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What Is at Stake with Street Prostitution at Yser? Exploring an Open

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What Is at Stake with Street Prostitution at Yser? Exploring an Open Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen Politieke Wetenschappen What is at stake with street prostitution at Yser? Exploring an Open Approach for the Development of a Multi-Dimensional Problem Construction Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van doctor in de sociale wetenschappen aan de Universiteit Antwerpen te verdedigen door Kristien Gillis Promotor: Prof. dr. Petra Meier Antwerpen, 2017 ii Members of the doctoral committee: Prof. dr. Petra Meier Prof. dr. Stijn Oosterlynck Prof. dr. Joyce Outshoorn Members of the doctoral jury: Prof. dr. Maarten Loopmans Prof. dr. Wouter Van Dooren Cover design: Nieuwe Mediadienst, Universiteit Antwerpen. The cover picture stems from the Usus/Usures Catalogue, developed by architect collective Rotor. The Usus/Usures project, exploring “wear as a reaction to use in architecture”, was presented in the Belgian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 2010. This particular picture was taken in the Yser neighbourhood. The collective explains: In Belgium, the lower part of a wall is traditionally treated differently than the rest of the wall. As it is more exposed to mud and other liquids as well as to street activities, the wall is often covered by a plinth, generally made of blue limestone which is relatively hard-wearing and is extracted locally. Similarly, a cast iron tube (called a “shoe”) is used for the lower part of the rainwater downpipe, rather than the zinc tube used for the upper part. These devices offer great resistance to various street activities. For even without intending to cause damage, the human body can prove to be particularly corrosive. The traces of wear on the plinth shown in this picture reveal the activity of prostitutes leaning against it, on a strategic corner in the centre of Brussels. The darkest marks show a polishing of the stone’s surface by different parts of the women’s bodies, while the lighter marks are scratches caused by their high heels. An analysis of the different traces of wear on the entire wall reveal the most popular spots, either because they are in full view of the street or because they offer slight protection from the rain. (Rotor, 2010:64) This picture, both literally and figuratively, symbolizes the footprint of street prostitution in the Yser neighborhood. Copyright © 2017 Kristien Gillis No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means, without permission from the author. iii Table of contents List of pictures ………………………………………………………………………...…… vii List of frequently used names and abbreviations …………………………………..…... viii Voorwoord …………………….………………………………………………….….….…... x Introduction ……………………………………………………….………………..….……. 1 Chapter 1: What’s at stake with prostitution? ………………………………....…….....… 6 1.1 Scholarly research on prostitution: varied but fragmented problem identifications .…...... 7 1.1.1 Varied problem identifications …………………………….……………..……....... 7 1.1.2 … But fragmented problem identifications …………………………………..….... 9 1.2 Dominant representations and policy: problematic in its unidimensionality ….…..….… 17 1.2.1 The oppression/sexual dominance representation ……………………….….……. 18 1.2.2 Pro rights/sex work representation ……………………………………......……… 23 1.2.3 Nuisance representation ………………………………………….………..…...… 26 1.3 What’s the problem? Lacking recognition of multidimensionality in problem constructions about prostitution ………………………………………………………... 30 Chapter 2: From a state of the art to a state of the street …………………..…………... 35 2.1 Back to basics: social problems and social problem construction …………..………...... 35 2.2 The difficult recognition of complexity ……………………………………..………….. 37 2.2.1 Cognitive bias …………………………………………………………...…...…... 38 2.2.2 Context ………………………………………………………..………………….. 41 2.3 Uncovering multidimensionality …………………..……………………………………. 47 2.3.1 Public sociology ………………………………………………………...……...… 47 2.3.2 Organic public sociology ……………………………………………...…………. 49 Chapter 3: Research design & methods ……………………………………..…………… 53 3.1 Methodology and methods …………………………………….……………...……….... 54 3.1.1 Methodology …………………………………………………………...……...…. 54 3.1.2 Methods ………………………………………….………….……………………. 55 3.2 Fieldwork ………………………………………………...…………………………...… 58 3.2.1 Entering the field: exploration phase ……………………..……………………… 58 3.2.2 In the field …………………………………………………...………………...…. 62 3.2.3 Leaving the field ………………………………………..………………………... 76 3.3 Analysis and presenting of the data …………………………..………………………… 79 iv 3.3.1 Processing and Transcribing …………………………...……….…………..……. 79 3.3.2 Coding and analyzing ……………………………………….….…………...…… 79 3.3.3 Presenting the data ………………………………….……….….………...……… 82 3.4 Quality concerns …………………………………………………..