Acta Botanica Brasilica 27(3): 560-579. 2013.
Ethnobotanical, micrographic and pharmacological features of plant-based weight-loss products sold in naturist stores in Mexico City: the need for better quality control
Patricia Marta Arenas1,4, Soledad Molares2, Abigail Aguilar Contreras3, Belén Doumecq1 and Florencia Gabrielli1
Received: 19 October, 2012. Accepted: 28 June, 2013
ABSTRACT The consumption of dietary supplements and herbal mixtures to promote weight loss is a common practice in the West. This study was undertaken in Mexico City, surveying stores selling “natural products” at subway stations. The aims of this paper were as follows: to compile a record of plant products marketed as slimming aids and of retailer perceptions of these products; to review the pharmacological and ethnobotanical literature on the species declared; and to create an optical micrograph of a subset of products to verify the accuracy of the list of component plant species shown on the labels. We applied the techniques of observation, semi-structured interviews and free-listing at the retail stores. Results are presented for the 75 species recorded in the 41 weight-loss products surveyed, showing which plant parts are used, the geographical distribution of the species, pharmacological effects, dosage, route of administration and method of preparation, as well as ethnobotanical information derived from fieldwork. We discuss the values assigned to the species used. Microscopic analyses revealed that many of the plant ingredients declared were absent, highlighting the need for greater quality control and safety of these herbal remedies.
Key words: Urban ethnobotany, dietary supplements, obesity
Introduction promoting slimness as a benchmark of beauty. For this reason, various practices, such as weight-loss diets, physical In Mexico City, as in many other large urban conglo- exercise and alternative or complementary therapies, exist merations, traditional markets selling not just food, but to counter the effects of obesity, as does the consumption also various plant and animal-based therapeutic items, co- of various products advertized as “natural” (monoherbs, -exist alongside health food stores known locally as tiendas mixtures prepared by a herbalist, teas, dietary supplements, naturistas. These stores are centers for the sale of packaged etc.), the majority of which are plant based. natural products, mainly pulverized plants or their derived In a previous study on the sale of dietary products in extracts, and are systematically located in various subway health stores in Mexico City, 40 natural weight-loss pro- stations, where they are often presented under a relatively ducts, composed of approximately 75 plant species, were similar facade. They offer a similar line of products for found to be frequently marketed. The most commonly sale, including health foods, functional foods, dietary sup- sold products were those whose ingredients included plant plements and various herbal remedies used to counteract species of global medical importance or traditional use different conditions. (Molares et al. 2012). Our interest is centered on products promoted as Various factors converge in the selection of herbs and weight-loss aids (dietary supplements and herbal remedies), the products developed from them, such as the popular as obesity is currently a concern for a significant sector belief that herbal remedies are harmless and are more of society, given its widespread presence throughout the effective than are conventional medicines, the resurgence Western world, particularly in large urban centers (Pittler of philosophies implying a “holistic approach” toward the & Ernst 2004; Hasani Ranjbar et al. 2009), heavily influen- body and the mind, greater accessibility and the relatively ced by the aesthetic standards spread by the mass media low cost of these herbal products in comparison to those of
1 Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Laboratorio de Etnobotánica y Botánica Aplicada, Argentina- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas 2 Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Argentina- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas 3 Herbario Medicinal del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México 4 Author for correspondence: [email protected] Ethnobotanical, micrographic and pharmacological features of plant-based weight-loss products sold in naturist stores in Mexico City: the need for better quality control allopathic medicine (Arenas 2007; Pochettino et al. 2008). In chemical inspections, have facilitated the identification of the particular case of weight-loss products, the preference the plant species used in the making of the products, as for their consumption seems to be linked to dissatisfaction well as the detection of possible contaminants, substitutes with the treatments offered by approved health care syste- and adulterants used (WHO 1998; Rivera-Arce et al. 2003; ms and as a practical alternative to a more natural diet and Arenas 2009; Molares & Ladio 2010). increased physical exercise (Amariles et al. 2006). Many The present work consists of micrographic, ethnobota- of the consumers of “natural products” generally resort to nical and pharmacological analyses of the plants composing self-prescription, without consulting a physician, encoura- the weight-loss products gathered from health stores located ged by the advice of the salesperson, attracted by the novel along Line 3 of the Mexico City subway system, listed and packaging of the products and expecting to achieve the published in Molares et al. (2012). The many variables ex- desired results within a short timeframe (Bianchi 2003). plored in the study cited included the wealth of products Access to various products of natural origin such as these specifically recommended for weight loss, their pharmaceu- and many others regularly available in fixed or transitory tical forms, their retail names, the plant composition stated, markets or in the rotating markets known as tianguis by part the most frequently cited plant species, their presence in of the Mexican population, as well as the health stores ap- traditional Mexican pharmacopoeias, similarities between proached in this study, constitute a rich tradition expressing the products according to their plant composition and economic, social, cultural, political and religious features average sales rankings in terms of explanatory variables of (Bellucci 2002; Manzanero-Medina et al. 2009). Martínez market preferences. Moreno et al. (2006) consider these markets as scenarios key to social processes undertaken everywhere and continuously over time, whereas Bye & Linares (1983) consider them Materials and methods as reflections of the intense relationship existing between The ethnobotanical work was undertaken in Mexico plants and populations of different socioeconomic levels. City in June 2010. The study was carried out at stores selling It is thus, as “one of the most striking traces of old Mexico”, “natural products” located along subway Line 3 in the direc- that markets offer a space conducive to ethnobotanical tion of Ciudad Universitaria-Indios Verdes, a 23-km stretch research, by which we might understand the spatial and encompassing 22 naturist stores at 21 stations. Information temporal distribution of the plants, the flow patterns, the was obtained via conventional ethnobotanical methodolo- ecological variables and the developmental shifts in the close gy: observation, participant observation, semi-structured relationship between the Mexican people and their plants interviews and free list provided by store managers and (Bye & Linares 1990). Other more recent concepts define salespeople (Martin 1995; Alexiades & Sheldon 1996; Albu- the markets as open and dynamic systems that concentrate querque & Lucena 2004), who were considered “trained” in and spread empirical knowledge on natural resources, with the sense that they sell the products, know their properties implications for the recovery and maintenance of popular and assist consumers, making recommendations (Pochettino knowledge, the preservation of plant species and their re- et al. 2008). This new approach studied other features that lated uses (Albuquerque et al. 2007; Monteiro et al. 2010). emerged during the interviews with the salespeople: what For their part, naturist stores—understood to be an the effects to be expected upon consuming the products are; urban and modern expression of traditional Mexican ma- who buys them; at what time of year sales peak; what the rkets—are centers selling plant products that may be con- instructions for use are; and other information of interest. sidered non-traditional, given that the interaction between We also conducted a review of the literature on the pharma- the populace and the stores is of short duration, and the cological properties stated for the plant species declared on knowledge that sustains their recognition and use is not the the labels of the bottles, particularly those related to use for fruit of cultural transmission through the generations nor weight loss purposes. The ethnomedicinal uses documented of the sharing of practices (Ladio & Molares 2010; Hurrell were also investigated, as were the plant parts employed and et al. 2010, 2011a). Often, it is rather that knowledge of the the geographical distribution of the species considered, for products has been introduced intentionally, sometimes by which the authors used the analysis of different sources of means of mass media advertising. In such circumstances, information as a basis, with these cited in Table 1. consumers do not have a direct relationship with their The samples obtained were analyzed by means of con- production and manufacture, or direct experience with the ventional qualitative and quantitative analytical microscopy places where they are sold (Hurrell et al. 2011a). In addition, techniques using optical microscopy and the application of there is very often a lack of concordance between what is simple histochemical tests (WHO 1998). This presents the indicated on the label of the bottle and its actual contents, micrographs for the species present in the composition of which is usually the result of a lack of standardization, re- six products marketed as weight-loss aids. The latter were gulations and rigor in the official controls of quality, safety selected for being the most frequently mentioned by res- and efficiency (Arenas 2009). Micrographs, together with pondents and for their greater richness in terms of plant macroscopic, organoleptic and, in some cases, physico- species, whereas one of them—Neo Damiana de California
Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. 561 Patricia Marta Arenas, Soledad Molares, Abigail Aguilar Contreras, Belén Doumecq and Florencia Gabrielli
(Arenas AMx6 sample)—was incorporated because its ported a clinical case of cardiac arrhythmias and ventricular purported slimming effect is relatively novel. The samples fibrillation caused by the consumption of herbal slimming acquired were deposited in the Scientific Collections of the medicines containing Fucus spp., dandelion (Taraxacum Ethnobotany and Applied Botany Laboratory at the Faculty officinale Webb) and boldo (Peumus boldus Molina). Such of Natural Sciences and Museum, the National University products may also be toxic due to the heavy metals concen- of La Plata. trated in their thallus (Arenas 2007; 2009; 2010). Furthermo- re, Arthrospira spp.—due to its phenylalanine content—may reduce appetite, although in 1981 the United States Food and Results and discussion Drug Administration declared it ineffective in promoting Table 1 lists the 75 plant species declared on the labels weight loss (Martínez-Álvarez et al. 2006). Adulteration, of the 41 products analyzed, the pharmacological activity substitution or contamination with other cyanobacteria is registered in the relevant literature, the documented eth- also common, which is particularly dangerous due to the nomedicinal uses, the part of the plant used and its geo- existence of toxigenic species (Arenas 2003). graphical distribution. The products studied take the form Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), in addition to its tra- of pharmaceutical tablets, capsules, tea bags and powders. ditional consumption in the form of mate (tea) in South America, is also sold in Argentina as a weight-loss aid combined with other plants, such as Turnera diffusa and Plant species used in the making of Paullinia cupana. Although clinical tests have not demons- the products and their pharmacological properties trated its activity, some studies have yielded encouraging Fifteen plant species possess studied slimming, appetite- results in terms of weight loss, due to its appetite-modulating -suppressant or anorexigenic activity or are effective in slo- effect, which prolongs gastric drainage (Navarro & Ortega wing gastric drainage: Citrus × aurantium L. (orange group); 2009). Opinions vary regarding the efficiency of Garcinia C. × limon (L.) Osbeck.; C. × aurantium L. (grapefruit gummi-gutta L. (Roxb.) as a weight-loss aid, as some authors group); Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. (Taub); Cymbopogon maintain that the effect of hydroxycitric acid present in this citratus (DC.) Stapf; Fucus vesiculosus L.; Fucus sp.; Garci- plant species would be effective in weight loss, whereas nia spp.; Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne.; Ilex others have found that effect to be less than significant in paraguariensis A. St. Hil.; Orthosiphon stamineus Benth.; comparison with that of a placebo (Heymsfield et al. 1998; Paullinia cupana Kunth; Arthrospira maxima (Setch. & N. Navarro & Ortega 2009). The lack of clinical studies of L. Gardner) Geitler ; Arthrospira sp.; and Turnera diffusa Hoodia gordonii in humans precludes any support for its Willd. ex Schult. (Tab. 1). There have been no definitive activity (Pittler & Ernst 2004; Navarro & Ortega 2009). studies assessing the slimming effect of Citrus × aurantium Orthosiphon stamineus is actually a diuretic, hence its use and “guar gum”, the resin extracted from Cyamopsis tetra- in cases of obesity associated with other pathologies. There gonoloba (Martínez-Álvarez et al. 2006). are no conclusive tests assessing its effectiveness in humans The incorporation of stimulants promoting thermoge- (Moro & Basile 2000; Navarro & Ortega 2009). In general nesis is also common among the products studied. These terms, there has been insufficient investigation to encourage include ephedrine, synephrine and caffeine, or rather the the consumption of plants to promote weight loss, except presence of plant species rich in these substances, such as that of Garcinia gummi-gutta and yerba mate, which ne- guarana (Paullinia cupana) or cola nuts (Cola acuminata vertheless still require further investigation (Pittler & Ernst (P. Beauv.) Schott & Endl.), all of which are contraindicated 2004; Pittler et al. 2005). However, there are 20 plant species for anyone with a heart condition, hypertension or asthma that have a diuretic effect: Achillea millefolium L.; Alisma (Martínez-Álvarez et al. 2006; Blanck et al. 2007; Biesemeier plantago-aquatica L.; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.; & Cummings 2008; Navarro & Ortega 2009). A study Brassica oleracea L.; C. × aurantiifolia (Christm.) Sw.; C. × conducted in Italy by the Supreme Health Institute and the limon; C. × aurantium (pomelo group); Cymbopogon citra- Italian Pharmacovigilance Agency reports numerous ad- tus; Cynara cardunculus L.; Equisetum arvense L.; Erythraea verse reactions caused by the consumption of supplements stricta Schltdl.; Foeniculum vulgare Mill.; Hibiscus sabdariffa based on some of these plants used as weight-loss aids (e.g., L.; Ilex paraguariensis; Orthosiphon stamineus; Peumus Citrus × aurantium, Paullinia cupana and Hoodia spp.). The boldus; Plantago psyllium L.; Smilax aristolochiifolia Mill.; S. majority of the reactions were cardiovascular or affected the campestris Griseb.; and Taraxacum officinale—17 taxa that central nervous system, the skin or the gastrointestinal tract function as laxatives: Cyamopsis tetragonoloba; Cymbopogon (Vitalone et al. 2008; Navarro & Ortega 2009). citratus; Foeniculum vulgare; Fucus vesiculosus; Fucus sp.; Fucus vesiculosus has been used as a coadjuvant in the Hibiscus sabdariffa; Linum usitatissimum L.; Malus pumila treatment of overweight and obesity, basically due to its high Mill.; Malva sylvestris L.; Malva sp.; Oryza sativa L.; Plantago iodine content. In sensitive individuals, the same iodine may psyllium; Prunus domestica L.; Rhamnus purshiana DC.; cause various thyroid conditions, such as hyperthyroidism Senna alexandrina Mill.; Tamarindus indica L.; and Triticum (Bisset 1994; Phaneuf et al. 1999). Agarwal et al. (2006) re- aestivum L.—16 taxa that are antihyperglycemic agents:
562 Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. Ethnobotanical, micrographic and pharmacological features of plant-based weight-loss products sold in naturist stores in Mexico City: the need for better quality control
Table 1. Plant species and their common names declared on the labels of weight-loss products sold in health stores along Line 3 of the Mexico City subway: properties, parts used and geographic distribution.
Species (English Commercial Geographic Family Pharmacological activity Ethnomedicinal uses Part used common name) product distribution
Diaphoretic, emmenagogue, anti-asthmatic, antihemorrhoidal, gastrointestinal diseases, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, Menosgrass, antispasmodic, infections Anti-inflammatory, Demograss in the upper respiratory painkiller, digestive, All of the Achillea millefolium plus, tracts, asthenia, fever, gout, North Africa, Asteraceae antimicrobial, CNS* flowering L. (Yarrow) Demograss, kidney stones, hyperthermia, Europe, Asia depressant, diuretic plant L-Carnachof urinary infections, (Alonso 2004) Mix dysmenorrhea, dyspepsia, healing, slimming, carminative, antidiarrheal (Roig 1988; Lorenzi & Abreu Matos 2002; Alonso 2004; Hurrell et al. 2011b)
A. sisalana (sisal): antisyphilitic, immunomodulator, stimulant of the intestine Dysentery, ulcers, heart pain, and uterine musculature, lung pain, blows to the body, Stalks, sap, Central Agave spp. (Agave) Asparagaceae Reduc Line antiseptic, emmenagogue, increases blood (Aguilar et roots America hypertensive, hair tonic, al. 1994) diaphoretic, dysentery, constipation (Debnath et al. 2010)
Astringent, Demograss diuretic, depurative, plus, Alisma plantago- antihepatotoxic, Urinary conditions Europe, Asia, Alismataceae Demograss, Rhizome aquatica L. (Alisma) antihypercholesterolemic (Mösbach 1992) North America L-Carnachof (Bezanger-Beauquesne et Mix al. 1990)
Erysipelas, toothache, burns, wounds, Dermatologic, inflammation, pimples, Demograss antimicrobial, diabetes, healing, fever, The island plus, digestive, respiratory, muscular inflammation, Aloe barbadensis Leaves, sap, of Socotra Xanthorrhoeaceae Demograss, immunostimulant, cough, cancer, asthma, Miller. (Aloe vera) flowers, root (northeast L-Carnachof painkiller, anti- gastritis, decongestant, Africa) Mix inflammatory, antipyretic, bronchodilator, eye injuries, antidiabetic (Alonso 2004) laxative, insect repellent (Aguilar et al. 1994; Alonso 2004)
Treatment of hepatomegaly, jaundice, liver abscesses, tumors, Demograss constipation, loss of Aloe ferox Miller plus, appetite, indigestion, Venereal diseases, chronic (Cape aloe, bitter Pulp of the Xanthorrhoeaceae Demograss, flatulence and conjunctivitis, to stimulate Africa aloe, red aloe, tap leaves L-Carnachof skin diseases; anti- hair growth (Alonso 2004) aloe) Mix inflammatory, painkiller and digestive tonic (Ayurvedavaridhi & Ayurvedavaridhi 2008)
Antitumoral, Amphipterygium antihypercholesterolemic, adstringens Gastric ulcers, wounds, anti-gastric ulcers (Online (Schltdl.) Schiede Anacardiaceae Escoba hemorrhages (Aguilar et al. Bark Mexico Library of Traditional ex Standl. 1994) Mexican Medicine 2011; (Cuachalalate) Rosas-Acevedo et al. 2011)
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Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. 563 Patricia Marta Arenas, Soledad Molares, Abigail Aguilar Contreras, Belén Doumecq and Florencia Gabrielli
Table 1. Continuation.
