Historical and Scientific Perspectives on the Health of Canada's First
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HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVES ON THE HEALTH OF CANADA‟S FIRST PEOPLES March, 2007 Raymond Obomsawin Ph.D. About the Author: Raymond Obomsawin, is of Oneida and Abenaki ancestry. He is a member of the Odanak First Nation based in eastern Canada. The name Obomsawin is derived from the word nobomsawino which means to scout ahead and clear the way. He has previously served as: founding Chairman of the NIB/AFN‟s National Commission Inquiry on Indian Health (Ottawa, Ontario); Executive Director of the California Rural Indian Health Board (Ukiah Programme); Manager of Overseas Operations for CUSO, (Canada's largest international development NGO); and Senior Advisor on Indigenous Knowledge Systems to the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). In the early 1990s he successfully organized and spearheaded the first public sector funded field review on Indigenous culture-based knowledge systems in development, covering all developing regions of the world. He can be contacted at: [email protected] ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction SECTION I. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………........................... 1 1.1 THE FORGOTTEN LEGACY OF CANADA’S FIRST PEOPLES………………….…..…. 2 1.2 LOSS OF THE GREAT LEGACY OF HEALTH…………………………..……..…...….. 7 1.3 THE POPULARIZED CONCEPT OF “VIRGIN SOILS” RECONSIDERED…………..…… 9 1.4 TWENTIETH & TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY HEALTH CONDITIONS…………..……... 12 1.5 TRADITIONAL FOODS, HEALTH & DISEASE AMONG THE INUIT………………..….. 13 1.6 BACKGROUND ON AND HEALTH CONDITIONS AMONG THE MÉTIS……………..…. 15 1.7 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF MEDICAL SERVICES TO CANADA’S FIRST PEOPLES…. 16 1.8 HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE MÉTIS…………………………………………………. 19 1.9 TRANSFER OF PUBLIC SECTOR HEALTH SERVICES TO ABORIGINAL CONTROL…… 21 1.10 INTERMINABLE ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURAL DEFICIENCIES….. 24 1.11 SUMMARIZATION…………………………………………………………………… 25 SECTION II. SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVES 2.1 VITAL QUESTIONS REQUIRING REEXAMINATION………………………………….. 27 2.2 WHY ABORIGINAL PEOPLES EXPERIENCED OUTSTANDING HEALTH……………… 27 2.2.1 Optimum Nutrient Intake 2.2.2 Low Stress 2.2.3 Much Outdoor Exercise 2.2.4 Sufficient Sleep (Rest) 2.2.5 Abundant Sunlight 2.2.6 Freedom from Alcohol 2.2.7 No Habitual Tobacco Use 2.3 ADVERSE IMPACTS ON HEALTH OF MODERN CIVILIZATION………………...……. 35 2.4 A WORLDWIDE PHENOMENON OF PROGRESSIVE DEGENERATION…………...…… 36 2.4.1 Key Nutrient Intake of Canada’s First Peoples 2.4.2 North American Degenerative Disease Levels 2.5 MEDICAL CONCERNS ON MILK USAGE OF ANOTHER SPECIES BEYOND WEANING... 41 2.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS & DECLINES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES……….…….. 43 2.7 RECONSIDERING THE CAUSES UNDERLYING INFECTIOUS DISEASE EPIDEMICS….. 47 2.8 VITAMIN PROPHYLAXIS & REMEDIATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES………….…. 49 2.8.1 Vitamin A 2.8.2 Vitamin C 2.9 BIO-PHYSICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF MENTAL HEALTH……………………….….. 55 2.10 WESTERN MEDICAL SERVICES & ABORIGINAL HEALTH OUTCOMES………...…. 56 2.11.1 Tuberculosis & BCG Vaccine Usage Among First Nations & Inuit People 2.11.2 Other Vaccines & Infectious Diseases 2.11 DIABETES – A MAJOR & GROWING EPIDEMIC…………………………………… 67 iii 2.12 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - A LEADING CAUSE OF ABORIGINAL MORTALITY... 70 2.13 CANCER A GROWING AFFLICTION AMONG ABORIGINAL PEOPLES……………… 76 2.14 ABORIGINAL PEOPLES AIDS CRISES – CRITICAL THEORY & PRACTICE ISSUES… 81 2.15 RECENT HEALTH REGENERATIVE SUCCESSES IN AN ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY… 86 2.16 DOMINANCE OF WESTERN SELECTIVE MEDICINE & ITS IATROGENIC IMPACTS…. 88 2.17 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………... 90 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………...…. 92 FIGURES FIGURE I. Post-Treatment Alcoholics: Percentage Abstaining from Alcohol………. 32 FIGURE II. Major Minerals Dietary Intake: Canadian Indian, Arctic Inuit….…….. 39 FIGURE III. Minor Minerals Dietary Intake: Canadian Indian, Arctic Inuit………. 39 FIGURE IV. Fat Soluble Vitamin Intake: Canadian Indian & Arctic Inuit………..... 39 FIGURE V. United States Mortality Rates 1900-1963…………………………………. 46 FIGURE VI. England & Wales Tuberculosis Mortality Rates & BCG 1838-1960……. 58 FIGURE VII. Influenza Vaccination Coverage & Influenza Discharges (USA)………. 59 FIGURE VIII. Polio Incidence & Pesticide Production 1940-1970…………………….. 61 FIGURE IX. Prevalence of Diabetes – Aboriginal Men vs. Canadian Men…………… 67 FIGURE X. Prevalence of Diabetes – Aboriginal Women vs. Canadian Women….…. 68 FIGURE XI. People with Complications – Diabetics vs. Non-Diabetics Percentages… 68 FIGURE XII. Persons Requiring Diabetes Medications after Pritikan Program……. 