Gay Muslim Refugees in Finland Intersections of Experience

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Gay Muslim Refugees in Finland Intersections of Experience Gay Muslim Refugees in Finland Intersections of Experience Sami Vitikainen Master’s Thesis Intercultural Encounters Faculty of Arts University of Helsinki May 2019 Tiedekunta – Fakultet – Faculty Koulutusohjelma – Utbildningsprogram – Degree Programme Humanistinen tiedekunta Kulttuurienvälisen vuorovaikutuksen maisteriohjelma Opintosuunta – Studieinriktning – Study Track Uskontotiede Tekijä – Författare – Author Sami Kristian Vitikainen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Gay Muslim Refugees in Finland – Intersections of Experience Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro Gradu -tutkielma Toukokuu 2019 68 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkielma ristivalottaa seksuaali- tai sukupuolivähemmistöön kuuluvien muslimitaustaisten turvapaikanhakijoiden sosiaalista lokaatiota, jota ulossulkeminen sekä siirtymä tunnusomaisesti määrittävät edelleen. Tutkielmaa varten haastateltujen irakilaisten turvapaikanhakijoiden elettyjen kokemusten kautta pohditaan, kuinka sosiaaliset kategoriat kuten ”homo”, ”rotu/etnisyys”, ”muslimi” ja niiden risteämät muovaavat pakolaisuuden kokemusta sekä asemoi tutkimuskohteen alisteisesti moninaisissa yhteyksissä. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan kuinka homoseksuaalit muslimipakolaiset neuvottelevat identiteettejään ja kuinka he rakentavat niitä diskursiivisesti. Lisäksi pohditaan, millainen itseymmärrys siitä muotoutuu ja kuinka se suhteutuu länsimaiseen seksuaaliepistemologiaan. Tämän kvalitatiivisen tutkielman teoreettinen lähtökohta on intersektionaalisuus sekä queer- teoria, joiden lisäksi identiteetti määritellään itseymmärrykseksi, joka väistää ”identiteetin” mukanaan kuljettaman käsitteellisen painolastin ja soveltuu siten paremmin poikkikulttuuriseen intersektionaaliseen analyysiin. Taustoittavana materiaalina käytettiin lehtiartikkeleita, teoksia ja tutkimusartikkeleita, jotka käsittelevät homoseksuaalisuutta islamilaisessa maailmassa sekä queer-muuttoliikettä ja -pakolaisuutta. Tutkielmaa varten haastateltiin neljää Suomeen vuosina 2015–2016 saapunutta irakilaista homoseksuaalia turvapaikanhakijamiestä sekä yhtä samaan aikaan saapunutta irakilaista turvapaikkaa hakenutta transnaista. Haastatteluissa sovellettiin puolistrukturoitua menetelmää, jonka avulla oli mahdollista ottaa mukaan mahdollisesti esiin nousevia uusia aihepiirejä, mutta silti pysyä alkuperäisen tutkimusaiheen puitteissa. Analyysi esitetään keskustelua jäljittelevänä kerrontana, joka pyrkii tavoittamaan aihealueen kompleksisuuden, mutta osoittaa kuitenkin moninaisia merkityksiä, rakenteita, konteksteja sekä vaikutuksia. Tutkimustulokset ovat linjassa aihepiirin aiemman tutkimuksen kanssa ja viittaavat homoseksuaalin muslimimaahanmuuttajan moninkertaisesti alisteiseen asemaan, johon keskeisimpinä vaikuttavat yhdessä tai erikseen rasismi, heteroseksismi ja kansallismielisyys. Lopuksi ”homomuslimimaahanmuuttaja” näyttäytyy ”mahdottomana” lokaationa ja siten häirikköhahmona, joka tarjoaa queer-näkökulman normatiivisen järjestyksen epäoikeudenmukaisuuksien paljastamiseksi. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Seksuaalivähemmistöt, islam, seksuaali-identiteetti, maahanmuutto, queer-pakolaisuus, intersektionaalisuus Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Helsingin yliopiston kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 2 1. Contextual Flux .................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Whose Crisis? .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 The Street Not So Straight – Living It in the Middle East .............................................................. 6 1.3 M. Was Not Gay – Debates on Homosexuality in Arab Islamic World .........................................10 1.4 Let Me In and Out? – Viewpoints to Queer Migrations ................................................................15 1.5 The Gay Muslim Subject .............................................................................................................17 2. Theory ...............................................................................................................................................19 2.1 Queering Intersectionality ............................................................................................................19 2.2 Identity Trouble ...........................................................................................................................24 3. Methodology ......................................................................................................................................26 3.1 Participant Selection ....................................................................................................................26 3.2 Semi-Structured Interviews..........................................................................................................27 3.3 Transcription and Translation ......................................................................................................28 3.4 Ethical Issues...............................................................................................................................28 3.5 Finding Meaning .........................................................................................................................28 4. Analysis .............................................................................................................................................29 4.1 Home Crumbling .........................................................................................................................29 4.2 New Cross-Roads ........................................................................................................................46 5. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................60 References .................................................................................................................................................63 1 Introduction In the autumn of 2016, the discriminating entrance policies of gay nightclubs in Helsinki made the headlines in Finnish media after a group of gay asylum seekers were rejected at the entry. A Swedish LGBT organization was hosting a private event in the premises of the well-known gay nightclub DTM. However, a group of their invited guests were denied entry due to their inability to present approved identity card for age verification. The rejected guests were asylum seekers; thus, they had no other documents to show but the residence permit card which was not accepted by the nightclub. As a protest and to show solidarity, the event organizers relocated the party in the street outside the club. The following public debate revealed that other gay nightclubs applied the same policy. Later on, DTM announced it will start accepting the residence permit card for age verification. (e.g. Qureishi 2018; Vesalainen 2016.) The case exemplifies well how accumulation of social markers may further marginalize the already marginalized and produce novel discriminations in their intersections at unexpected situations. With the focus on various belongings and detachments of homosexual male Muslim refugees who have arrived in Finland from Iraq, I shed light on this particular social location that is distinctively characterized by exclusion and transition. Through their lived experiences, I explore how the social categories such as gay, race/ethnicity, Muslim and their intersections shape the refugee experience and position the subject subordinately in various contexts. Further, I examine how gay Muslim refugees are negotiating their identities, how identity is constructed in their speech and how the appearing self-understanding relates to Western sexual epistemology. In the end, gay Muslim immigrant appears as an “impossible” location and, consequently, as a disruptive figure providing a queer angle for exposing the inequalities of the normative. The ever-hardening attitudes, persecution and sheer violence against minorities in the Middle East leave gay men particularly vulnerable. In practice, they can only flee, try to hide their orientation or get tortured and killed (Oakford 2015). The large-scale migrations in 2015 brought refugees to European front yards both physically and figuratively: Europeans were forced to confront the globalized human condition as it incarnated in the people fleeing their home countries that had become existentially hostile to them in various ways. Amongst the many, relatively large number of gay, lesbian and transgender asylum seekers from Muslim countries arrived (AFR 2017, 3–4). For LGBTQI refugees, migrating is a complex challenge, not merely a liberation narrative. They face potential multilevel identity conflicts and a severe risk of being multiply marginalized. (Murray 2014b.) The familiar means of identity negotiation and self-preservation may no longer be successful and new, sometimes contradictory strategies must be adopted. Thus, the underlying assumption for 2 this inquiry is that the social location of the gay Muslim refugee positions the subject differently in the changing contexts of refugeeness and makes
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