Species (English Commercial Geographic Family Pharmacological activity Ethnomedicinal uses Part used common name) product distribution
Digestive, emollient, diuretic, antiseptic, antitumoral, purgative, emmenagogue, deworming Demograss, 24 Anti-inflammatory, agent, carminative, anti- Horas Redu treatment of cellulite, inflammatory, for infections Central Ananas comosus (L.) Fruit, juice, Bromeliaceae Sí Express, edema and hemorrhoids of the respiratory tract and America, Brazil, Merr. (Pineapple) leaves Caps-inn plus (Moro & Basile 2000; the skin, neurasthenia, Paraguay (fase 3) Navarro & Ortega 2009) dyspepsia, arthritis, slimming, pancreatic insufficiency (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos 2002; Villar et al. 2003; Hurrell et al. 2010)
Arctostaphylos Astringent, diuretic, Adelgasol Diuretic, urinary antiseptic, uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. antiseptic (Vanaclocha & Northern Ericaceae EEUU digestive, healing (Alonso Leaves (Kinnikinnick, Cañigueral 2003; Alonso Hemisphere Maxislim 2004) pinemat manzanita) 2004)
Hepatoprotective, obesity treatment, antihypertensive, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, Slimming, reduces Arthrospira maxima reduces the risk of cholesterol, stimulates the (Setch. & N. L. Spirulina Cosmopolitan Pseudoanabaenaceae cancer, improves elimination of kidney toxins, Trichomes Gardner) Geitler Hawaiana freshwater states of malnutrition, prevents cancer, anti-aging, (Espirulina) antimicrobial, promotes anti-arthritic (Arenas 2009) immune system response (Miranda et al. 1998; Blé-Castillo et al. 2002; Torres-Durán et al. 2007; Ferreira Hermosillo et al. 2010, 2011)
Inhibits HIV replication, nutritional, immunostimulant, experimental oncology, Coadjuvant in dieting, antiviral and antibacterial, slimming, reduces Arthrospira Peso Exacto, slimming, anti-anemic, cholesterol, stimulates the sp. (possibly Spirulina antixerophthalmic, topical Cosmopolitan Pseudoanabaenaceae elimination of toxins from Trichomes A.. platensis) Hawaiana, application on dermatitis, freshwater the kidneys, prevents cancer, (Espirulina) Reduc Line seborrhea and eczema, anti-aging, anti-arthritic antihypercholesterolemic, (Arenas 2009) cardiovascular protector; diabetic neuropathies (Blé- Castillo et al. 2002; Arenas 2009)
Aspalathus linearis Relieves infantile colic, (N.L.Burm.) Demograss Antioxidant (von Gadow et allergies, asthma, Lamiaceae Leaves South Africa R.Dahlgren Plus al. 1997) dermatological conditions (Rooibos, Red tea) (Joubert et al. 2008)
Appetite suppressant (bile flow inhibitor); treatment Berberis spp. Stem, whole Europe, western Berberidaceae T-Lirol Kilos of colic, inflammations, (Quassia) plant Asia rheumatism (Aguilar et al. 1994)
Brassica oleracea L. Antioxidant, antitumoral, Italy, Belgium, var. gemmifera (DC.) 24 Horas Redu Antioxidant (Kurilich et anti-anemic, diuretic, Brassicaceae Axillary buds northern Zenker (Brussels Sí Express al. 1999) depurative (Hurrell et al. France sprouts) 2009)
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564 Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. Ethnobotanical, micrographic and pharmacological features of plant-based weight-loss products sold in naturist stores in Mexico City: the need for better quality control
Table 1. Continuation.
Species (English Commercial Geographic Family Pharmacological activity Ethnomedicinal uses Part used common name) product distribution
Antioxidant, antitumoral, Brassica oleracea L. 24 Horas Redu Fresh plant The European Brassicaceae antibacterial, diuretic Purgative (Alonso 2004) (Broccoli) Sí Express leaves Mediterranean (Hurrell et al. 2009)
Green tea: Antihypercholesterolemic, antioxidant, Green tea: stimulant, treats antimicrobial, stimulant, skin conditions, relieves antihyperlipidemic, prevents Sbelttix, inflammation, allergies, tooth decay, anticarcinogenic, Peso Exacto, conjunctivitis, diuretic, tonic, antiulcer, antidiarrheal Camellia sinensis Hoodia Slim, antihypercholesterolemic, (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos Southeast Asia, (L.) Kuntze (Green Theaceae Curvelle, antimigraine (Lorenzi Leaves 2002; Vanaclocha & China, India tea, white tea) Té Verde, & Abreu Matos 2002; Cañigueral 2003); white tea: Demograss Alonso 2004); white tea: antihypercholesterolemic, Plus conjunctivitis, diuretic, tonic, antioxidant, antitumoral, antihypercholesterolemic, antimicrobial, stimulant, antimigraine (Alonso 2004) antihyperlipidemic (Vanaclocha & Cañigueral 2003)
Diuretic, laxative, asthma, diabetes, deworming agent, removes corns and Anthelmintic, reduces Probably warts, the green fruit is heart rate, painkiller, originated Caps-inn thought to induce abortion, antimicrobial, in Central Carica papaya L. rosa (fase 1), emmenagogue, antipyretic, Leaves, fruit Caricaceae antihypertensive, CNS America, (Papaya) Caps-inn azul digestive, anti-fever, and seeds depressant (Lorenzi & widespread (fase 2) osteoarthritis, edemas, Abreu Matos 2002; across tropical respiratory conditions, Alonso 2004) regions soothing, antioxidant (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos 2002; Alonso 2004; Hurrell et al. 2010)
Anti-inflammatory, Activates blood flow, anti- antimicrobial, to treat inflammatory, healing, hypertrophic and keloid Adelgasol depurative, diuretic, Centella asiatica (L.) scars, antithrombotic, The part Southeast Asia, Apiaceae EEUU digestive, slimming aid, Urb. (Centella) antioxidant, anti- above ground India Maxislim treatment for cellulite ulcer, neuroprotectant, (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos antitumoral (Hurrell et al. 2002; Pieroni 2011) 2011b; Pieroni 2011)
Antiflatulent, emmenagogue, Cinnamomum fever reducer, painkiller, Antimicrobial and verum J. Presl. Lauraceae Alcachofa antidiarrheal, antitussive, Bark Tropical Asia digestive (Alonso 2004) (Cinnamon) treatment for tuberculosis and rheumatism (Alonso 2004)
Adelgasol EEUU Maxislim, Citrus × aurantium Adelga Sin Diuretic, remineralizing East Indies, L. (pomelo group) Rutaceae Dieta, Raíz agent, slimming aid Slimming aid, fat burner Root Polynesia (Bitter orange) De Nopal, 24 (Botanical-online 2011) Horas Redu Sí Express, Hiperlina Fruit
T-Lirol Kilos, Caps-inn Plus Catarrh, sudorific, alkaline (fase 3), 24 dyspepsia, catarrhal angina; Citrus × aurantiifolia Horas Redu Diuretic, antimycotic, nerves, gastritis, kidneys, Juice, bark, Southern Asia, (Christm.) Sw. Rutaceae Sí express, antibacterial (Germosén- colic, eye pain, dysentery, essence the Himalayas (Lime) Demograss, Robineau 1996) bad breath, kidney stones L-Carnachof (Roig 1988; Aguilar et al. Mix, Capslim 1994) plus
Continues
Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. 565 Patricia Marta Arenas, Soledad Molares, Abigail Aguilar Contreras, Belén Doumecq and Florencia Gabrielli
Table 1. Continuation.
