Esparta [Recurso Eletrônico] / Organizadores Fábio Vergara Cerqueira, Maria Aparecida De Oliveira Silva – Pelo- Tas : Ed

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Esparta [Recurso Eletrônico] / Organizadores Fábio Vergara Cerqueira, Maria Aparecida De Oliveira Silva – Pelo- Tas : Ed rafael brunhara 2 Fábio Vergara Cerqueira Maria Aparecida de Oliveira Silva (organizadores) Catalogação na Publicação: Bibliotecária Kênia Bernini – CRB-10/920 E82 Estudos sobre Esparta [recurso eletrônico] / Organizadores Fábio Vergara Cerqueira, Maria Aparecida de Oliveira Silva – Pelo- tas : Ed. UFPel, 2019. 263 p. 6,21MB ; PDF ISBN : 978-85-517-0050-1 1. Esparta (Cidade extinta). 2. Historiografia. 3. História antiga. I. Cerqueira, Fábio vergara, org. II. Silva, Maria Aparecida de Oliveira, org. CDD: 938 CDD 709.04 Obra editada com o apoio do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Memória Social e Patrimônio Cultural da UFPel SUMÁRIO Apresentação 7 os organizadores Prefácio 10 anderson zalewski Vargas PARTE I - PERÍODO ARCAICO 1. A retórica dos filhos de Héracles: 17 apontamentos sobre poesia e sua ocasião de performance na Esparta Arcaica rafael Brunhara 2. Fostering in the Spartan Agōgē 29 thoMas figueira 3. Considerações acerca do aumento do controle da vida 44 social na Esparta do século VI a.C. José francisco de Moura 4. O disciplinamento do espaço em Esparta: 57 Arqueologia e História de uma pólis excepcional? Maria Beatriz BorBa florenzano PARTE II - PERÍODO CLÁSSICO 5. Mulheres nas práticas esportivas: 75 o caso de Esparta fáBio de souza lessa 6. Sparta becomes Athens: 87 the Peloponnesian War's last 10 years daVid M. Pritchard 7. Esparta, o logos enganador 104 adriana freire nogueira 8. To serve them all our days: 116 the helots in Classical Sparta edward tsoukalidis 9. Cinisca Olimpiónica, paradigma de una nueva Esparta 125 césar fornis 10. Esparta e a malícia de Heródoto 136 Maria Aparecida de oliVeira silVa 11. Krypteiai spartane 154 MassiMo nafissi PARTE III - PERÍODO HELENÍSTICO E ROMANO 12. A construção do imaginário social de Esparta 174 no período clássico e helenístico alair figueiredo e Maria regina cândido 13. Em torno de Jacinto... e Polibeia: 188 mito, cultura, erótica, iconografia e música fáBio Vergara cerqueira 14. Sparte à l'époque romaine: 204 la reconstruction d'une identité spartiate oliVier gengler 15. Esparta e os Romanos 220 renata senna garraffoni 230 Bibliografia APRESENTAÇÃO esParta insere-se nos Estudos Clássicos de modo um tanto monocórdico. Os textos produzidos, em geral, destacam o caráter militar de sua sociedade e o conse- quente rigor das suas instituições, disseminando o mito de que as instituições espar- tanas permaneceram inalteradas por séculos. O caráter militar atribuído à cidade de Esparta também contribuiu para que os estudiosos a colocassem em segundo plano, especialmente nas décadas de 40 a 60, com poucos estudos entre os anos de 70 a 90, excetuando os que estavam voltados para as questões femininas, pois era usada como modelo para aqueles que a viam como exemplo de uma sociedade antiga que concedia mais liberdade à mulher. Ainda assim, no século XXi, os estu- dos sobre Esparta não obtiveram o crescimento que se esperava, tendo em vista a preferência por Atenas e Roma nas décadas anteriores. Em parte, tal crescimento não ocorreu por novas cidades terem despertado interesse maior dos estudiosos, como Tebas, Corinto, Alexandria, e até mesmo cidades do mundo colonial grego ou das regiões provincianas do Império Romano. Porém, mesmo que com peso menor do que nos estudos de outras cidades, os estudos espartanos também vivenciaram áreas de renovação. Um bom exemplo seria a coletânea “La cultura a Sparta in età clássica”, organizada por Francesca Berlinzani e publicada em 2013 em Trento, com as contribuições de um seminário realizado em 2010 em Milão. Sob esta perspectiva, especificamente no caso brasileiro, não há tradição em termos de pesquisas ou publicações sobre Esparta. São poucas as obras autorais ou coletivas focadas na cidade. Em nossos primeiros estudos sobre a cidade, Esparta vem como pano de fundo de análises sobre Xenofonte e Plutarco, autores fun- damentais para especialistas em estudos espartanos. O primeiro deles é o de José Francisco de Moura, “Imagens de Esparta. Xenofonte e a Ideologia Oligárquica” (Rio de Janeiro: Fábrica de Livros, 2000) e o segundo é o de Maria Aparecida de Oliveira Silva, “Plutarco Historiador: análise das biografias espartanas” (São Paulo: Edusp, 2006), além de vários artigos específicos sobre Esparta. Apenas muito recentemente tivemos a primeira coletânea sobre a pólis lacede- mônia, organizada por Luis Filipe Bantim de Assumpção, “Esparta: Política e Socie- dade” (Curitiba: Prismas, 2017). Com sete textos, em português, espanhol e inglês, inclui capítulos com temas tais como mulher e patriarcado, casamento, religião, poesia de Tirteu e influência das monarquias helenísticas sobre a política local. Não