DOCSLIB.ORG

Lynching in Florida During the Era of World War II Tameka Bradley Hobbs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lynching in Florida During the Era of World War II Tameka Bradley Hobbs Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2004 "Hitler Is Here": Lynching in Florida during the Era of World War II Tameka Bradley Hobbs Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES “Hitler is Here”: Lynching in Florida During the Era of World War II By TAMEKA BRADLEY HOBBS A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded Summer Semester 2004 Copyright © 2004 Tameka Bradley Hobbs All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Tameka Bradley Hobbs, defended June 24, 2004. Maxine D. Jones Professor Directing Dissertation Darryl Dickson-Carr Outside Committee Member Joe M. Richardson Committee Member James P. Jones Committee Member Matthew D. Childs Committee Member Approved: Neil T. Jumonville, Chair, Department of History The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii In memory of A. C. Williams, Cellos Harrison, Willie James Howard, and Jesse James Payne iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is the result of the support of many individuals. I thank Dr. Maxine D. Jones for not only her scholarly guidance, but her advice, encouragement, and, most of all, her friendship during my matriculation. The members of my committee, Joe Richardson, Jim Jones, Matt Childs and Darryl Dickson-Carr, have been shining examples of scholarship and wisdom. I am thankful for their direction and encouragement in accomplishing this task. I am grateful for those who helped me with my research, especially all of the people who shared with me their most intimate and painful memories, easier forgotten than revived. I can only hope that I have done justice to your memories. During the course of my research, I have depended on the help of several librarians and archivists, but the assistance of two individuals in particular, Fred Romanski and Edward Barnes of the National Archives and Records Administration II, was invaluable to me and I am grateful. I am appreciative to the Florida Education Fund, especially the late Israel Tribble, as well as Betty Parker Smith, and Lawrence Morehouse, for providing me with an opportunity to pursue higher education and for the inspiration, encouragement and the example of scholarship and leadership that they have provided. I thank the staff and board of directors of the John G. Riley House Museum, especially Althemese Barnes and Geraldine Johnson, for the opportunity to work with them and to learn from their creativity, drive, and dedication. My greatest resource has been my family. I stand upon the shoulders of my ancestors; their example of strength, faith, and endurance in the face of oppression has not been forgotten. My grandmother, Cleo McDaniel Grimmage, showed me the value of iv pursuing a dream, no matter how distant. My mother, Dorothy Bradley, is my first and best teacher; she has continued to build me up with her belief in me and her faith in God. My father, Lawrence Bradley, is my rock; his love and steadfastness have been the foundation of my success. My husband, William Hobbs, III, has had the unfortunate job of picking up my parts the many times I have fallen to pieces during this process. For that, I thank you. My son, Ashanti, has been my inspiration, a source of comic relief, and remains my greatest body of work. And, lastly, I am forever indebted to Dr. Murell Dawson, who first spawned my interest in African American history a decade ago. Since that time, she has continued to be my toughest critic and my dearest friend, both in academia and in life. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables..............................................vii List of Figures.............................................viii Abstract....................................................ix INTRODUCTION................................................1 1. STRANGE FRUIT: LYNCHING IN AMERICA.....................7 2. LYNCHED TWICE: THE MURDER OF A. C. WILLIAMS............31 3. THE FAILURE OF FORBEARANCE: THE LYNCHING OF CELLOS HARRISON........................................79 4. “THE LIFE OF A NEGRO IN SUWANNEE COUNTY IS A VERY CHEAP ARTICLE”: THE DEATH OF WILLIE JAMES HOWARD, 1944...................................................134 5. “JUDGE WHAT WE SAY OVER THERE BY WHAT WE DO OVER HERE”: PEDAGOGY, THE PRESS, AND THE LYNCHING OF JESSE JAMES PAYNE, 1945................................169 6. CONCLUSION.............................................214 EPILOGUE....................................................235 REFERENCES..................................................242 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.........................................254 vi LIST OF TABLES 1. Chronology of Events Surrounding the Lynching of A. C. Williams...............................................44 2. Chronology of Events Surrounding the Lynching of Cellos Harrison........................................107 3. Chronology of the Events Surrounding the Lynching of Jesse James Payne......................................180 vii LIST OF FIGURES 1. A. C. Williams ....................................... 