Species (English Commercial Geographic Family Pharmacological activity Ethnomedicinal uses Part used common name) product distribution Antihemorrhagic, Demograss, antibacterial and Flu, diabetes, hot flushes, Demograss antimycotic essential weight gain, strengthening Citrus × aurantium plus, oil, coadjuvant in the bones, postpartum bathing; Juice, bark, L. (orange group) Rutaceae Asia L-Carnachof treatment of obesity sudorific, catarrh, stimulant, essential oil (Orange) Mix, Hoodia (Germosén-Robineau antispasmodic (Roig 1988; slim 1996; Navarro & Aguilar et al. 1994) Ortega 2009) Antiscorbutic, Peso Exacto, antimigraine, digestive, Stomach ache, nerves, Citrus × limon (L.) Caps-inn depurative, antibacterial, diarrhea, vomiting, Leaves, Rutaceae Southeast Asia Osbeck. (Lemon) plus (fase 3), diuretic, in obesity dysentery, appetite (Aguilar flowers, fruit Capslim plus treatments (Botanical- et al. 1994) online 2011) Appetite suppressant, antitussive, fever reducer, Anticarcinogenic, antiviral, stimulant, diuretic, cardiac Brazil, Cordia ecalyculata Leaves, fruit, Boraginaceae Sbelttix cardiotonic (Raintree tonic, slimming aid, Paraguay, Vell. (Cha de bugre) bark Nutrition 2011) treatment of cellulite (Lorenzi Argentina & Abreu Matos 2002; Raintree Nutrition 2011) Crataegus mexicana Caps-inn rosa Cardiovascular system, Moc. & Sessé ex (fase 1), Caps- Cough, dysentery, diabetes, respiratory tract, DC. (Tejocote, inn azul (fase diuretic, “cool/refreshing to Fruit, root, Rosaceae genitourinary tract, Mexico manzanita, 2), Caps-inn the stomach” leaves, flowers antioxidant (Botanical- tejocotera, Mexican plus (fase 3), (Aguilar et al. 1994) online 2011) hawthorn) Capslim plus Gentle laxative, demulcent, Cyamopsis Antihyperglycemic, L-Carnachof appetite suppressant Endosperm tetragonoloba (L.) Fabaceae antihypercholesterolemic India Mix (Vanaclocha & Cañigueral of the seeds Taub. (Guar) (Trease & Evans 1989) 2003.) Weight-loss diets, diuretic, laxative, gentle spasmolytic, antimicrobial, tranquilizer, carminative, antidiarrheal, antihypertensive, fever reducer, expectorant, Cymbopogon citratus antifungal, anti- Postpartum treatment (DC.) Stapf (Lemon Poaceae Dispan Doble inflammatory, Leaves Tropical regions (Hurrell et al. 2011b) grass) cardioprotective, antioxidant, antitussive, oral candidiasis in patients with HIV or AIDS, immunostimulant (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos 2002; Hurrell et al. 2011b; Natura Net 2011) Menosgrass, N-Duretty Plus, Plus 44, Caps-inn Digestive, diuretic, azul (fase 2), detoxifying, antidiabetic, Eupeptic, regulator Caps-inn rosa gallbladder activator, of liver and bladder Northern (fase 1), 24 liver protector, reduces Cynara cardunculus function, diuretic, Dry leaves Africa, the Asteraceae Horas Redu cholesterol, improves L. (Artichoke) antihyperlipidemic, and root European Sí Express, kidney function, eliminates hepatoprotective, Mediterranean Demograss, gallstones (Aguilar et al. detoxifying (Alonso 2004) Escoba, 1994; Lorenzi & Abreu L-Carnachof Matos 2002; Alonso 2004) Mix, Siluety Control, Lipoquim
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566 Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. Ethnobotanical, micrographic and pharmacological features of plant-based weight-loss products sold in naturist stores in Mexico City: the need for better quality control
Table 1. Continuation.
Species (English Commercial Geographic Family Pharmacological activity Ethnomedicinal uses Part used common name) product distribution
Healing for nerves, kidney pain, fright, rheumatism and Peso Exacto, hypertension; protection Ehretia tinifolia L. Caps-inn against heatstroke and (Bastard cherry, Boraginaceae Mexico Plus (fase 3), windburn (Sanabria 1986; cherry ehretia) Capslim Plus Aguilar et al. 1994; Online Library of Traditional Mexican Medicine 2011)
Diuretic, anemia, urinary infections, stomach aches, Diuretic, hemostatic, astringent, gonorrhea, Equisetum arvense promotes healthy bone Plus 44, diarrhea, mending broken Part above L. (Field horsetail, Equisetaceae and joints (Bezanger- Europe Dispan Doble bones, laxative (Aguilar et ground common horsetail) Beauquesne et al. 1990; al. 1994; Lorenzi & Abreu Alonso 2004) Matos 2002; NaturaNet 2011)
Equisetum sp. Flushes the kidneys (Aguilar Part above Equisetaceae Plus 44 Europe (Horsetail) et al. 1994) ground
Eupeptic, stimulates Aperitif, digestive, digestive, hepatobiliary depurative, sudorific, anti- and pancreatic secretions, flu, fever reducer, painkiller, Erythraea carminative, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, Flowering stricta Schltdl. Gentianaceae Demograss antihyperglycemic, Mexico antihypertensive (Moesbach tops (Tlanchalagua) antiseptic, antipyretic, 1955; San Martín 1983; antitussive, healing agent Houghton & Manby 1985; (Vanaclocha & Citarella 1995) Cañigueral 2003)
Bile, neurosis, diuretic, Erythraea Antioxidant (Camacho et against inflammations of the tetramera Schiede Gentianaceae Escoba Bark Mexico al. 2011) stomach, slimming aid (Vida (Tlanchalagua) y salud Natural 2012)
Stomach aches, diarrhea, Southern Flourensia cernua Mycobactericidal (Molina- dysentery, purgative, United States to Asteraceae Dispan Doble Leaves DC. (Tarbush) Salinas et al. 2011) expectorant, rheumatic Argentina and (Mata et al. 2003) Chile
Anticarcinogenic, menstrual conditions, Diuretic, rheumatism, galactagogue, digestive, Southern kidney stones, cystitis, antimicrobial, anti- Europe, central Foeniculum vulgare digestive, carminative, otitis, Apiaceae Siluety control inflammatory, expectorant, Fruit Europe, the Mill. (Fennel) conjunctivitis, appetite carminative, purgative, Mediterranean, suppressant (Alonso 2004; diuretic (Lorenzi & Abreu Asia Minor Raintree Nutrition 2011) Matos 2002; Alonso 2004; Raintree Nutrition 2011)
Treatment for tuberculosis Laxative, treatment for of the cervical lymph nodes, Adelgasol tuberculosis of the cervical Cold oceans, Fucaceae slimming aid, laxative, Fucus sp. (Fucus) EEUU lymph nodes, slimming Thallus Northern (Phaeophyta) depurative, for avoiding Maxislim aid, anti-hypothyroidism Hemisphere goiters, emmenagogue (Arenas 2009) (Arenas 2009)
Laxative, treatment for tuberculosis of the Treatment for tuberculosis cervical lymph nodes, of the cervical lymph nodes, antiemetic, slimming aid, Cold oceans, Fucus vesiculosus L. Fucaceae Sbelttix, Neo slimming aid, laxative, lymphatic conditions, Thallus Northern (Fucus) (Phaeophyta) Kelp depurative, for avoiding antihypercholesterolemic, Hemisphere goiters, emmenagogue antitumoral, (Arenas 2009) antihypothyroid (Arenas 2009)
Continues
Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. 567 Patricia Marta Arenas, Soledad Molares, Abigail Aguilar Contreras, Belén Doumecq and Florencia Gabrielli
Table 1. Continuation.
Species (English Commercial Geographic Family Pharmacological activity Ethnomedicinal uses Part used common name) product distribution
East Africa, Caps-inn Stomach cramps, abdominal Underground a species Fuirena sp. (Zacate) Cyperaceae Plus (fase 3), pain (Aguilar et al. 1994) parts endemic to Capslim Plus Mexico
Antihyperlipidemic, appetite suppressant, aphrodisiac, suppresses ovulation, antipyretic, Garcinia spp. (G. Adelgasol anti-inflammatory, gummi-gutta L. Gum-resin: emetic and Dry fruit rind Asia, southern EEUU painkiller, antiviral, (Roxb.) and G. Clusiaceae cathartic; fruit rind: and gum- Africa, Maxislim, hepatoprotective, CNS indica (Thouars) astringent resin Polynesia Siluety control stimulant, antioxidant, Choisy) (Garcinia) antidepressant, antidiabetic, antithrombotic (Asika et al. 2011)
G. gummifera: gastrointestinal diseases, antiseptic, carminative, expectorant, stimulant, Obesity treatment (Herbal Gardenia sp. (Zichi) Rubiaceae Sbelttix Resin India deworming agent, insect cure India 2011) repellent, throat pain, spasms (Herbal Cure India 2011)
Peripheral and cerebral Astringent, controls allergic circulation, antioxidant, reactions, circulation antibacterial, vertigo Ginkgo biloba L. stimulant, antifungal, Ginkgoaceae Q-grass (Bezanger-Beauquesne et Leaves China, Japan (Ginkgo) antibacterial, anti-asthmatic, al. 1990; Lorenzi & Abreu antitussive (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos 2002; Matos 2002) ANMAT 2011)
Anti-estrogenic, hormone replacement therapy for menopausal women, antitumoral, antihyperglycemic, Improves vision, controls Glycine max (L.) Fabaceae Hoodia slim antihypercholesterolemic, diabetes, protects against Seeds Asia Merr. (Soya) anti-osteoarthritis, osteoporosis (Alonso 2004) phytocosmetic, coadjuvant in osteoporosis processes, prostatic hypertrophy (Alonso 2004)
Antioxidant, antihypertensive, cardioprotective, Diuretic, emollient, stomach laxative and diuretic, conditions, antiscorbutic, Hiperlina Hibiscus sabdariffa anticarcinogenic, fever reducer, mucosal Malvaceae fruit, Fulmina Floral calyces Africa L. (Roselle) antibacterial, protective agent (Aguilar et Grasas chemoprotective (Dickel al. 1994; Lorenzi & Abreu et al. 2007; Lin et al. 2007; Matos 2002) Olaleye 2007; Sáyago- Ayerdi & Goñi 2010)
Hoodia gordonii Anorexigenic Appetite suppressant (Masson) Sweet ex Apocynaceae Hoodia slim As a whole Southern Africa (Navarro et al. 2009) (van Heerden 2008) Decne. (Hoodia)
Demograss plus, Mexico, Hypericum silenoides Demograss, Ulcers, stomach ache, Stems and Hypericaceae northern Juss. (Tlanchalagua) Menosgrass, diarrhea (Aguilar et al. 1994) leaves Argentina Tlanchalagua, Raíz de Nopal
Continues
568 Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. Ethnobotanical, micrographic and pharmacological features of plant-based weight-loss products sold in naturist stores in Mexico City: the need for better quality control
Table 1. Continuation.
