FROM ‘ART AND TECHNOLOGY’ GERMAN ARCHITECT PETER BEHRENS 1868

1940 ÇİSEM ATAK

THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL DESIGNER ZÜLAL İMRAN UYAR PETER PETER BEHRENS Peter Behrens was born in 1868 in Hamburg, Germany. He was the first industrial designer and founder of modern objective Industrial Architecture. Before he became an architect, he studied at Christianeum Hamburg from 1877-1882 in the

field of painting. PETER PETER BEHRENS

peter behrens in his office in Berlin, around 1913. 2 Photo by waldemar titzenthaler In his early career, he worked as a painter and illustrater. He painted his masterpieces in Bohemianism style. bohemianism

BOHEMIANISM Bohemianism is supporter of unordinary and independent lifesytle. Its principles Peter Behrens.

The kiss, detail, 1898 based on rebelling and non-traditional life style of marginalization.

ART

PETER PETER BEHRENS –

PETER BEHRENS BEHRENS PETER 3 DARMSTADT ARTIST COLONY

In 1899, with a inaugural invitation which came from Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse, he contributed to Darmstadt Artist Colony.

‘ My Hesse should flourish and art in Hesse too.’ Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig

Darmstadt Artist Colony was established by Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig with the purpose of creating a unity of art and trade in order to develop the economy of his land.

Thus, Ernst Ludwig set a society which artists work and live together. PETER BEHRENS

The colony was officially opened in 1901 with a exhibition called a Document of German Art. All the 8 houses in that colony were furnished by the invited artists.

MATURITY DARMSTAD MATURITY 4 Ernst Ludwig House Wilhelm Deiters' House Wilhelm Deiters’ House The large Glückert House

JUGENDSTIL

Most of those artists were working in the style of Jugendstil.

Jugendstil basically is the movement of Art Nouveau in Germany. (German Art

Peter Behrens’ House Joseph Maria Olbrich’s House Nouveau).

PETER PETER BEHRENS MATURITY DARMSTAD MATURITY 5 Upper Hesse Exhibition House Workers’ House by Metzendorf

THE FIRST HOUSE-PETER BEHRENS 6 PETER BEHRENS PETER After Peter Behrens attended to this colony, he also built his own and first house which was designed according to norms of Jugendstil. The principles of Jugendstil based on the natural forms which against to straight

lines and angles.

PETER BEHRENS BEHRENS PETER

- PETER PETER BEHRENS

The pages from the magazine deutsche kunst und dekoration, January 1902 issue, THE FIRST HOUSE FIRST THE 7 with the publication “Peter Behrens House. The Essay On Art And Life" by kurt breysig He was one of the milestone characters of 20th century which was flowing through industrial era. He contributed this flow as a designer of factories and

office buildings in brick, steel and glass. PETER PETER BEHRENS

8 In 1903, Behrens became the director of Kunstgwerbeschule (The School of Arts and Craft) in Düsseldorf. The school educated according to specific art and craft skills such as weaving, sculpting, painting. He implemented such a new things as a reform in that term.

THE GERMAN WERKBUND

He accombined with 12 companies and 10 other people, one of the important character was Hermann Muthesius in order to establish The German Werkbund.(German association of craftsman) in Munich in 1907. The artist of this important organization intended to provide mass production with good design and craftmenship. Their shared-purpose was sustaining craftmenship and protecting valuable art and artist while the world and the

Germany was getting industrialized. PETER PETER BEHRENS

The poster for Deutsche Werkbund-Ausstellung: Kunst in Handwerk, Industrie und Handel; Architektur, Cöln, Mai– Oct. 1914. © Library Of Congress

