Perspektiven Eines Nachhaltigen Tourismus in Isfahan

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Perspektiven Eines Nachhaltigen Tourismus in Isfahan Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung ISOE-Diskussionspapiere 33 Engelbert Schramm Arash Davoudi Perspektiven eines nachhaltigen Tourismus in Isfahan Eine Ressourcenanalyse Zu diesem Text Aufbauend auf Interviews mit Experten aus dem Einzugsgebiet und einschlägigen Veröffentlichungen wurden zunächst die touristischen Potenziale des Einzugsgebiets dargestellt, die sich als sehr beachtlich erweisen. Mithilfe der dann durchgeführten Defizitanalyse wurde deutlich, dass diese Potenziale derzeit insbesondere aufgrund einer mangelhaften politischen Flankierung nicht realisiert werden können. In einer SWOT-Analyse konnten die Stärken und Schwächen ebenso wie die Chancen und Risiken einer touristischen Entwicklung des Einzugsgebiets erfasst werden. Ausgehend von dieser SWOT-Analyse wurden zwei unterschiedliche Szenarien für die nächsten 15 Jahre erarbeitet, neben einem „Weiter-so-wie-bisher“-Szenario einen Best-Case-Fall (aus der Perspektive der nachhaltigen Entwicklung). About this text Based on interviews with experts from the catchment area and relevant literature, the touristic potential of the area in question was presented, which turned out to be quite considerable. However, with the help of the subsequently carried out deficit analysis it became obvious that this potential can’t be made use of at the moment due to in- sufficient political support. In a SWOT-analysis, the strengths and weaknesses as well as the possibilities and risks of touristic development within the catchment area were outlined. Based on this SWOT-analysis, two different scenarios were created for the coming 15 years: one scenario shows the development if the actors continue to act as usual, the other one is a best-case-example designed from the perspective of sustainable development. ISOE-Diskussionspapiere, Nr. 33 ISSN 1436-3534 Engelbert Schramm, Arash Davoudi Perspektiven eines nachhaltigen Tourismus in Isfahan Eine Ressourcenanalyse Herausgeber: Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung (ISOE) GmbH Hamburger Allee 45 60486 Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main, 2012 Inhalt 1 Hintergrund................................................................................................................................5 2 Vorgehensweise .......................................................................................................................6 3 Bestandsaufnahme ..................................................................................................................7 4 Potenzialanalyse.......................................................................................................................9 5 Defizitanalyse ..........................................................................................................................13 6 Konstellationsabschätzung...................................................................................................15 6.1 SWOT-Analyse........................................................................................................................18 6.2 Gewichtung von Kriterien .....................................................................................................20 7 Szenarienentwicklung ...........................................................................................................24 8 Schlussfolgerungen ...............................................................................................................30 9 Ausblick ....................................................................................................................................31 Literatur...............................................................................................................................................32 Anhang ...............................................................................................................................................35 Tabellen- und Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabelle 1: Statistiken zur Anzahl der Touristen in der Provinz Isfahan....................................8 Tabelle 2: Qualitätskategorien der Hotels....................................................................................16 Tabelle 3: Qualitätskategorien der Guesthouses ......................................................................16 Tabelle 4: Qualitätskategorien der Raststätten ..........................................................................17 Tabelle 5: SWOT-Analyse ...............................................................................................................18 Abbildung 1: Städte im Einzugsgebiet des Zayandeh Rud.......................................................13 Abbildung 2: Ergebnisse der Expertenbefragung nach dem Einfluss von Hauptkriterien für den