Species (English Commercial Geographic Family Pharmacological activity Ethnomedicinal uses Part used common name) product distribution
Anti-inflammatory, Antiallergic, antidepressant, antioxidant, antispasmodic, appetite suppressant, bile stimulant, vasodilator, cardiotonic, blood purifier, CNS stimulant, CNS stimulant, digestive, Ilex paraguariensis thermogenic anti-obesity, antihypertensive, purgative, A. St.-Hil. (Yerba Aquifoliaceae Sbelttix Leaves South America diuretic, delays gastric wounds and ulcers, muscular mate) drainage (Lorenzi & Abreu and mental fatigue, diuretic Matos 2002; Alonso 2004; (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos Dickel et al. 2007; Raintree 2002; Dickel et al. 2007; Nutrition 2011) Raintree Nutrition 2011)
Demograss plus, Demograss, Laxative, suitable Lina Slim, for diabetic diets, Menosgrass, anti-inflammatory Constipation, gastritis, Hiperlina fruit, through topical use, Linum usitatissimum respiratory, urinary and Dried ripe Linaceae L-Carnachof antihypercholesterolemic, Asia L. (Flax) hyperlipidemic conditions seeds Mix, Plus antihyperlipidemic, (Alonso 2004) 44, Caps-inn reduces platelet rosa (fase 1), aggregation (Lewis & Caps-inn azul Elvin-Lewis 2003) (fase 2), Raíz de Nopal
Antioxidant, antitumoral, astringent, digestive, laxative, emollient, antiseptic, Flower, fruit, Malus pumila Mill. Menosgrass, For coughs (Estomba et al. Southwest Rosaceae strengthens teeth and bark and (Apple) Peso Exacto 2005) China gums, antacid, antibacterial, leaves anthelmintic, fever reducer (Hurrell et al. 2010)
Dieters Respiratory infections, Anti-inflammatory, laxative, E u r o p e , drink, U-44, Flowers and Malva sp. (Mallow) Malvaceae antihyperglycemic, laxative antihyperglycemic (Alonso northern Asia, Caps-inn plus leaves (Alonso 2004) 2004) Africa (fase 3)
Anti-inflammatory, laxative, antihyperglycemic, burns Respiratory infections, and insect bites, astringent, antihyperglycemic, Leaves, Europe, Malva sylvestris L. Escoba, chronic bronchitis, cough, Malvaceae laxative, antioxidant, flowers and northern Asia, (Mallow) Capslim plus asthma, colitis and intestinal antimicrobial (Alonso fruit Africa constipations, topical use for 2004; Hurrell et al. 2011b) skin conditions (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos 2002)
Antiseptic, expectorant, Menosgrass, to reduce swelling and Demograss relieve spasms, diuretic, Marrubium plus, Plus 44, fever reducer, antitussive, Northern Digestive, painkiller, vulgare L. (White Demograss, antispasmodic, digestive, Dried Africa, Asia, anti-inflammatory, orexigenic, eupeptic, horehound, Lamiaceae L-Carnachof flowering central Europe, antimicrobial (Bradley bronchial asthma , diabetes, common Mix, Caps-inn tops southern 2010) cardiac arrhythmias, arterial horehound) azul (fase 2), hypertension, depurative, Europe Caps-inn rosa hepatic, slimming (Lorenzi (fase 1) & Abreu Matos 2002; Alonso 2004; Hurrell et al. 2011b)
Tonic, digestive, sedative, carminative, appetite stimulant, trichomonacide, anti-inflammatory, Diuretic, digestive, anti- Matricaria recutita Fulmina immunostimulant, Asteraceae emollient, antispasmodic, inflammatory, antiseptic Flower heads Eurasia L. (Chamomile) Grasas antibacterial, deworming (Alonso 2004) agent, soothing effect (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos 2002; Alonso 2004; Hurrell et al. 2008)
Continues
Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. 569 Patricia Marta Arenas, Soledad Molares, Abigail Aguilar Contreras, Belén Doumecq and Florencia Gabrielli
Table 1. Continuation.
Species (English Commercial Geographic Family Pharmacological activity Ethnomedicinal uses Part used common name) product distribution Ovarian cancer preventive Ulcers, diabetes, swelling, agent, antioxidant, erysipelas, headaches, otitis, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, whooping Opuntia spp. and Hiperlina fruit, antihyperglycemic, cough and bronchitis, Nopalea spp.** Flower, fruit Cactaceae Reduc line, antihyperlipidemic (Supino hepatoprotective, wounds, The Americas (Nopal, prickly pear and stalks Demograss et al. 1996; Park et al. 2001; insect bites, cutaneous cactus) De Palo et al. 2002; Galati irritations, rheumatic pain, et al. 2003; Cicero et al. herpes, gastritis (Aguilar et 2004; Tesoriere et al. 2004) al. 1994; Alonso 2004) Q-grass, Antihyperglycemic, Diabetes, stomach and liver Opuntia Fruit, Menosgrass, antioxidant (Ibañez- problems, fatigue, bruising streptacantha Lem. Cactaceae cladodes, Mexico Demograss Camacho et al. 1983; Kuti (Aguilar et al. 1994; Baptist (Nopal xoconoxtle) flowers plus 2004) Health System 2011) Treatment of obesity associated with other pathologies, diuretic, urinary antiseptic; Slimming, gout, rheumatism, experimental: Orthosiphon urinary antiseptic, Southeast L-Carnachof antihypercholesterolemic, stamineus Benth. Lamiaceae cholagogue, antidiabetic, Leaves Asia, northern Mix spasmolytic, cholagogue; (Java Tea) bladder stones, hypertension Australia antihypertensive, (Alonso 2004) vasodilator (Moro & Basile 2000; Alonso 2004; Adam et al. 2009; Basheer & Majid 2011) Antidiarrheal, demulcent, anti-inflammatory, fever reducer, painkiller, Oryza sativa L. facilitates the drainage Diarrhea, pushing in child Poaceae Curvelle of boils and abscesses; Seeds Eastern India (Rice) brown rice: laxative fiber birth (Aguilar et al. 1994) and antihyperlipidemic (Vanaclocha & Cañigueral 2003) Astringent, against fatigue, to help prevent premature CNS stimulant, relaxes aging, slimming, detoxifies Menosgrass, bronchi and muscles, the blood, flatulence, Demograss anti-platelet aggregation dyspepsia, arteriosclerosis, Paullinia cupana plus, adaptogen, dysentery, Tropical regions Sapindaceae agent, fever reducer, Ground seeds Kunth (Guarana) Demograss, cardiotonic, fever reducer, of the Americas antidiarrheal, slimming L-Carnachof antimigraine, diuretic, (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos Mix general stimulant and 2002; Alonso 2004) aphrodisiac (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos 2002; Alonso 2004) Regulator of liver and Digestive, cholagogue, bladder function, sedative, anthelmintic, in South Peumus boldus 24 Horas Redu antimicrobial, antidiabetic, Monimiaceae poultices for rheumatic Leaves American Molina (Boldo) Sí Express cholagogue, diuretic pain; gonorrhea and urinary Andes (Alonso 2004; Hurrell et tract stones (Alonso 2004) al. 2011b) Mass-forming laxative, demulcent, Plantago psyllium 24 Horas Redu antihyperglycemic, Bulk-forming laxative Plantaginaceae Seed hulls Europe L.(Psyllium) Sí Express antihyperlipidemic, (Alonso 2004) anti-inflammatory, gentle diuretic (Alonso 2004) Anti-stress, antioxidant, immunostimulant, antihypercholesterolemic, Pectoral, emollient, Prunus amygdalus Natural diet, antihyperglycemic, Rosaceae antitumoral Oil, fruit Southwest Asia Stokes (Almond) Diet Siluety aphrodisiac, hepatoprotective, prebiotic (Hurrell et al. 2010) potential (Hari Jagannadha Rao 2012)
Continues
570 Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. Ethnobotanical, micrographic and pharmacological features of plant-based weight-loss products sold in naturist stores in Mexico City: the need for better quality control
Table 1. Continuation.