69 FIGURE XIII. CVD Incidence: American Indians vs. Other U.S. (44-66 years)……… 71 FIGURE XIV. Intl Heart Disease Death Rate & Daily Intake of Animal Fat Grams… 72 FIGURE XV. Intl Heart Disease Death Rate & Daily Intake of Plant Food Calories… 72 FIGURE XVI. CHD Death Rate: N. Karelia & Finland 1969-2001……………………. 75 FIGURE XVII. Cancer Cases Ontario: Aboriginal vs. Non-Aboriginal 1968-1991…… 77 FIGURE XVIII. Effect of Orthomolecular Treatment on Survival of Cancer Patients. 80 FIGURE IXX. AIDS/HIV Positive Aboriginal & Non-Aboriginal Women in Canada.. 81 FIGURE XX. Micronutrient Therapy Clinical Effects on 100 Advanced AIDS Cases.. 85 FIGURE XVI. Clinical Effects of Nutrient Therapy on Mental Health of AIDS Cases. 85 TABLES TABLE I. Psycho-Physiological Effects of Fasting………………………..…………… 33 TABLE II. Clinical Results of Therapeutic Fasting…………………………………… 34 TABLE III. Conditions Successfully Prevented & Remediated With Vitamin C…… 52 TABLE IV. Mortality Changes in North Karelia: 1970-1995………………………… 75 TABLE V. Adverse Effects: Chemotherapeutic Drugs………………………………… 78 ANNEXES ANNEX I. EMERGING ORGANIZATIONS & INSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVES IN ABORIGINAL HEALTH…………………………………………………..... 111 ANNEX II. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE N.C.I.I.H…………………………………. 151 ANNEX III. PRIORITIES FOR INDIAN HEALTH CARE – N.C.I.I.H…………………….… 155 ANNEX IV. INFECTIOUS DISEASE THEORIES CONTRASTED……………….……….…… 165 ANNEX V. WAR ON DISEASE APPROACH VS. HEALTH DETERMINANTS APPROACH…… 166 iv HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVES ON THE HEALTH OF CANADA‟S FIRST PEOPLES By: Raymond Obomsawin Ph.D. The ancestors of First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples... for thousands of years… had ways of life rooted in fundamental values concerning their relationships to the Creator, the environment, and each other… The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples spoke of a circle of well-being in which self-government, economic self- reliance, healing and a partnership of mutual respect are the key building blocks. Well-being is measured by the presence of certain factors… These include the physical environment, such as adequate housing and clean water; access to education and training opportunities; the opportunity to participate in the economy and earn a meaningful livelihood; and access to the health, social and cultural supports needed to ensure that people can remain healthy. Gathering Strength: Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan - Ottawa, 1997 INTRODUCTION This paper affords an overview on the health history of the first peoples of Canada, extending from the pre-contact era up to the present time. Today these Aboriginal peoples number just over 600,000 comprising First Nations (North American Indian), 45,000 Inuit, and 290,000 Métis. It presents critical scientific observations pertaining to the health history of these peoples, and challenges some of the common assumptions surrounding this history. It additionally offers practical insights on the kind of measures which will help to restore Aboriginal peoples to the high levels of health that their forbears once enjoyed. It has been prepared as background reading text for a course on Cultural Competency in Health Care. Background issues related to Traditional Aboriginal Medicine and Midwifery are addressed in a separate 19th Century - Western Edge of Prairies background paper. The reader will find that the content is somewhat unusual and stimulating because the historical and scientific research on which it is based, as well as the conclusions reached, in some respects depart from the tenets and assumptions of mainstream thinking. It was deemed important that the reader be afforded with a wide diversity of viewpoints crossing multiple disciplines and sectors, all of which has been integrated into a traditional Aboriginal worldview. In taking this approach it is well understood and anticipated that not everyone will readily agree with all of the observations and conclusions presented. Nonetheless, every reader will benefit from having been exposed to insightful and truly challenging perspectives on the issues under discussion. In examining the unique history of the health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada, including some highly relevant cross-disciplinary controversies in science, it was considered instructive and corroborative to also give limited consideration to the parallel experiences of Indigenous peoples who have been similarly subject to the impacts of colonization in other regions of North America and the world. As we document this unique segment of Canadian history and delve into exploring the troubling questions that it raises, there will come into view the blueprint for remaining atop the dark seas of disease and concomitant suffering that has engulfed so many. It will also be seen that it is not only possible, but imperative for Canada‟s first peoples to reclaim the legacy of health and long life that they once enjoyed. SECTION I. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 1.1 THE FORGOTTEN LEGACY OF CANADA’S FIRST PEOPLES It is axiomatic that the past has a lot to say about the present. This is particularly