Ahrar Fırkası

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Ahrar Fırkası T.C. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kamu Yönetimi Ana Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi II. Me şrutiyet Döneminde Muhalefet: Ahrar Fırkası Oğuz Kaan 2502990101 Tez Danı şmanı: Doç. Dr. Adalet ALADA İstanbul –2008 ÖZ Liberal olarak isimlendirilen bir partinin gerçek anlamda kimli ğini tespit etmek amacıyla Osmanlı Ahrar Fırkası’nın incelemesi yapıldı. Bu amaçla “Ahrar Fırkası hangi ko şullarda ortaya çıktı? Fırka programına egemen olan ilkeler nelerdir? Siyasal hayatta hangi faaliyetlerde bulundu? 31 Mart olayı ile ilgisi nedir?” gibi sorulara cevap aranmı ştır. 1902 yılında yapılan I. Jön Türk Kongresi, Türk Siyasi Tarihi’nde iki ana partinin temellerinin atıldı ğı zamanı simgelemektedir. Prens Sabahattin önderli ğindeki grup 1906 senesinde Te şebbüs-ü Şahsi ve Adem-i Merkeziyet ve Me şrutiyet isimli bir cemiyet vücuda getirmi ş ve 1908 yılında II. Me şrutiyet’in yeniden tesisinden sonra Ahrar Fırkası olarak siyasal hayatta yerini almı ştır. Ahrar Fırkası 1908 Eylül ayında kurulmu ş ve 31 Mart olayından sonra siyasal hayattaki aktif varlı ğı sona ermi ştir. Ahrar Fırkası’nın yakla şık 8 ay süren siyasi hayatında parlamento içi ve parlamento dı şı muhalefette etkin bir rol oynamı ştır. Özellikle İttihat ve Terakki’ye yönelik ele ştiriler, Me şrutiyet ile idare edilen bir ülkede hangi ilkelerin uygulanması gerekti ği hususundadır. Ahrar Fırkası’nın programına egemen olan ilkeler, liberal demokratik ilkelerdir. Fırka, çok çe şitli etnik ve dini unsurları ihtiva eden Osmanlı Devleti’nde herkesin e şit haklara sahip olmasını savunmu ştur. Mahkemeler’de jüri usulünün kabul edilmesi, 20 ya şını dolduran herkesin oy hakkının bulunması gerekti ği, e ğitim dilinin Türkçe olmak şartı ile her unsurun kendi okulunu açabilece ği hüküm altına alınmı ştır. Ahrar Fırka’sının Programı’nda en önemli ilkeler, Hürriyetlerin sınırlanmaması, Te şebbüs-ü Şahsi ve Adem-i Merkeziyet ilkesidir. Adem-i Merkeziyet ilkesi dönem içinde çok şiddetli tartı şmaların ya şanmasına neden olmu ştur. iii ABSTRACT In this paper, Ahrar Party (Osmanlı Ahrar Fırkası) has been scrutinized in order to determine the real identity of the party which is named as a liberal. For this reason, questions such as “In what conditions did Ahrar Party emerge?,” “ What are the principles that dominate party’s program?,” “What kinds of activities did it perform in the political area?,” “What is its relation to March 31 Event?” have been answered in this paper. The 1 st Jon Turks Conference in 1902 symbolizes the period when two main parties laid their foundations in Turkish Political history. In 1906, the group which was under the control of Prince Sabahattin founded a community named Te şebbüs-ü Şahsi and Adem-i Merkeziyet, and in1908, after the revival of the 2nd Constitutional Monarchy (II. Me şrutiyet), that community took part in the political area as Ahrar Party. Ahrar Party was founded in September 1908 and its active presence in political area ended after March 31 Event. During its political life which maintained approximately eight months, Ahrar Party played an important role in the opposition both inside and outside of the Parliament. Especially, the