Species (English Commercial Geographic Family Pharmacological activity Ethnomedicinal uses Part used common name) product distribution
Nutritional, digestive, Vitamin, demulcent, refrigerant, hepatic laxative, astringent, stimulant, stomach ache, topical healing, bile, CNS stimulant, hemorrhagic diarrhea, Flowers, fruit diarrhea, nasal hemorrhages, N-Duretty spasmolytic, choleretic, and, in rare Southeast Prunus domestica L. laxative, diuretic, bladder Rosaceae Plus, Fulmina hypertensive, painkiller, instances, Europe, (Plum) antispasmodic, skin Grasas antihypothermic, bark and southwest Asia conditions, antioxidant, antispasmodic, leaves antitumoral, fever reducer anticonvulsant (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos (Vanaclocha & Cañigueral 2002; Alonso 2004; 2003, Alonso 2004) Hurrell et al. 2010)
Laxative, oncology, Rhamnus purshiana Laxative at high doses, North experimental DC. (Cascara Rhamnaceae Plus 44 stomach remedy at low doses Dried bark American antihypercholesterolemic buckthorn) (Alonso 2004) Pacific coast (Alonso 2004)
Fever, headaches, arthralgias, Painkiller, anti- tonic, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory, sedative, Bark of the Peso Exacto, for gastric acid, hysteria, Salix humboldtiana anti-platelet, antipyretic, stems and Adelgasol menstrual pain, insomnia; Europe, Asia, Willd. (Pencil Salicaceae for stomach problems, branches, EEUU antirheumatic, digestive, North America willow) antibacterial (Botanical- male catkins Maxislim astringent, antidiarrheal, online 2011; and leaves sedative (Alonso 2004; Hurrell et al. 2011b) Hurrell et al. 2011b)
Dieters Drink, U-44, Laxative, expectorant, Linaslim, Raíz antibacterial (treatment Southern de Nopal, for gonorrhea), Arabian Senna alexandrina Body slim, 24 Laxative, antimicrobial antithermic, cholagogue, Leaflets and Fabaceae Peninsula, the Mill. (Senna) Horas Redu (Alonso 2004) deworming agent, anti- fruit Punjab region, Sí Express, gout, antirheumatic, Somalia Hiperlina antihemorrhoidal (Alonso Fruit, Lipo 2004; Hurrell et al. 2011b) Delgadil Plus
Urinary, bile and uterine Hepatoprotective, problems, bladder, antioxidant, cirrhosis, hepatitis, toxicity, antihyperlipidemic, Silybum marianum digestive, antiallergic, anti- Southern L-Carnachof antihyperglycemic, anti- Dried ripe (L.) Gaertn. (Milk Asteraceae asthmatic, fever reducer, Europe, Mix inflammatory, antiallergic, fruits thistle) antihemorrhoidal, arterial northern Africa antitumoral, patients with hypertension, cardiotonic HIV/AIDS (Alonso 2004, (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos Hurrell et al. 2011b) 2002; Alonso 2004)
Menosgrass, Demograss Smilax Blood purifier, syphilis, plus, Dispan From Mexico to aristolochiifolia Diuretic, antimicrobial diabetes, stomach infections, Smilacaceae Doble, Root Brazil and the Mill. (Mexican (Alonso 2004) dysentery, catarrh (Aguilar et Demograss, Antilles Zarzaparilla) al. 1994) L-Carnachof Mix
Syphilis, diuretic, Blood purifier, syphilis, antimicrobial, anti- diabetes, stomach infections, From Mexico inflammatory, anti- dysentery, catarrh, sexual to Brazil, Smilax campestris asthmatic, spasmolytic, impotence, rheumatism, skin Demograss including Griseb. Smilacaceae antiallergic, antioxidant, conditions, strengthener, Root plus Central (Zarzaparrilla) antirheumatic, antipruritic diuretic, diaphoretic, America and (Lorenzi & Abreu Matos arthritis, gout (Aguilar et the Antilles 2002; Alonso 2004; al. 1994; Lorenzi & Abreu Hurrell et al. 2011b) Matos 2002; Alonso 2004)
Solanum sp. Solanaceae Plus 44 (Solanum)
Continues
Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. 571 Patricia Marta Arenas, Soledad Molares, Abigail Aguilar Contreras, Belén Doumecq and Florencia Gabrielli
Table 1. Continuation.
Species (English Commercial Geographic Family Pharmacological activity Ethnomedicinal uses Part used common name) product distribution Laxative, fever, fright, 24 Horas Redu Laxative, fever reducer, pimples, satiety inducer, Tropical regions Tamarindus indica Sí Express, antiscorbutic, antioxidant, indigestion, diuretic, Fruit and Fabaceae refreshing, measles, flu, of Africa (dry L. (Tamarind) Fulmina antimicrobial leaves kidney stones (Aguilar et al. savannas) Grasas (Hurrell et al. 2008) 1994; Lorenzi & Abreu Matos 2002) Cholagogue, Diabetes, diuretic, loss of hepatoprotective, appetite, skin conditions, Demograss diuretic, antitumoral, laxative, cholagogue, Plus, Hiperlina Taraxacum officinale antihyperglycemic, gallstones, dyspepsia, Root and Asteraceae Fruit, Europe, Asia Webb (Dandelion) anti-inflammatory, rheumatism, slimming, leaves L-Carnachof dermatological, depurative, antithermic (Lorenzi & Mix antihypertensive (Alonso Abreu Matos 2002; 2004; Hurrell et al. 2009) Alonso 2004) Thevetia peruviana Caps-inn Plus Toxic (González et al. Eye pain Tropical regions (Pers.) K. Schum Apocynaceae Seeds (fase 3) 2003) (Aguilar et al. 1994) of the Americas (Yellow oleander) T. mexicana var. occidentalis Temperate Fulmina Leaves and Tilia spp. (Linden) Malvaceae Schldl.: menstrual colic, Northern Grasas flowers nerves (Aguilar et al. 1994). Hemisphere Antihyperglycemic, Diabetes, dyspepsia, fever antihyperlipidemic, reducer, stimulates lactation, Trigonella Hiperlina antimicrobial, painkiller, stomach remedy, pectoral, Europe, foenum-graecum L. Fabaceae Fruit, Raíz de antipyretic, anti- Dry seeds antiseptic, aphrodisiac southern Asia (Fenugreek) Nopal, Escoba inflammatory, antitumoral, (Alonso 2004; hepatoprotective (Alonso Hurrell et al. 2008) 2004; Hurrell et al. 2008) Antihyperlipidemic, anti-abortive, to treat male Emollient, erythema, Hiperlina sterility, arteriosclerosis, headache, controlling The Middle Triticum aestivum L. Poaceae Fruit, Diet urinary incontinence, cholesterol and constipation, Bran East the (Wheat) Siluety healing, anticarcinogenic, slimming (Tiwari 2008; Mediterranean laxative (Bezanger- Botanical-online 2011) Beauquesne et al. 1990) Greater Leaf, stems Antilles, Turnera diffusa Plus 44, Neo Appetite suppressant, Aphrodisiac, stomach aches, and flowering Bahamas, Willd. ex Schult. Passifloraceae Damiana de induces weight loss (Lewis tonic, diuretic, stimulant tops Virgin Islands, (Damiana) California & Elvin-Lewis 2003) (Roig 1988; Aguilar 1994) (Roig 1988) tropical regions of the Americas Asthma, bronchitis, Antiviral, painkiller, menorrhagia, tonic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, digestive, expectorant, digestive, carminative, anti-inflammatory, The Old World, Zingiber officinale antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, Zingiberaceae Peso exacto Rhizomes tropical regions Roscoe (Ginger) immunoprotective agent aphrodisiac, inhibits of Asia (Germosén-Robineau appetite, antihyperglycemic, 1996; Lorenzi & Abreu antiemetic, antirheumatic Matos 2002; Alonso 2004) (Roig 1988; Lorenzi & Abreu Matos 2002; Alonso 2004) *CNS – central nervous system. **The two taxa are taken together because they share a common name and uses. It has thus far not been possible to identify the species. The name “prickly pear” cactus is mentioned on the label for the product called Demograss, as though it were the scientific name for Nopal Penca.