….……………...…. 85 3.5 A note on self-reflexivity ………………………………………….….……….………... 90 Chapter 4: Case justification and description ……………….……….………….….…… 99 4.1 Type of prostitution and the population in Yser …………………….…..…….…..……. 99 4.2 Type of neighborhood ………………………………………………..………...……… 103 4.3 Prostitution policy and local regulations ……………………………..…..….………… 109 4.4 A concluding note ……………………………………………………..………….…… 113 Chapter 5: M’Yser?! Setting the scene ………………………………..………...……… 115 Chapter 6: Des putes et des poubelles …………………………………….…..………… 132 6.1 What’s at stake? Problem identifications around nuisance ……………..…..……….… 134 6.1.1 What is represented as problematic and by whom? .………………..…..….…… 134 6.1.2 Which actors are represented as involved and in which roles? ...……..………… 141 6.1.3 What solutions are suggested? .…………………………...…………...……...… 146 6.2 Beyond nuisance …………………………………………………………..……...…… 149 Chapter 7: Traffickers, Terrorists, and Maquereau Sandwiches ……….…….……… 150 7.1 What’s at stake? Problem identifications around security ………………..…………… 150 7.1.1 What is represented as problematic and by whom? ……………..…….……...… 150 7.1.2 Which actors are represented as involved and in which roles? ……...….………. 173 7.1.3 What solutions are suggested? ……………………..………………..…..……… 178 7.2 Beyond nuisance and security ……………………………………………..….….….… 183 Chapter 8: Eastern European Tristesse and Latin-American Carnival ……..…..…… 185 8.1 What’s at stake? Problem identifications around labor ……………………..…….…… 185 8.1.1 What is represented as problematic and by whom? .……………….…………… 185 8.1.2 Which actors are represented as involved and in which roles? ..……..….……… 198 8.1.3 What solutions are suggested? .…………………………………….....………… 205 8.2 Beyond nuisance, security and labor and a final note on dialogue …………....….…… 213 v Chapter 9: Synthesis and Conclusion ………………………………………...……….… 220 9.1 Synthesis …………………………………………………………………......………... 221 9.1.1 From a unidimensional to a multidimensional problem construction: the usefulness of an open approach in gathering different problem perspectives ……………… 221 9.1.2 Analyzing co-occurrence of problem perceptions and illustrating the relevance of considering multidimensionality: the usefulness of a mobile platform ….….. 223 9.1.3 Detecting blockages to a multidimensional problem construction: information exchange and perspective gathering ...……………..……………… 227 9.2 Contributions ……………………………………………..……………………………. 229 9.2.1 Social contribution ……………………………………………..…......………… 229 9.2.2 Scientific contribution ………………..……………………………………….… 233 9.3 Limitations and venues for further research …………………………..…..…………… 237 9.4 A final note ………………………………………………………………………..…… 240 References …………………………………………………………..……..……………… 241 Attachments ………………………………………………………..…………………...… 261 vi vii List of pictures Picture 1. Location of the Yser neighborhood in the City of Brussels ………...…………….. 1 Picture 2. Pag-Asa campaign picture: Not all victims of human trafficking are prostitutes ... 43 Picture 3. (…) construction works to the former hospital building …………………..….... 107 Pictures 4 & 5. At the same time, across the theatre ……………………………..………... 108 Picture 6. Official flyer announcing the tolerance zone for street prostitutes …….……….. 126 Picture 7. The adapted zoning plan ……………………………………………..…………. 128 Pictures 8 & 9. These pictures were taken in the Yser neighborhood in December 2016 (MD, 2016, December 12)…………………………………………...…...………..….. 129-130 Picture 10. City takes away prostitution benches. (KH, 2014, September 10) ……………. 132 Picture 11. Seen: railing against street prostitutes. (KH, 2015, February 15) ……..……... 133 Picture 12. Front side flyer exhibition Entre 2 clichés (Entre 2 and Mélanie Peduzzi) ..…. 216 viii List of frequently used names and abbreviations Administrative police: part of the local police force from the City of Brussels, responsible for maintaining public order. Also referred to as the police in uniform. Aimer Jeunes: social organization for family planning. Alhambra: the Yser neighborhood is also known as the Alhambra neighborhood. Alias: social organization offering socio-psychological and medical reach out services to male and trans working in prostitution in Brussels. BRAVVO: prevention service from the City of Brussels, employing the town guards and the Manager de Tranquilité Publique (see below). Brussels Instituut voor Statistiek: Brussels Institute for Statistics, BISA. BRUZZ: Flemish-Brussels Media (online, radio, television and print). Both Agenda Magazine , Brussel Deze Week , FM Brussel , TV Brussel and Brusselnieuws were part of the Dutch Media group in Brussels. After 2016, they fused into BRUZZ . In this work, I will refer to BRUZZ when referring to articles published before 2016, since they are gathered in and accessible through the BRUZZ archive. Comité Alhambra: resident committee
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