THE GERMAN WERKBUND GERMAN THE 9 PETER BEHRENS Velde Crafts and Henry Van de Van Henry Arts Pioneer of British Movement William MorrisWilliam Muthesius Hermann of were Crafts from value to , Velde and the able versa . create Arts artists Muthesius vice of collobarative maintained should British British Germany among Henry Van de Henry Van two side as a of academics . He and the with which make and to leader art revived design took attention by in be the critics took , Muthesius aimed to of organization Behrens one also industry . crafts the was investors individuality the Hermann Werkbund , ; . Peter who The craftmen . Muthesius . industrial feeding and in global in global market. protecting administrated expression types was industrialist leaders organization , was and proposed Velde this England designer William William Morris of cultural politics of by that objective and debating , . with and objective two

leaders

these architects Velde’s artistic compete Muthesius standardization objectives Muthesius Movement enterprise The influenced

10 THE GERMAN WERKBUND GERMAN THE MUTHESIUS - - VELDE ART&TECHNOLOGY-AEG COMPANY 11 viability performed buildings works In 1907, and he of for designs initiatives started and the proven company included to and work ideas objectives . The at AEG as a at AEGas typefaces which works comes . of , logos, , logos, design him from at AEG printed consultant Werkbund were materials the until which proof 1914. , products is; of Behrens’s vitality the

and

and PETER BEHRENS PETER Electric kettle, designed by behrens for aeg, hammered Synchronal electric supply clock, designed by AEG COMPANY brass and wicker, circa 1909. Photo courtesy of Quittenbaum behrens for aeg, 1910. Photo courtesy of Quittenbaum AEG (General Electric Company) was the pioneer of modernism and large-scale industrial growing of Germany in 1883, Berlin.

They were producing wide range of electrical products such as lamp, turbine, small motors. Also, in that era AEG company became respected in global market as a German brand. AEG company’s success proved the power of German

industry.

AEG COMPANY AEG

- PETER PETER BEHRENS The machine design and industrial processes in that time were represented by Behrens and his designs for AEG for the first time.

Luzette lamp, designed by behrens for aeg, circa 1910. Heater, designed by behrens for aeg, 1920. Photo courtesy of garageonline.se Photo courtesy of Quittenbaum ART&TECHNOLOGY 12 PETER BEHRENS in his in his first the for function and were of which . movement directness lamps the buildings arc of modern the public defines , pioneers designing clearly - stations the re . of works was ’ railway one : , history AEG in him for Behrens Pevnser of form’ made that warehouses designer , it AEG. , mission purity for first Nicholous claimed same lamp industrial His factories Sir ‘ He work Eventually arc - design

Behren’s Title page of a product brochure, designed by Behrens, 1910Behrens,by designed brochure, apageof product Title

13 ART&TECHNOLOGY AEG COMPANY AEG - PETER BEHRENS page , 2nd , with text the creating tecnologies From contact artistic new about it is show through - achieve to that forms and achievements object technology functional the help great of to to , is art decorating character helping about therefore the , Behrens time with task ‘is not Peter same ’. wrote accord .’ serious the at that most

advantage

Our

technology ‘ quality to ‘Design’ he forms

14 ART&TECHNOLOGY AEG COMPANY AEG - ART&TECHNOLOGY-AEG TURBINE FACTORY BY PETER BEHRENS&KARL BENHARD 15 opposed totally eachother During leadership high cooperating In engineers a His milestone that another technological new project this him . because of AEG. technology co for notable and with - working Behrens architects designing his idea structures as an mission , and cooparated sometimes engineer that to factory systems was design that defends designing symbolize with Karl Behrens with such a factory softening engineer Benhard the as a and naked engineer factory the during engineer defended technological Karl the steel for technology industrial Bernhard Karl framings AEG Benhard the Benhard . This usage and , age Behrens with but factory . got commercial instead While of tradition Behrens opposed higher desired he became of was . and to peter peter aeg turbine turbine factory built in Berlin, by behrens

in 1909. © Getty © Getty Images in 1909. PETER BEHRENS PETER ART&TECHNOLOGY-AEG COMPANY 16 Dicleci ‘ ‘ Peg structural whereas proportion ‘Peter the , C. 2000, Karl Bernhard. Durchdringung Bernhard. Die , Karl C. 2000, von Kunst und Technik: Deutsche Bauzeitung p.116 134(6), Weiss father Behrens Karl Karl : forces and 20th 20th Banhard written by century in in 1908 1908 to primarly both on on and fuctional which suitable still was by as an an as architecture 1911 1911 and imaging architect primarly also the visually ’ ’ he he possibilities was above convencing thinking all would to in in convert the shape have terms .’ - 119 119 to