Erythraea stricta; Garcinia spp.; Glycine max (L.) Merr.; antihypercholesterolemic agents): Alisma plantago; Amphip- Linum usitatissimum; Malva sylvestris; Malva sp.; Opuntia terygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Schiede ex Standl.; Camellia streptacantha Lem.; Opuntia spp./Nopalea spp.; Peumus sinensis (L.) Kuntze; Cynara cardunculus; Fucus vesiculosus; boldus; Plantago psyllium; Prunus amygdalus Stokes; Silybum Garcinia spp.; Glycine max; Linum usitatissimum; Opuntia marianum (L.) Gaertn.; Arthrospira maxima; Arthrospira spp./Nopalea spp.; Orthosiphon stamineus; Oryza sativa; sp.; Taraxacum officinale; and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Plantago psyllium; Prunus amygdalus; Rhamnus purshiana; —19 taxa that are antihyperlipidemic agents (including Silybum marianum; Arthrospira maxima; Arthrospira sp.;
572 Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. Ethnobotanical, micrographic and pharmacological features of plant-based weight-loss products sold in naturist stores in Mexico City: the need for better quality control
Table 2. Microscopic analysis of the plant species contained in a sample of weight-loss products sold in health stores on Line 3 of the Mexico City subway.
Undeclared Product Declared ingredientes* Content found (botanical species): diagnostic structures studied content found Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult.: Abundant verrucous bristles Spiral vessels Simple starch grains
Neodamiana Damiana de california Paracytic stomata de California (Turnea diffusa willd.) Fibers Long tectorial hairs Scarring at the base of the hair follicle Cells with yellowish content Boldo Diente de león Taraxacum officinale Webb: Skin cells with very long, septate hairs Trigonella foenum-graecum L.: Seeds: simple starches, with an Fenogreco elongated hilum. Epidermal cells tapered to a point Senna alexandrina Mill.: Paracytic stomata, epidermis with short, Hojas de Sen unicellular hairs, veins with calcium oxalate crystals and drusen Nopal Absent Seeds from 3 Hiperlina Fruit Malva Malva sp.: very long, verrucous hairs different species Triticum aestivum L.: Very long unicellular hairs, Salvado de trigo strangled cells, starch grains Tlanchalahua Absent Toronja Absent Linum usitatissimum L.: Seed: sclerenchyma, Linaza Canadiense cells with orangey content, mucilage. Jamaica (Hibiscus sp.) Absent Triticum aestivum L.: septate and verrucous hairs, Salvado loose raphides, stomata. Linaza Absent Cynara cardunculus L.: short, unicellular hairs with triangular Alcachofa (Synara acolymus) epidermal cells forming the base of the hair. Crystalliferous fibers. Undetermined leaf, Escoba Trigonella foenum-graecum L.: Seeds: simple starches, presence of long Fenogreco (Trigonella foenum-graecum) with elongated hilum. Epidermal cells taper to a point. hyphae Malva (Malva silvestris) Absent Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.): Cuachalate (Amphipterygium adstringeris) Schiede ex Standl.: Reddish external bark Tlanchalagua (erythraea tetrámera) Absent Aloe vera L (Aloe ferox, A. barbadensis) Absent Tlan chalagua (Erytreaca stricta L.) Absent Citrus × aurantium L.: bark: calcium oxalate Naranjo (Citrus sinensis) crystals and cells with orangey, oily content. Lino (Linum usitatissimun) Absent Manrubio (Manrubium vulgare) Absent Demograss Alisma (Alisma plantago, L.) Absent Lima (Citrus limetta, Risso) Absent Milenrama (Achillea miliefolium) Absent Cocolmeca (Smilax pseudo china) Smilax sp.: Grouped starch grains Nopal penca (Prickly pear cactus) Opuntia spp./ Nopalea spp.: air-filled parenchyma Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.: Bromelina (Ananas comosus) External epidermis from the perianth tube Continues
Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. 573 Patricia Marta Arenas, Soledad Molares, Abigail Aguilar Contreras, Belén Doumecq and Florencia Gabrielli
Table 2. Continuation.
Undeclared Product Declared ingredientes* Content found (botanical species): diagnostic structures studied content found Nopal deshidratado Stalks: Aerenchyma Phitolaca Absent Equisetum sp.: Stems with siliceous protuberances, paracytic stomata with cellulose. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Dispan Doble Zendo** Spreng.: epidermis with large, rectangular cells, large stomata, short, septate crystals with orangey content. Smilax sp.: roots and rhizomes. Grouped starches, cells with Cocolmeca thickened bark, stony cells and cells with orangey content Aloe vera (Aloe ferox) Absent Guaraná (Paullinia cupana Kunth) Absent Naranjo (Citrus aurantium) Absent Linum usitatissimum L.: Epidermis, endosperm with Lino (LInum usitatissimum L) grains of aleurone, fibers and cells with content Marrubio (Marrubium vulgare L) Marrubium sp.: epidermis with starred and septate hairs Llantén acuático (Alisma plantago) Absent Undetermined L-Carnachof Lima (Citrus limonum) Risso Absent leaves: epidermis Mix Milenrrama (Achilea millefolium L) Absent with stomata in striated rows Cocolmeca (Smilax cordifolia) Smilax sp.: grouped starch grains Nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica Miller) Absent Goma guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub) Absent Alcachofa (Cynara scolymus L) Absent Cardo mariano Absent (Sylibum marianum Gaertner) Diente de león (Leontodon taraxacum L) Absent
*The names of the “ingredients” have been reproduced from the product labels. Therefore, in many cases, scientific names and their respective authorities are erroneous. **Composed of Andropogon citratus, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Equisetum arvense and Flourensia cernua.
Trigonella foenum-graecum; and Triticum aestivum—and slimming, would only be adding flavor to the product. 30 taxa with a combined effect in the form of two or more However, the presence of Marrubium vulgare L.—used as effects related to weight loss (Tab. 1). Nevertheless, for an orexigenic—would have an effect which is exactly the the majority of the species mentioned, there have been no opposite of that expected, given that it is considered to be scientific studies providing evidence of a link to the effective a good appetite stimulant (aperitif), because it promotes treatment of obesity (Martínez-Álvarez et al. 2006). the secretion of saliva, the production of gastric juices and Opinions on green tea, black tea and the variety kno- all of the digestive processes (Bradley 2010). wn as Oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) are divided between Opuntia streptacantha is reported as an antihyperglyce- those who espouse their effectiveness as slimming aids due mic agent, explaining why it may be effective in cases of to their high content of catechins (Opala et al. 2006) and obesity associated with other conditions such as diabetes those who maintain that the number of studies indicating (Basurto Santos et al. 2006). Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. such effectiveness remains insufficient. Opinions also Schum., known as “yellow oleander”, is one of the plant differ regarding the metabolite responsible, whether it is species mentioned in the composition of Caps-inn plus the catechins, the caffeine or the synergy between the two (fase 3) and Capslim (both fanciful names for the respec- (Kovacs & Mela 2006). tive products) but is toxic because it contains glycosides Cynara cardunculus (artichoke), Hibiscus sabdariffa that are cardiotonic. For this reason, the Mexican Federal (roselle) and Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) may be Commission for Health Oversight ordered its recall from beneficial in the treatment of hyperlipidemia (Dickel the market (El Universal 2009). et al. 2007). Artichokes have a purifying effect, as well Despite the lack of certainty regarding the pharmacologi- as reducing cholesterol and contributing to weight loss cal activity of many of the species considered, together with the (Navarro & Ortega 2009). Other ingredients, such as antagonistic or adverse effects which may be caused by these cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl.), whose kno- products, as well as their or contraindications, they remain a wn pharmacological properties have nothing to do with valid alternative for many consumers (Pillitteri et al. 2008).
