas UTM, Zona 29N ( Datum WGS84). 6 Guia geobotânico da excursão ao Parque Natural da Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Ao longo dos tempos o fogo, o pastoreio e a agricultura moldaram a paisagem, sendo característico o predomínio das formações cársicas e de vales seccionados por muros de pedra, com pequenas parcelas cultivadas, por vezes com vestígios de carvalhal que, frequentemente, acompanham os sítios mais habitados. A oliveira, de cultura em grande parte abandonada, é um elemento sempre presente; nos planaltos, em parcelas muradas, deram origem a pastos hoje em dia ainda pastoreados principalmente por gado bovino; nas encostas declivosas, enquanto o mato se vai regenerando lentamente, desenvolvem-se prados ricos em orquídeas. As escarpas rochosas, os lapiás, os algares, as cascalheiras, aumentam a aparente agressividade da paisagem, contrastando com as pedreiras, um dos poucos meios de subsistência das populações locais. Se não fossem estas, que proliferam por onde menos se espera, diríamos que a região se revela visualmente aprazível e ordenada, com os fogos e o pastoreio a diminuírem de intensidade, factores que sempre têm estado ligados, o que tem permitido a regeneração, por exemplo, da azinheira em muitos locais. O presente trabalho tem como finalidade a apresentação das comunidades vegetais que se observam no Parque Natural da Serra de Aire e Candeeiros. Também se refere a vegetação de territórios que contactam com a área a visitar. 2. ÁREA DE ESTUDO 2.1. Bioclimatologia Na metodologia e tipologia bioclimática seguiu-se a classificação bioclimática da Terra de Rivas- Martínez (RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ, 2005). Assim, toda a área a visitar está inserida em macroclima Mediterrânico Pluviestacional Oceânico. Em relação à continentalidade este território encontra-se na faixa semi-hiperoceânica (Ic entre 11 e 14). Toda a área do Parque da Serra de Aire Candeeiros situa-se no andar mesomediterrânico, horizontes inferior e superior (figura 2), variando o ombroclima entre o seco superior e o húmido superior (figura 3). 7 José Carlos Costa, Maria Dalila Espírito Santo & Pedro Arsénio Figura 2 – Termotipos da região em estudo, de acordo com RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ, 2005 (adaptado de MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES, 2010). 1 – Termomediterrânico superior; 2 – Mesomediterrânico inferior; 3 – Mesomediterrânico superior; 4 – Supramediterrânico inferior; 5 – Mesotemperado inferior. 8 Guia geobotânico da excursão ao Parque Natural da Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Figura 3 – Ombrotipos da região em estudo, de acordo com RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ, 2005 (adaptado de MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES, 2010). 1 – Seco superior; 2 – Sub-húmido inferior; 3 – Sub-húmido superior; 4 – Húmido inferior; 5 – Húmido superior. 9 José Carlos Costa, Maria Dalila Espírito Santo & Pedro Arsénio 2.2. Biogeografia A área a visitar encontra-se no Distrito Maciço Estremenho do Sector Divisório Português que se encontra inserido na Subprovíncia Divisório Portuguesa-Sadense, da Província Lusitano-Andalusa Litoral, da Região Mediterrânica (figura 4). Figura 4 –Biogeografia da região em estudo. A.1.a.1. – Distrito Beirense Litoral; A.1.a.2. – Distrito Zezerense; A.1.a.3. – Distrito Baixo-Beirense; A.1.b.1. – Distrito Alentejano; B.1.a.1. – Distrito Costeiro Português; B.1.a.2. – Distrito Berlenguense; B.1.a.3. – Distrito Oeste-Conimbricense; B.1.a.4. – Distrito Maciço Estremenho; B.1.a.5. – Distrito Olissiponense; B.1.a.6. – Distrito Sintrano; B.1.b.1. – Distrito Ribatagano; B.1.b.2. – Distrito Sadense; B.1.b.3. – Distrito Arrabidense. 10 Guia geobotânico da excursão ao Parque Natural da Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Tipologia biogeográfica Reino Holártico Região Mediterrânica Sub-região Mediterrânica Ocidental A. Província Mediterrânica-Iberoatlântica A.1. Subprovíncia Luso-Estremadurense A.1.a. Sector Beirense A.1.a.1. Distrito Beirense Litoral A.1.a.2. Distrito Zezerense A.1.a.3. Distrito Baixo-Beirense A.1.b. Sector Mariânico-Monchiquense A.1.b.1. Distrito Alentejano B. Província Lusitano-Andalusa Litoral (= Gaditano-Onubo-Algarviense) B.1. Subprovíncia Divisório Portuguesa-Sadense B.1.a. Sector Divisório Português B.1.a.1. Distrito Costeiro Português B.1.a.2. Distrito Berlenguense B.1.a.3. Distrito Oeste-Conimbricense B.1.a.4. Distrito Maciço Estremenho B.1.a.5. Distrito Olissiponense B.1.a.6. Distrito Sintrano B.1.b. Sector Ribatagano-Sadense B.1.b.1. Distrito Ribatagano B.1.b.2. Distrito Sadense B.1.b.3.Distrito Arrabidense A Província Lusitano-Andalusa Litoral, proposta por RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ et al. (2001, 2007) correspondente no trabalho de COSTA et al. (1999) à Província Gaditano-Onubo-Algarviense, é rica em endemismos paleobotânicos e paleotropicais lianóides, lauróides e de folhas coriáceas. O bioclima termomediterrânico predominante, de carácter oceânico e hiperoceânico, com Invernos muito suaves, permite a ocorrência de numerosas plantas termófilas de gomos nús e foi o refúgio de diversos elementos paleomediterrânicos que ainda hoje são assinalados ( Myrica faya, Laurus nobilis, Prunus lusitanica subsp. lusitanica, Convolvulus fernandesii, Euphorbia pedroi, Cheilanthes guanchica, Polypodium macaronesicum , etc.). A flora predominante dos matagais ( Asparago-Rhamnion ) é diversificada, com arbustos de origem paleotropical xérica (dos géneros Olea, Pistacia, Rhamnus, Phillyrea, Myrtus, Asparagus, etc.). Nesta Província o género Stauracanthus tem a sua maior diversidade, sendo endémicos Stauracanthus (genistoides ) lusitanicus, Stauracanthus spectabilis
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