criticisms that it made about Ittihat ve Terakki was about the kind of principles that should have been pactised in a country which was governed by the Constitution (Me şrutiyet). The principles that dominate Ahrar Party’s program are liberal and democratic. The party advocates that everybody should have equal rights in Ottoman Empire which consists of various ethnic and religious components. It was decided that there should have been juries in the courts, everybody who were over twenty years old should have had a right for voting, and every community could open its own school as long as the language used for education was Turkish. In the program of Ahrar, the most essential principles are the limitlessness of the liberties and Te şebbüs-ü Şahsi and Adem-I Merkeziyet. The principle of Adem-i Merkeziyet caused many violent discussions during the term. iv ÖNSÖZ Türkiye’de siyasal kültürü ve hayatını anlamak ve açıklamak için Türk siyasal hayatının önemli olaylarından biri olan II. Me şrutiyet’in ilanının mahiyetini bilmemiz gerekmektedir. Bu özelli ği ile II. Me şrutiyet bu günün siyasal hayatını anlayabilmenin kapılarını açan anahtarları verecek özlü bir devredir. Me şrutiyetin ilanıyla ba şlayan bu dönemde Türk siyasal hayatı yeni bir yola girmi ştir. Me şrutiyet, Türk siyasal hayatında mutlakıyetten demokratik bir yapıya geçmeyi sa ğlayan bir köprü olarak tarihteki yerini almı ştır. II. Me şrutiyet dönemi İttihat ve Terakkinin a ğırlı ğının üst safhada oldu ğu bir dönemdir. Me şrutiyetin ilan edilmesinde ba şrolü oynamı ş ve ülkenin yönetimini eline almı ştı. Siyasal iktidardan hürriyet ve özgürlük taleplerinde bulunmu ş ve bu amaçla iktidara talip olmu ştu. Ancak iktidara geldikten sonra kendi dü şüncesinden olmayanlara kar şı baskıcı bir tutum takınmaya ba şlamı ştır. İttihat ve Terakkinin yapmı ş oldu ğu baskılar Meclis içinde ve dı şında kendisine muhalif yapılanmaların olu şmasına neden olmu ştur. Meclis içinde olu şan ilk ve en önemli fırka Osmanlı Ahrar Fırkasıdır. Fırkanın ideolojisi Jön Türkler tarafından olu şturulmu ştur. Prens Sabahaddin Bey’in liderli ğinde olu şan Te şebbüs-i Şahsi ve Adem-i Merkeziyet Cemiyetinin programını benimsemi ştir. Bu ideolojinin egemen çizgileri bireysellik, liberalism, te şebbüs-i şahsi ve adem-i Merkeziyet olmu ştur. Adem-i Merkeziyet fikri İttihat ve Terakki ile yo ğun tartı şmaların ya şanmasına neden olmu ştur. İttihatçılar bu fikir kar şısında Ahrar Fırkasını bölücülükle suçlamı ştır. Ahrar Fırkası İttihat ve Terakkiye kar şı en çetin muhalefet tezini ilk kez siyasalla ştıran bir fırkadır. Fakat Ahrar Fırkasının siyasal hayattaki yeri fiilen çok kısa olmu ştur. Çünkü fırka 31 Mart hadisesiyle ilgisi oldu ğu dü şünülüp çe şitli baskılar neticesinde da ğılması sa ğlanmı ştır.. Amacımız Me şrutiyet döneminde olu şan siyasi yapıya ve hayata daha fazla nüfuz edebilmek için muhalefetin iktidara kar şı ortaya koydu ğu ve toplum üzerinde etkili olan tutum ve davranı şlarını ba şka bir deyi şle siyasal söylemlerini incelemektir. Böylece dönemin iktidar oda ğı olan İttihat ve Terakki’ye kar şı yükselen muhalefetin ilk ve en önemli çatısı olan Ahrar Fırkası’nın yapısı ve faaliyetleri üzerinden II. Me şrutiyet v döneminde şekillenen iktidar-muhalefet ili şkisi ortaya konulacaktır. Bu çerçevede