574 Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. Ethnobotanical, micrographic and pharmacological features of plant-based weight-loss products sold in naturist stores in Mexico City: the need for better quality control
The use of attractive images of muscled or slim individuals is and that actually observed, only 35-58% of the species men- well received by the overweight or obese, who are vulnerable tioned on the labels actually being present in the products. to advertisements of quick solutions and who sometimes ignore or fail to perceive the potential risks that consump- Salesperson recommendations and point of view tion of these products entail (Molares et al. 2012). Of all such products, approximately 80% are mixtures of between The salespeople—employees or sales managers—are 2 and 14 ingredients. It has been shown that consuming mostly women aged between 25 and 45. Although most three or more species in combination increases the risk of have no more than 3 or 4 years of experience, there undesirable antagonist effects and of the inhibition of the were some salespeople with much more (up to 30 years desired effects (Nascimento et al. 2005). of) experience. Some also stated that they had used the products themselves, and that it was based on their own experience that they were able recommend the products Plant species employed in the making of the products to customers. and their ethnomedicinal properties The knowledge possessed by some young salespeople The majority (99%) of the species used in slimming stems from their own interest in informing themselves, products are plants with existing ethnobotanical records, which led them to glean such information from the In- referring to a large variety of medicinal uses (Tab. 1). Of tho- ternet. They also claim to have learned from the accom- se, 28% have been recorded as weight-loss aids or appetite panying reading material provided by the suppliers. One suppressants. Another group of species have been registe- respondent with a long history in the business claimed red as possible coadjuvants to the treatment of obesity, as to have taken a kind of training course offered by the diuretics (17%), laxatives (13%), antihyperglycemic agents company and later learned both from customers and from (13%) and antihyperlipidemic agents (5%), or as products various text-based sources. with combined effects (21%). For 15%, there are no ethno- In general terms, the respondents cite the harmless botanical references linking them directly or indirectly with nature of the products, stressing that the ingredients are the treatment of overweight. natural (“They don’t do any harm because they’re herbs”, as Similarly, ten of the species mentioned as weight-loss they claim for Hoodia Slim), unlike chemicals, an assertion aids through ethnobotanical contributions have been con- which apparently seems aimed at reassuring customers, firmed as such in pharmacological studies, 49 species were while simultaneously justifying their prolonged use. Sa- investigated and proved to have therapeutic effects coadju- lespeople recommend, for example, that the product be vant to the treatment of obesity and 15 did not have studies used for 30 days, followed by a period off and then another of this type related to the uses considered. However, 9 of 30 days of use (e.g., Demograss plus, Caps-inn rosa (fase 1)), the 15 species to have been pharmacologically investigated 30 days of use (e.g., Alcachofa capsules, clarifying that, have been revealed in ethnobotanical studies to be slimming in this case, “this does include chemicals”, and Adelgasol aids (Citrus × aurantium; Fucus sp.; F. vesiculosus; Hoodia EEUU Maxislim), another 60 days of use (e.g., Menosgrass), gordonii; Ilex paraguariensis; Orthosiphon stamineus; Paulli- or another 45 days of use (e.g., Demograss, for which “the nia cupana, Arthrospira maxima, Arthrospira sp. (Tab. 1). slimming result is due to various reasons: because it looks after the liver, gets rids of worms and solves digestive problems”). The product known as L-Carnachof Mix also Microscopic analysis of the species present comes with the recommendation to take a 15-day period off in a sample of the commercial products before re-starting the treatment, as “that provides the most Table 2 presents the results of the microscopic obser- complete effect”. The latter is one of the newest products on vation, the diagnostic characters found for each of the the market, and it is said that “it has no laxative effect or species listed on the labels as well as the structures or the other effect on the stomach”, “now it’s all about artichokes”, characters of species not listed on the labels. Generally we “now it has artichokes because they burn fat and protect the found adulterations in the study sample. Also fungal fila- liver”; another feature is that it is not particularly sought ments were detected on leaves in the product called Escoba out by men because it is accompanied by a reducing gel for (Arenas AMx1 sample) indicating the deteriorated state of topical use to be applied by massage. In terms of dosage, the ingredients. The presence of fungi is often due to sto- recommendations vary, from, for example, 1-2 capsules or rage under conditions of humidity that is higher than that tablets taken in the morning or evening, and sometimes recommended, and its proliferation, as well as that of other requiring fasting, 2 doses before each meal or 2 doses three microorganisms, may lead to decomposition of the main times a day (e.g., Neo Kelp). active plant ingredients and to the generation of substances In terms of the recommendations made by the salespe- that, upon ingestion, may lead to toxicity (Nascimento et ople, they repeat the warning concerning laxatives, given al. 2005). In addition, for all of the products analyzed, there that according to the respondents, these “make a person was a lack of concordance between the composition declared feel bad the next day”. This is possibly due to the message
Acta bot. bras. 27(3): 560-579. 2013. 575 Patricia Marta Arenas, Soledad Molares, Abigail Aguilar Contreras, Belén Doumecq and Florencia Gabrielli
widely disseminated in the mass media regarding the har- despite the Mexican health authorities’ ordering of its recall mful consequences of weight loss by sudden dehydration due to its toxic nature. However, certain traditionally used as a consequence of the use of laxatives. plant species linked to the treatment of overweight and One respondent indicated that “when a consumer expe- related conditions—whether pharmacologically assessed riences secondary effects such as diarrhea and dehydration, or not—have been incorporated into industrial products, they are due to personal intolerance of certain species such forming part of the channels of commerce of health stores, as senna, although these effects are required to a certain becoming visible again to various sectors of the urban extent given that the excess fat is eliminated by means of the population (Hurrell et al. 2011a). This process would de- feces and in the urine”. For example, in the case of the Raíz finitively attribute more weight to certain ethnobotanical de Nopal tablets containing senna and grapefruit, it states properties than others, influencing and transforming fe- among the ingredients: “Grapefruit burns fat. It also has atures of their holistic use in the majority of cases (Miles senna leaves for constipation”. Salespeople also sometimes 1998; Molares et al. 2012). ask customers for personal information in order to suggest The microscopic analysis carried out allowed us to deter- the most suitable option, by means of questions such as mine that many of the plant ingredients stated on the labels “How many pounds do you want to lose?”, just as they also were absent from the products, that the products contained advise them on the correct way to weigh themselves. adulterants and that inappropriate methods of storage were Confusion was also detected regarding certain botanical employed, underscoring the urgent need for better quality features on the part of some of the respondents, such as and safety control of these herbal remedies. “Espirulina (Arthrospira spp.) is no use on its own because From our analysis of the recommendations provided by it’s like yeast. It’s Espirulina plus seaweed that works . . . the salespeople, we can conclude that it would be desirable there’s no Espirulina left in Mexico anymore!”, which was a for them to receive systematized academic training. In a sur- response on the source of the raw material. In this case the vey carried out by the Wisconsin School of Medicine, 83% of respondent interviewed specified a difference between Es- the consumers surveyed reported not having consulted their pirulina and Espirulina seaweed. Probably what she meant family doctor on the consumption of “natural products”, is that Espirulina has nutritional properties similar to those and, in the majority of cases, such products were acquired of yeast. Instead, what you need to lose weight is Espirulina through personal choice. This set of circumstances reveals seaweed (better known with this compound name since the primary role that the salespeople play in advising on its appearance on the market). Regarding the absence of the selection of herbal remedies (Pfeffer & Kaufer-Horwitz Arthrospira nowadays referred to by the respondent, this 2001; Arenas 2010). may be related to the production plant called Sosa Texcoco Despite the negative features encountered, current which was a company who flourished in the 1960s to have lifestyles, prevailing aesthetic standards and a lack of time since disappeared (Basurto Peña 2009). for activities such as physical exercise and sports are likely In terms of the characteristics of the typical customers responsible for public adherence to these new habits of ac- buying these products, the respondents claimed that they cessing non-traditional therapeutic resources, which may are both men and women, except in the case of products be acquired in health stores found when “passing by” and including lotions or soaps, which are more favored by strategically located on the route that potential consumers women. However, information offered by the respondents are obliged to follow. Meanwhile, traditional markets con- such as “Tlanchalagua is running very low because it’s very tinue to exist, perhaps oriented toward a more conservative popular” may be interpreted as a diagnosis of its environ- population loyal to its roots. mental availability as well as that of other species which have been exploited for commercial gains, and for which studies investigating these issues will be useful to assess the state of Acknowledgments conservation of the diversity of the species used. Financial support was provided in the form of research grants from the Red Iberoamericana de Saberes y Prácticas Locales sobre el Entorno Vegetal-Programa Iberoamericano de Conclusions Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (RISAPRET-CYTED, The majority of the plants used in the making of pro- Ibero-American Network of Local Knowledge and Practi- ducts designed as weight-loss aids lack sufficient studies ces related to Plant Ecology-Ibero-American Program for to arrive at conclusive data, with the added aggravating Science and Technology to further Development) and the factor of the counter-indications listing the possible adver- Argentine Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas se effects. Artichoke, Cynara cardunculus, may contribute y Técnicas (CONICET, National Council for Scientific and to weight loss and prickly pear cactus pad, Opuntia strep- Technical Research). We are grateful to Pablo C. Stampella tacantha, may be effective in obesity linked to diabetes. for providing us with a bibliography on Rutaceae, as well as Thevetia peruviana, known as “yellow oleander” continues to the salespeople of the health stores for their participation to form part of the composition of weight-loss products, and cooperation.
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