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CAD and GIS Integration CAD and GIS Integration Edited by )BTTBO",BSJNJt#VSDV"LJODJ AU6805_Book.indb 1 11/19/09 11:09:48 AM Auerbach Publications Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Auerbach Publications is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4200-6805-4 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CAD and GIS integration / editors, Hassan A. Karimi and Burcu Akinci. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4200-6805-4 (alk. paper) 1. Geographic information systems--Computer-aided design. 2. Geography--Mathematical models--Computer-aided design. 3. Software compatibility. I. Karimi, Hassan A. II. Akinci, Burcu. G70.28.C33 2010 910.285--dc22 2009025801 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the Auerbach Web site at http://www.auerbach-publications.com AU6805_Book.indb 2 11/19/09 11:09:48 AM Contents Preface .............................................................................................................v Authors ...........................................................................................................ix Contributors ...................................................................................................xi 1 Current Trends and Future Directions in CAD .....................................1 OMER AKıN 2 Current Trends and Future Directions in GıS .....................................23 PıYAWAN KasEMSUppaKORN, DUANgdUEN RooNgpiBooNsopit, AND HassaN A. KaRıMı 3 CAD/GıS ıntegration: Rationale and Challenges ................................51 OMER AKıN 4 ınteroperable Methodologies and Techniques in CAD ........................73 SEMiha KiZıLtas, FERNANda LEitE, BURCU AKıNci, AND RoBERT R. LipMAN 5 ınteroperable Methodologies and Techniques in CAD-GıS ıntegration Standardization Efforts: The Open Geospatial Consortium Perspective .....................................................................111 CARL REED 6 CAD/GıS ıntegration ıssues for Seamless Navigation between ındoor and Outdoor Environments ...................................................129 Mahsa GhafoURiaN AND HassaN A. KaRıMı 7 Semantics in CAD/GıS ıntegration....................................................143 MichaEL J. CasEY AND SRihaRsha VANKadaRA iii AU6805_Book.indb 3 11/19/09 11:09:48 AM iv ◾ Contents 8 Ontologies for Linking CAD/GıS ......................................................171 TAMER EL-DıRABY AND HEshaM OSMAN 9 CAD and GıS ınteroperability through Semantic Web Services .......................................................................................199 BURCU AKıNci, HassaN A. KaRıMı, ANU PRadhaN, CHENG-ChiEN WU, AND GREG FichtL ındex ...........................................................................................................223 AU6805_Book.indb 4 11/19/09 11:09:48 AM Preface The need for CAD/GIS integration arises in many applications. Integration of computer-aided design (CAD) and geospatial information systems (GIS) can reduce many inefficiencies and errors made during design, planning, and execu- tion of a project. It can also streamline decision making during operations. Many tasks, in particular engineering tasks in design, construction, and asset manage- ment throughout the life-cycle of an infrastructure or a facility, require knowledge of and skills in several interrelated and yet disconnected task-specific software and tools. CAD and GIS were developed separately, with decades of standalone exis- tence. They have traditionally been used in tandem for making crucial decisions in many applications. Problem solving through CAD and GIS requires their proper integration for efficient and effective processing of data and operations. This book provides knowledge about existing and emerging methodologies, techniques, and technologies for integrating CAD and GIS. It provides background on CAD and GIS from their early development to current trends and future direc- tions for integrating CAD and GIS. It covers both the breadth and depth of knowl- edge in this area. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce CAD and GIS, respectively, providing historical over- views, current trends, and insights on future directions. Chapter 1, contributed by Omer Akin, covers the history of CAD, which was developed in the 1960s; describes its current status, with a specific focus on building information mod- eling; and discusses future directions in CAD to address emerging architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management challenges. Such challenges include building performance modeling, life-cycle modeling, sustainable design, operations and maintenance efficiency, and manufacturing, as well as supporting interoperability and seamless data exchange between different CAD systems. Chapter 2 is contributed by Piyawan Kasemsuppakorn, Duangduen Roongpiboonsopit, and Hassan A. Karimi. It provides an overview of GIS, with an emphasis on fundamental concepts and theories, as well as current developments and emerging trends. The topics discussed in the chapter include fundamental models for geographic representation and spatial analyses, as well as recently devel- oped distributed GIS techniques, Geo Web Services, Mobile GIS, and 3D GIS. The v AU6805_Book.indb 5 11/19/09 11:09:48 AM vi ◾ Preface chapter ends with a discussion on future trends, highlighting the need for seamless data exchange among different types of GIS. Chapter 3, contributed by Omer Akin, discusses the rationale and challenges associated with the integration of CAD and GIS. It highlights historical differences between CAD and GIS in terms of their ability to create detailed geometry, to rep- resent different levels of details, to incorporate data-centric versus graphic-centric perspectives, and to support single versus multiple users. It also provides an over- view of different emerging vendor-specific CAD/GIS integration approaches and solutions. It concludes with a detailed discussion of several rationales and chal- lenges that need to be addressed, as well as several methodologies that are being developed to streamline CAD/GIS integration. After these introductory chapters, Chapters 4 and 5 provide an overview of the standardization efforts in CAD and GIS. Chapter 4, contributed by Semiha Kiziltas, Fernanda Leite, Burcu Akinci, and Robert R. Lipman, examines interoperable meth- odologies and techniques in CAD. It highlights the cost of interoperability in the U.S. facilities industry, and reviews different data standards and specifications that are being developed. It covers some of the early data exchange efforts (such as DXF and IGES) that predominantly target exchanging geometric information. It also dis- cusses in detail recent standards for product model data exchange (e.g., STEP, CIS/2, gbXML) and for semantically rich building information model exchange (e.g., IFC, IFD). The chapter compares these standards in terms of the phase of the project that they target, the semantics that they incorporate, the usages that they have, the file formats they support, and the ability for extension that they provide. Chapter 5, contributed by Carl Reed, provides an overview of interoperable methodologies and techniques in CAD/GIS integration from the perspective of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), which is the predominant standardiza- tion organization for GIS. The chapter discusses the growing interest and activities targeting interoperability of CAD and GIS. It specifically considers six activities within the OGC that are relevant to integration of GIS/CAD/Building Information Models (BIM): Open GIS Web Map Services (WMS) Interface Standard, OGC Web Map Context Standard, OGC Web Feature Service Interface Standard,
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