47 2. Claude Neal .......................................... 87 3. Cynthia Goff ......................................... 144 4a. International Labor Defense Flyer (front) ............. 198 4b. International Labor Defense Flyer (back) .............. 199 5. Cartoon, “Wrong forever on the throne, Right forever on the scaffold” ..................................... 210 6. Cartoon, “Still at It” ............................... 212 7. Governor Spessard Holland and governor-elect Millard F. Caldwell ......................................... 223 8. Cartoon, “Hitler is Here” ............................ 227 viii ABSTRACT This historical study will examine four lynchings that took place in Florida during the 1940s. The investigations include the lynching of A. C. Williams in Gadsden County in 1941; Cellos Harrison in Jackson County in 1943; Willie James Howard in Suwannee County in 1944; and Jesse James Payne in Madison County in 1945. In addition to describing the circumstances surrounding each incident, this study also discusses the reaction of local law enforcement, Florida state public officials, the federal government, and the press. To tell these stories, the study relied on records from local and state governments, investigative records of the U. S. Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation and, oral history from family members and residents of the communities in which these lynchings occurred. The study gives these incidents further exploration, in attempting to fit them into the chronology of the lynching phenomenon in the United States by extracting similarities as well as changes in the practice of lynching itself. These lynchings also indicate an increasingly negative reaction but segments of the American public against such acts of violence. This was due in part to U. S. participation in World War II and the government’s increasing concern about the nation’s international reputation. ix BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES: Manuscript Collections: Caldwell, Governor Millard Papers. Administrative Collection. Florida State Archives. Tallahassee, Florida. Gray, William, Jr., Papers, Southeastern Regional Black Archives, Research Center and Museum, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, Florida. Holland, Governor Spessard L. Papers. Administrative Collection. Florida State Archives. Tallahassee, Florida. NAACP papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Washington, D. C. Microfilm. Suwannee Valley Genealogical Society, Live Oak, Florida. Marriage Records. Tuskegee Institute News Clipping Files. Lynching Files. Tuskegee University. Tuskegee, Alabama. Microfilm. Warren, Governor Fuller Papers. Administrative Collection. Florida State Archives. Tallahassee, Florida. Government Documents and Manuscripts: Florida Department of Agriculture. Sixth Census of the State of Florida. Tallahassee: Department of Agriculture, 1935. Florida State Archives, Tallahassee, Florida. Florida State Planning Board, ed. Statistical Abstract of Florida Counties. Jacksonville: Florida State Chamber of Commerce, 1944. Live Oak, Florida. Suwannee County Courthouse. Marriage Records. 242 ———. Suwannee County Courthouse. Deed Records. ———. Suwannee County Courthouse. Circuit Court Records. Marianna, Florida. City Hall. Municipal Court Records. ———. Jackson County Courthouse. Deed Records. ———. Jackson County Courthouse. Court Records. Records of the Florida Supreme Court. Florida State Archives. Tallahassee, Florida. Records of the United States District Courts, Record Group 21, National Archives and Records Administration, East Point, Georgia. U. S. Congressional Record. 75th Congress. 1st Session. 1937. U. S. Department of Commerce. Statistical Abstract of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954. U. S. Department of Justice, Record Group 60, National Archives and Records Administration II, College Park, Maryland. Newspapers: Atlanta Daily World. Baltimore Afro-American. Chicago Defender. Chicago Tribune. Daily Democrat (Tallahassee). Daily Worker (New York). Florida Times Union (Jacksonville). Gadsden County Times. Jackson County Floridan. 243 Jacksonville Journal. Lakeland Ledger. Miami Herald. New York Age. New York Herald Tribune. New York Times. Orlando Reporter-Star.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wilderness on the Edge: a History of Everglades National Park