Ökotourismus...................................................................21 Abbildung 3: Ergebnisse der Touristenbefragung nach ihrem Interesse bezüglich touristischer Aktivitäten..........................................................................................22 Abbildung 4: Ergebnisse der Touristenbefragung nach Eignung des Gavkhuni- Gebiets für verschiedene Aktivitäten...................................................................22 Abbildung 5: Ergebnisse der Touristenbefragung nach wirksamen Kriterien für den Tourismus...........................................................................................................23 1 Hintergrund Der Zayandeh Rud ist für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der semi-ariden Provinz Isfahan sehr wichtig. Der Fluss versorgt rund 4,5 Millionen Einwohner der Provinz mit Trinkwasser. Zugleich sichert er die Bewässerung von rund 260.000 Hektar land- wirtschaftlicher Fläche und die Versorgung des zweitgrößten Industriegebiets im Iran (vgl. Madani/Marino 2008). Klimawandel, Bevölkerungswachstum und eine aufstrebende Wirtschaft verursachen zunehmende Konkurrenzen um die Ressource Wasser. Das Wasserdargebot ist über- nutzt. Wasserknappheit, eine schlechtere Oberflächenwasserqualität und die drohende Austrocknung des ökologisch bedeutsamen Salzsees Gavkhuni sind die Folge (vgl. Molle et al. 2009). Bis 2013 erarbeitet ein Konsortium aus Wissenschaftlern und Unternehmen gemein- sam mit den iranischen Partnern ein umsetzbares Konzept für ein integriertes Was- serressourcen-Management (IWRM). Das Verbundprojekt wird vom deutschen Bun- desministerium für Bildung und Forschung gefördert. Ziel der deutsch-iranischen Zusammenarbeit ist es, die Wassernutzung entlang des Zayandeh Rud nachhaltig zu gestalten und dabei die verschiedenen konkurrierenden Ansprüche zu berücksichti- gen. Im Zentrum aller Aktivitäten steht die Verbesserung der Lebensbedingungen der iranischen Bevölkerung. Dies soll durch die gezielte Einbettung erprobter Technolo- gien und Managementmethoden in die spezifischen regionalen Bedingungen sowie die Aktivierung einer nachhaltigen Nutzung der Ressource Wasser erreicht werden. Neben dem Transfer moderner Technologien und Managementinstrumente zielt der IWRM-Prozess auf die Mitwirkung der verschiedenen Nutzergruppen aus Landwirt- schaft, Industrie, wachsenden Städten und der zuständigen Fachressorts. Dabei sollen die unterschiedlichen Ansprüche der Nutzergruppen und mögliche Interessenkonflikte zwischen Landwirtschaft, Industrie, Bevölkerung und Umwelt identifiziert und einer nachhaltigen Lösung zugeführt werden. Das Gesamtvorhaben baut auf auf fünf Sektormodulen, die die verschiedenen Was- sernutzungen im Einzugsgebiet des Zayandeh Rud repräsentieren: • Sektormodul 1: Landwirtschaft, • Sektormodul 2: Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, • Sektormodul 3: Industrie, • Sektormodul 4: Tourismus, • Sektormodul 5: Natur. Vorliegende Veröffentlichung stellt zentrale Ergebnisse aus dem Sektormodul Tou- rismus vor. Auf Grundlage der Resultate aus den Sektormodulen werden in einem nächsten Schritt sektorübergreifende Szenarien erstellt. 5 | 2 Vorgehensweise Ausgehend von einer Literaturanalyse wurde die Ressourcenanalyse erstellt. Beson- ders hilfreich erwies sich neben einer Studie von Emco Iran (2007), in der die Aktivi- täten in der Provinz Isfahan als Teil der Gesamtaktivitäten im Zentraliran (Provinzen Isfahan, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Fars, Kohkiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad und Bushehr) dargestellt werden, insbesondere eine umfassende, an einer schwedischen Hochschule vorgelegten Masterarbeit zu den derzeitigen Aktivitäten zum nachhaltigen Tourismus in der Provinz Isfahan (vgl. Karimi 2008). Darüber hinaus wurden einschlägige Un- tersuchungen, die in den letzten Jahren an der Universität Isfahan erarbeitet wurden, berücksichtigt. Insbesondere wurden neben den vorliegenden Veröffentlichungen die vorhandenen – auf Farsi verfassten – Masterarbeiten der Universität Isfahan zum Thema Tourismus und Ökotourismus in der Region ausgewertet. Zunächst wurde eine Bestandsaufnahme der gegenwärtigen Situation anhand der Literatur und erster Gespräche mit Experten während der Erkundung vor Ort in Isfa- han durchgeführt (November 2011, u.a. Befragung zu Stärken und Schwächen und zur zukünftigen Entwicklung des Gebiets). Zu diesen Experten gehörten Mitarbeiter der Wasserbehörde der Provinz Isfahan, Berater der Wasserbehörde, der stellvertre- tende Direktor der Tourismusbehörde der Stadt Isfahan und der Geschäftsführer der Zayandehrood Construction Organization. Nach der Auswertung aller vorhandenen Informationen in einer SWOT-Analyse wur- den verschiedene Szenarien für die zukünftige Entwicklung des Tourismus im Ein- zugsgebiet des Zayandeh Rud in den nächsten 15 Jahren erarbeitet; zwei dieser Sze- narien (Best Case, „Weiter so wie
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