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2006-2007 Intertidal Reef Biodiversity on Kangaroo

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2006-2007 Intertidal Reef Biodiversity on Kangaroo 2006-2007 Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Management Board INTERTIDAL REEF BIODIVERSITY Intertidal Reef Biodiversity on Kangaroo Island – 2007 ON KANGAROO ISLAND 1 INTERTIDAL REEF BIODIVERSITY ON KANGAROO ISLAND Oceans of Blue: Coast, Estuarine and Marine Monitoring Program A report prepared for the Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Management Board by Kirsten Benkendorff Martine Kinloch Daniel Brock June 2007 2006-2007 Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Management Board Intertidal Reef Biodiversity on Kangaroo Island – 2007 2 Oceans of Blue The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this report are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. The Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Management Board shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report. Project Officer Contact Details Martine Kinloch Coast and Marine Program Manager Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Management Board PO Box 665 Kingscote SA 5223 Phone: (08) 8553 4980 Fax: (08) 8553 0122 Email: [email protected] Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Management Board Contact Details Jeanette Gellard General Manager PO Box 665 Kingscote SA 5223 Phone: (08) 8553 0111 Fax: (08) 8553 0122 Email: [email protected] © Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Management Board This document may be reproduced in whole or part for the purpose of study or training, subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source and to its not being used for commercial purposes or sale. Reproduction for purposes other than those given above requires the prior written permission of the Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Management Board. For bibliographic purposes this paper should be cited as: Benkendorff, K., Kinloch, M. A. and Brock, D. J. (2007) Intertidal Reef Biodiversity on Kangaroo Island. KI NRM Board Coast and Marine Program Report No. CMP07/003 Front cover images: Cowrie laying eggs at Browns Beach (Danny Brock) Pennington Bay reef platform (Martine Kinloch) Intertidal Reef Biodiversity on Kangaroo Island – 2007 3 Foreword This project is a component of the Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Management Board’s ‘Here to Stay’ Investment Strategy. The following Program Outcomes, Actions, Resource Condition Targets and Management Action Targets from the Strategy are relevant to the project. Program Oceans of Blue: Managing marine, coastal and estuarine biodiversity on Kangaroo Island. Program outcome A scientifically rigorous and integrated system of measuring and reporting on the state of marine, coastal and estuarine environments of Kangaroo Island that relates trends in the condition of biodiversity assets to changes in human uses of land and seascapes, provides advice on targeting management action to mitigate anthropogenic impacts where required and empowers the public to respond to threats to natural resource condition and values. Relevant Resource Condition Targets 8.5.D An enhancement in the condition of natural biodiversity in marine, coastal and estuarine systems through protection and management of key biodiversity assets and areas. Relevant Management Action Targets 8.5.1 Establish benchmarks and monitoring program for marine and estuarine water quality, terrestrial and marine coastal biodiversity and condition of fisheries stocks. 8.5.2 Establish representative monitoring program for terrestrial and marine coastal biodiversity focusing on areas subject to water contamination and other threatening processes Intertidal Reef Biodiversity on Kangaroo Island – 2007 4 Acknowledgements The KI NRM Board Coast and Marine Program would like to acknowledge Flinders University’s commitment to community service, which facilitated the engagement of Dr Benkendorff in this study. Kirsten, Martine and Danny thank Trish Mooney for her participation in the surveys and her generous and informative expositions on the geology and landscape of the study sites. A resounding thank-you also to Bec Mussared for invaluable assistance in the preparation of this report. Intertidal Reef Biodiversity on Kangaroo Island – 2007 5 Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................................................4 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................5 Introduction...............................................................................................................................8 Methods....................................................................................................................................9 Results ...................................................................................................................................11 Invertebrate fauna...............................................................................................................11 Algal communities...............................................................................................................19 Discussion..............................................................................................................................24 Conclusions and Recommendations......................................................................................26 References.............................................................................................................................29 Intertidal Reef Biodiversity on Kangaroo Island – 2007 6 Tables and Figures Table 1: Site characteristics of the five intertidal reefs surveyed on KI.................................................. 9 Figure 1: Locations of five intertidal reefs selected for biodiversity assessment on KI........................ 10 Table 2: The number of species per taxa recorded at five intertidal reefs on KI.................................. 11 Table 3: The number of mollusc and echinoderm species recorded at each reef. .............................. 12 Figure 2: Species richness of intertidal fauna and flora recorded during a one-hour timed search survey in 20 x 20m plots at five intertidal reefs on KI............................................................................ 12 Figure 3: Species accumulation curves from one-hour timed search surveys in 20 x 20m plots at five intertidal reefs on Kangaroo Island........................................................................................................ 13 Figure 4: NMDS ordination of molluscan and echinoderm species composition of five intertidal reef sites on KI (stress = 0.000).................................................................................................................... 14 Table 4a: Inventory of mollusc species recorded at each reef............................................................. 16 Table 4b: Inventory of echinoderm species recorded at each reef. ..................................................... 17 Table 5: Cosmopolitan species recorded at four or more reef sites. ................................................... 18 Table 6: Mollusc and echinoderm species that were unique to each site............................................ 19 Table 7: Numbers of algal species per site. ......................................................................................... 20 Figure 5: Numbers of green, brown and red algae at each reef site.................................................... 20 Figure 6: NMDS ordination of algal species assemblages by site (Stress 0.00).................................... 21 Table 8: Inventory of algal species recorded at each reef. .................................................................. 22 Table 9: Habitat complexity as indicated by the presence of reef structural components. .................. 25 Table 10: Recommended indicator species and their monitoring attributes. ....................................... 28 Plate 1: Intertidal reef monitoring sites. ................................................................................................ 30 Plate 2: Indicator species. .................................................................................................................... 32 Intertidal Reef Biodiversity on Kangaroo Island – 2007 7 Introduction Intertidal reefs (rocky shores) are a common feature of the coastline of Kangaroo Island and are important and unique ecological systems. They support complex communities of algae and invertebrates living in the transition zone between the land and the sea. They are therefore vulnerable to alterations in the weather systems and tidal and wave energy regimes that dictate their survival. Moreover, intertidal reef communities in South Australia (SA) are completely protected by legislation from human harvesting. These factors make intertidal reefs valuable ecosystems in which to monitor responses amongst marine communities to long-term environmental changes, such as the predicted alterations in ocean circulation and rises in temperature and sea level resulting from global warming. Despite their protected status, intertidal reefs are still subject to human impacts such as illegal harvesting and trampling from beachcombers and shell collectors. They are also susceptible to the effects of excessive nutrients or sediments in the water column from terrigenous sources, such as river inflows or diffuse catchment runoff. It is therefore vital to assess and monitor ecosystem health on rocky shores as part of an integrated environmental protection
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