são muitas as dissertações, teses e pesquisas dedicadas aos estudos esparta- nos em nosso país. Como exemplos, vale ressaltar, recentemente, a dissertação de mestrado de Ricardo Barbosa da Silva, intitulada “Culto à guerra: uma abordagem historiográfica do militarismo na Esparta Clássica”, defendida na UFPel em 2017, ou ainda as pesquisas em curso, de doutoramento, de Luis Filipe Bantim, sob o título “As relações de poder da pólis de Esparta no reinado de Agesilau II”, desenvolvida na ufrJ, e de pós-doutoramento, de Márcia Cristina Lacerda Ribeiro, professora da Universidade do Estado da Bahia, desenvolvida no MAE/USP, sob o título “Katà komas: disciplinamento do espaço na pólis espartana”. Novos cenários políticos e culturais da hipermodernidade geram novos olhares sobre a Antiguidade, e novas fixações, inspirações. Na crise contemporânea, eis que renasce nos trópicos a miragem da Esparta militar, alimentada por um novo pensamento político de viés antidemocrático e anti-humanista. Em 2006, o filme “300”, baseado nos quadrinhos homônimos de Frank Miller e Lynn Varley, adaptados por Zack Snyder, divulgou entre o público moderno bra- sileiro a máxima “molon labe”, fala atribuída por Plutarco (Frases lacônicas 225d, 51.10) ao rei espartano Leônidas, que, diante da proposta de rendição trazida pelo emissário do rei persa, lhe teria dito: “Venham pegá-las [as armas]”. A frase circula como inspiração entre novos adeptos do pensamento autoritário. Renasce por aí um filoespartanismo militarizante em versão século XXi. A tatuagem μολὼν λαβέ virou moda e pode ser vista em braços musculosos malhando em academias, circu- lando, conforme o historiador Gunter Axt (2018, p. 74), como “símbolo de heroísmo, obstinação, senso de missão, desprendimento, resistência e masculinidade. É um ícone do militarismo. É uma espécie de brado simbólico que resistiu se opondo à oração fúnebre do líder ateniense Péricles, de 430 a.C., que saudava a memória dos soldados abatidos na luta contra Esparta”1. É neste contexto, acadêmico e cultural, que propomos ao leitor brasileiro, universitário ou não, este compêndio de estudos sobre Esparta, em boa hora retomando a série de coletâneas sobre o Mundo antigo publicadas pela editora da UFPel (Fronteiras e Identidades, em 2005, Guerra e Paz, em 2007, Religião e Poder no Mundo antigo, em 2009, e Ensaios sobre Plutarco. Leituras Latino-Americanas, de 2010). “Estudos sobre Esparta” propõe, para além da monotonia da miragem da cidade militarista está- vel, 15 textos que mostram a diversidade de enfoques contemporâneos, num hori- zonte multidisciplinar, com recurso a fontes as mais variadas, com a contribuição de autores vinculados a diferentes disciplinas que compõem os Estudos Clássicos. Nesta coletânea reúne-se a participação da maior parte dos pesquisadores bra- sileiros que se dedicou e/ou se dedica aos estudos de Esparta. Os vários autores, provindos de diferentes países e continentes, dos Estados Unidos à Austrália, do Brasil à Rússia, incluindo Itália, Espanha, França e Portugal, na sua multiplicidade de assuntos, proporcionam uma leitura atualizada, baseada em evidências e inter- pretações consistentes - uma leitura esclarecedora para o estudante, para o pes- quisador, mas também para o público em geral, que pode assim ter uma visão mais abrangente da historicidade espartana, encontrando subsídios para escapar aos estereótipos fáceis, mas persistentes, de uma Esparta guerreira e estável, assim idea- lizada desde a Antiguidade, por seus amigos e inimigos, admiradores e detratores. OS ORGANIZADORES 1 aXt, Gunter. “MOLON LABe. Venham pegá-las. Sim, as armas!”, VOTO - política, cultura e negócios - Edição 141 | novembro e dezembro – 2018, p. 72-74. PREFÁCIO Estudos sobre o Enigma Espartano Ensinados a nunca recuar, a nunca se render… Ensinados que morrer no campo de batalha a serviço de Esparta era a maior glória que poderiam obter na vida. Na idade de 7 anos, como era costume em Esparta, o menino era tirado de sua mãe e jogado em mundo de violência. Constituída pelos 300 anos da sociedade guerreira espartana para criar o melhor guerreiro que o mundo jamais vira, a agōgē, como era chamada, forçava o menino a lutar… Fazia-o passar fome, forçava-o a roubar e, se necessário, a matar. Do roteiro de 300, de Michael Gordon “estudos soBre esParta”, organizado pelos diletos colegas Fábio Vergara Cer- queira e Maria Aparecida de Oliveira Silva, é um gênero de coletânea que tem se multiplicado no Brasil: a reunião de especialistas brasileiros e estrangeiros, de formação diversa, convidados a escrever sobre um tema específico. Certamente isso é resultado da inserção internacional dos pesquisadores brasileiros de História Antiga através da participação em eventos, da realização de doutorados e pós-dou- torados no exterior, da presença em nosso país de investigadores estrangeiros em atividades de todos os tipos. Como bem observam os organizadores
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