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The London School of Economics and Political Science “And they say there aren’t any gay Arabs…”: Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Cairo’s Underground Gay Scenes Mohamed Abbas Zaki A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, October 2013 1 DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 85,522 words. 2 ABSTRACT This thesis explores issues of subjectivity, collective identity, relatedness and class among young men on Cairo’s underground gay scenes. My thesis, based on 18 months of ethnographic research (November 2009-March 2011) among in Cairo, focuses on the diversity of ways in which ‘gay’ identities are embraced, questioned, and critiqued through the day to day activities of life in the city, and the construction of spaces in which the men move. The thesis analyzes various forms of instability and ambiguity relating to men’s sexuality both on the individual and scene levels. I argue that while a sense of precarity and ambiguity permeates the scene because of security concerns, the elusiveness of recognition both in relation to the state and the family, as well as internal fragmentation along class lines, it allows for a certain creativity as men cultivate and continually invest in the sociocultural maintenance of a ‘gay scene’. Through an examination of performance styles that are heavily influenced by a scene-specific form of camp aesthetics as well as scene-level narratives, I argue that such efforts are attempts at creating a sense of collective identity and permanence on a scene that is all too often experienced as unstable and ephemeral. While this project addresses the very real difficulties men face as homosexuals in Egypt (prosecution, social ostracism and harassment) it illustrates how men take hold of the liminal positions they occupy and experience, and in the process raise important questions about articulations of sexuality, class, and national positioning vis-à-vis a global imaginary. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research would not have been possible without the PhD Research Studentship Award from the LSE and the Department of Anthropology and the Emirates PhD Support for Middle East Studies Award from the LSE Middle East Centre and the Emirates Foundation. I must begin by thanking my supervisors Matthew Engelke and Catherine Allerton whom I cannot possibly thank enough for their tireless support, guidance and patience. I must also thank all those who convened and participated in the writing-seminar for their invaluable advice, time and encouragement. I would also like to say, or rather write, a particular thank you to Charles Stafford. I cannot express enough gratitude to the men on Cairo’s gay scenes who welcomed me in, trusted me with their stories and who have shown me an entirely different side to the city where was I born and raised. There are many who I must thank for their insights and assistance during the period of fieldwork; Hossam Bahgat, Noha Roushdy and Adel Ramadan from the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR), Montasser Kamal, senior program officer at the Middle East and North Africa office of the Ford Foundation, Dr. Ehab El Kharrat and Wessam ElBeih and Alia Moussallam from the UNAIDS office in Egypt. I would finally like to thank all those friends who have weathered my bouts of anxiety and have been there when I needed them most; Ismail Al-Bahar, Mohey Emara, Ahmed Ismail, Sherif Fahmy, Sid Pinzon, Ana Paola Gutierrez, Anna Tuckett and Samaa Moustafa. I owe you my sanity. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION………………………………………………………………..2 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………..3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………...4 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………7 Sexuality, Sexual Subjectivity and the Constitution of Sexual Subject………...10 The Scene and ‘Queer Subcultures’…………………………………………….23 The Egyptian Research Context………………………………………………...26 Masculinity and Kinship in Egypt………………………………………………31 Scene Context: Fieldsite………………………………………………………...35 Research Spaces for Participant Observation and Other Research Methods…...37 Doing Anthropology at Home…………………………………………………..40 Ethics……………………………………………………………………………44 Thesis Outline…………………………………………………………………...45 CHAPTER ONE……………………………………………………………….48 A Crisis of Recognition: Criminality, ambiguity and vulnerability………..48 The Criminalization of Homosexuality…………………………………………49 To Catch a Gay Man: The treacherous terrain of police questioning/detention...56 “He had too many male visitors”: John’ deportation…………………………...62 Crime and the Scene…………………………………………………………….66 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………73 CHAPTER TWO………………………………………………………………74 Subjectivity, Recognition and ‘Moments of Disclosure’…………………….74 Families and Marriage…………………………………………………………..75 ‘Coming Out’……………………………………………………………………81 Subjectivity and ‘Coming Out’…………………………………………………84 Politicization and Disclosure……………………………………………………89 Between Avoidance and Curing: The elusiveness of recognition………………91 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..101 CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………..105 Class, Sexuality and the Community………………………………………..105 Cairo’s Gay Community and its Scenes……………………………………….107 Class, Habitus and the Scene…………………………………………………116 5 Class and Flamboyance………………………………………………………..122 Private Spaces and the Construction of a Classed Scene……………………...129 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..136 CHAPTER FOUR……………………………………………………………137 The Topography of Gay Cairo………………………………………………137 Cruising on the Jardino and on Kasr El-Nil Bridge…………………………...140 Cruising as Activity, Acquired Skill and Place-Marker……………………….145 The Jardino and Scene Narratives…………………………………………….149 Hangouts and Other Socializing Places………………………………………..152 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..163 CHAPTER FIVE……………………………………………………………..164 Narrativity, Historicity and the Scene………………………………………164 Instability and Uncertainty…………………………………………………….167 Memory, Narrativity and Historicity…………………………………………..169 “Enti Language” or “Loghat El-Ti” and ‘Gay Slang’…………………………179 Collective Narrativity and Forgetting………………………………………….183 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..188 CHAPTER SIX……………………………………………………………….190 ‘Camp’ and the Cultural Makings of the Scenes…………………………...175 Language, Camp and Performance…………………………………………….192 Camp as Citation and Commentary……………………………………………208 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..215 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….216 “A Kinship for Gay Men”……………………………………………………216 Sexuality, Subjectivity and Collectivity……………………………………….220 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………….225 6 INTRODUCTION Perched high above lamppost pocked streets and stubby darkened buildings, Malek and John’s tenth floor flat was still an uproarious bevy of activity at three in the morning. The crowded living areas rang and rumbled with the thumping of bass-lines, the hum excited chatter and the piercing trills of laughter and giggles. We had started the night at another ‘scene party’, a birthday-cum-leaving do aptly titled ‘a touch of pink’ about a ten minute car ride from Malek and John’s. Following persistent and repeated threats by neighbours to call the police in protest over the racket, the entire party had migrated over to its new home for the night. As I had made my way into their building with several other men the elderly security guard had shot us a despondent look of disapproval and had, in wide-eyed disbelief, exclaimed ‘do you have any idea what time it is?! It’s too late for you to have only just arrived for a visit!’ Unable to assuage the guard’s disapproval the men simply clambered into the elevator but warned that there were more visitors to come. The party hustle and bustle rolled into the early hours of the morning in a riotous swell of social activity. Greased with a more- than-ample supply of alcoholic beverages, this social locomotion trundled forward in pockets of engrossed conversation, mild and wild flirtations and flurries of both swift and jittery dance moves. At one point during the evening’s festivities Malek, intoxicated and shaking his hips, had turned to me and exclaimed ‘and they say there aren’t any gay Arabs! Malek meant his remark as a humorous reference to a conversation we had had a few days earlier about Joseph Massad's book 'Desiring Arabs' (Massad 2007). In the book's most contentious chapter and the one that drew the most ire from my informants, Massad launches a scathing critique of what he views as ‘proselytizing missions’ by the ‘Gay International’ (a term he coined for the network of Western gay rights activists, organizations and their local representatives) (Massad 2002, Massad 2007) whom he argues have been engaged in an orientalist project to create a gay subject or subjects where none had existed prior to such efforts (I will return to Massad’s critique of the ‘Gay 7 international’ later in this introduction). As Malek had danced, shifting his weight from one foot to the