of of aim PETER BEHRENS PETER at at 17 ART&TECHNOLOGY-AEG TURBINE FACTORY BY PETER BEHRENS&KARL BENHARD 18 Gable building from weighty and buildingweighty from bulkylook. that escape the system carrierthe factorywas by thesteelthe freespace created of In of thethe interiorfactory. inside daylightto obtain to in order windowslarge trabeated and pediments) early to part, reference lower to vaulted roof structures’fabric of transitionwas (the gables gables of weightythe addition with TurbineFactory he gave aneoBehrensideas thatstated, all to Diversely in Berlin.located glass, long 15m 100m This tall is factory The AEG Turbine thewellFactory became Market. ascending This inGlobal provide of Germanindustryfactory thethrone The cons was TurbineFactory The buildingan hasrectangular AEG TURBINE FACTORY columns in theends. t ructed - d ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN QUALITIES circular forms besides those features it has long, it features those besides forms circular for stone and steel walls on either sides on either walls and stone steel - produc known example of industrial architecture.example ofindustrialknown ing steam turbines and engines.turbinessteam

- classical touch to the touch to classical PETER BEHRENS PETER He had students and assistans who had became a well-known architects such as Mies Van der Rohe, Le corbusier, Adolf Meyer, Jean Kramer and Walter Gropius

LE CORBUSIER MIES VAN DER ROHE who is the first director of Bauhaus.

PETER PETER BEHRENS ASSISTANCES AND STUDENTS OF BEHRENS OF AND STUDENTS ASSISTANCES 19 ADOLF MEYER WALTER GROPIUS The impacts of Behrens on his students can be shown with Fagus Factory example Walter Gropius&Fagos Factory designed by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer which was inspired from the Turbine Factory for AEG. Although the students of him were influenced by him, in their later works , they get varied from their educator Behrens. In that sense, they got rid of the neo- classical effects and authenticity. Gropius argued that ’the exterior of the building should reveal the construction logic’. In some cases at Fagus Factory shared the thoughts behind with the AEG Turbine Factory such as the use of steel components, high glasses and

rectangular plan. PETER BEHRENS

INFLUENCE FROM THE TURBINE FACTORY TURBINE THE FROM INFLUENCE 20 Headquarters of the Hoechst AG. Architect peter behrens, built in 1920–1924. © AKG/East

Peter Behrens also involved in the construction and design of Technical

Administration Building in Höchst. Since he has a experiences in the constructions DESIGNED BY PETER BEHRENS PETER BY DESIGNED

– of industrial and governmental buildings, he was accepted as an architect of this official building. He reflected the brick-expressionism in the interior and exterior content. Brick-expressionism come to exist at the same time as the ‘New Objectivity’ with Bauhaus Architecture. The base of the New Objectivity rely on the dynamism of expressionism and use of

glass. PETER BEHRENS

Interior of Hoechst AG headquarters, TECHNICAL ADMINISTRATION TECHNICAL BUILNDING 22 ceiling view. Photo courtesy of Stern From 1922 to 1936 Peter Behrens take an invitation from the Academy of Arts Vienna as a teacher. He became the head of department of Architecture at the Prussian Academy of Art Berlin.

Besides the academic mission that he undertook, he also kept practising architecture. So he became an architect of his British clients from Northhampton, UK. Clients requested a house from him that became a

oppurtunuity for him to express modernism in residence for the first time DESIGNED BY PETER BEHRENS PETER BY DESIGNED

– (New Ways).

The similarities of this residence with the early buildings of Behrens as Turbine PETER BEHRENS Factory can be given as large metal framed windows and steel construction system. It also has flat roof, white walls and symmetrical façade.

NEW WAYS HOUSE WAYS NEW 23