Ahrar Fırkası hangi şartlarda ortaya çıkmı ş, siyasi programına egemen olan ilkelerin neler oldu ğu siyasal hayatta hangi faaliyetlerde bulundu ğu ve 31 Mart olayı ile olan ili şkisi nedir gibi sorulara cevap bulmaktır. Osmanlı siyasal hayatının 19. yüzyıldaki geli şim evreleriyle ilgili kaynaklara ba şvurulmu ş ve a ğırlıklı olarak II. Me şrutiyetle ilgili veriler derlenmeye çalı şılmı ştır. Ancak döneme ili şkin gazete, dergi ve kitap gibi basılı dokümanların taranması esnasında bir çok zorluklarla kar şıla şılmı ştır. Bu zorluklardan ilki, Kütüphanelerde bulunan dökümanların eksik olmasıdır. Di ğer bir problem de kütüphanelerin çalı şma saatlerinin özellikle kaynak taraması için yeterli bir zamanı ihtiva etmemesidir. Di ğer bir problem de, dönemin gazetelerinin çok yıpranmı ş olmasından dolayı istenilen ciltlerin ya kullanımına izin verilmiyor yada ciltlemeye gitti gibi gerekçeler ileri sürülüyordu. Yine de tüm bu olumsuzluklara ra ğmen 17 gazete taraması yapılmı ştır. Bu taramalarda hiç ku şkusuz var olan koleksiyonların elverdi ği ölçüde olmu ştur. Tezimin hazırlanması a şamasında teze yapmı ş oldukları maddi ve manevi katkılarından dolayı Danı şman’ın olan Doç. Dr. Adalet ALADA’ya ve Doç Dr. Birsen ÖRS’e te şekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca e şim ve çocuklarıma da bana göstermi ş oldukları sabır ve özellikle e şimin yapmı ş oldu ğu katkılardan dolayı kendisine te şekkürlerimi sunarım. vi İÇİNDEK İLER ÖZ…………………………………………………………………..iii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………..iv ÖNSÖZ……………………………………………………………..v İÇİNDEK İLER……………………………………………………vii KISALTMALAR L İSTES İ………………………………………..xii GİRİŞ ………………………………………………………………..1 I. BÖLÜM KAVRAMSAL YAKLA ŞIM I. DEMOKRAS İ……………………………………………………………….6 A- Demokrasi Kavramı……………………………………………………...6 II. S İYASAL İKT İDAR VE S İYASAL MUHALEFET ……………………....12 A- Siyasal İktidar ……………………………………………………………12 B- Siyasal Muhalefet ………………………………………………………...18 III. S İYASAL PART İ ………………………………………………………….25 A- Siyasal Parti Kavramı, İş levleri, Yapıları ………………………………...25 B. Siyasal Partilerin Ortaya Çıkı şlarını Açıklayan Tezlerden Bir Model Olarak Rokkan’ın Yakla şımı …………………………………………………………………..29 C-Partilerin Siyasal Yelpazede Konumlandırılması…………………………..32 vii II. BÖLÜM II. ME ŞRUT İYET ÖNCES İ OSMANLIDA S İYASAL YA ŞAM I- MUHALEFET VE YEN İLİKÇ İ AKIMLAR……………………………...35 A- Jön-Türk Hareketi………………………………………………………35 1- Jön-Türklerin Siyasal Tabanı…………………………………………35 2- Jön-Türk Kongreleri………………………………………………….37 3- Jön-Türklerin Siyasal Görü şleri………………………………………41 B- II. Me şrutiyet Öncesinde Jön-Türkler’in Siyasal Arayı şları …………...48 1- Jön-Türkler’in Siyasal Örgütlenme Çabaları…………………………48 2- İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti…………………………………………...50 3- Jön-Türkler’in Arasında Beliren Görü ş Farklılıkları…………………57 III. BÖLÜM II. ME ŞRUT İYET DÖNEM İ I- İKİNC İ ME ŞRUT İYET DÖNEM İ TOPLUM, S İYASAL HAYAT VE KURUMLAR…………………………………………………………………………..59 A-. II. Me şrutiyet Döneminde Osmanlının Genel Durumu…………….……..59 1- Co ğrafi Konum ve Mülki İdari Sistem………………………...………..59 2- Nüfus ……………….…………………………………………………..61 3- Dönemin İktisadi Durumu………………………………………………63 B- II. Me şrutiyet Döneminde Siyasi
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