    Wilderness on the Edge: A History of Everglades National Park Robert W Blythe Chicago, Illinois 2017 Prepared under the National Park Service/Organization of American Historians cooperative agreement Table of Contents List of Figures iii Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in Footnotes xv Chapter 1: The Everglades to the 1920s 1 Chapter 2: Early Conservation Efforts in the Everglades 40 Chapter 3: The Movement for a National Park in the Everglades 62 Chapter 4: The Long and Winding Road to Park Establishment 92 Chapter 5: First a Wildlife Refuge, Then a National Park 131 Chapter 6: Land Acquisition 150 Chapter 7: Developing the Park 176 Chapter 8: The Water Needs of a Wetland Park: From Establishment (1947) to Congress’s Water Guarantee (1970) 213 Chapter 9: Water Issues, 1970 to 1992: The Rise of Environmentalism and the Path to the Restudy of the C&SF Project 237 Chapter 10: Wilderness Values and Wilderness Designations 270 Chapter 11: Park Science 288 Chapter 12: Wildlife, Native Plants, and Endangered Species 309 Chapter 13: Marine Fisheries, Fisheries Management, and Florida Bay 353 Chapter 14: Control of Invasive Species and Native Pests 373 Chapter 15: Wildland Fire 398 Chapter 16: Hurricanes and Storms 416 Chapter 17: Archeological and Historic Resources 430 Chapter 18: Museum Collection and Library 449 Chapter 19: Relationships with Cultural Communities 466 Chapter 20: Interpretive and Educational Programs 492 Chapter 21: Resource and Visitor Protection 526 Chapter 22: Relationships with the Military
    [Show full text]
  • Twin Cities Public Television, Slavery by Another Name
    Narrative Section of a Successful Application The attached document contains the grant narrative and selected portions of a previously funded grant application. It is not intended to serve as a model, but to give you a sense of how a successful application may be crafted. Every successful application is different, and each applicant is urged to prepare a proposal that reflects its unique project and aspirations. Prospective applicants should consult the Public Programs application guidelines at http://www.neh.gov/grants/public/americas-media-makers-production-grants for instructions. Applicants are also strongly encouraged to consult with the NEH Division of Public Programs staff well before a grant deadline. Note: The attachment only contains the grant narrative and selected portions, not the entire funded application. In addition, certain portions may have been redacted to protect the privacy interests of an individual and/or to protect confidential commercial and financial information and/or to protect copyrighted materials. Project Title: Slavery By Another Name Institution: Twin Cities Public Television, Inc. Project Director: Catherine Allan Grant Program: America’s Media Makers: Production Grants 1100 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Rm. 426, Washington, D.C. 20506 P 202.606.8269 F 202.606.8557 E [email protected] www.neh.gov SLAVERY BY ANOTHER NAME NARRATIVE A. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION Twin Cities Public Television requests a production grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) for a multi-platform initiative entitled Slavery by Another Name based upon the 2008 Pulitzer Prize-winning book written by Wall Street Journal reporter Douglas Blackmon. Slavery by Another Name recounts how in the years following the Civil War, insidious new forms of forced labor emerged in the American South, keeping hundreds of thousands of African Americans in bondage, trapping them in a brutal system that would persist until the onset of World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • Slavery by Another Name History Background
    Slavery by Another Name History Background By Nancy O’Brien Wagner, Bluestem Heritage Group Introduction For more than seventy-five years after the Emancipation Proclamation and the end of the Civil War, thousands of blacks were systematically forced to work against their will. While the methods of forced labor took on many forms over those eight decades — peonage, sharecropping, convict leasing, and chain gangs — the end result was a system that deprived thousands of citizens of their happiness, health, and liberty, and sometimes even their lives. Though forced labor occurred across the nation, its greatest concentration was in the South, and its victims were disproportionately black and poor. Ostensibly developed in response to penal, economic, or labor problems, forced labor was tightly bound to political, cultural, and social systems of racial oppression. Setting the Stage: The South after the Civil War After the Civil War, the South’s economy, infrastructure, politics, and society were left completely destroyed. Years of warfare had crippled the South’s economy, and the abolishment of slavery completely destroyed what was left. The South’s currency was worthless and its financial system was in ruins. For employers, workers, and merchants, this created many complex problems. With the abolishment of slavery, much of Southern planters’ wealth had disappeared. Accustomed to the unpaid labor of slaves, they were now faced with the need to pay their workers — but there was little cash available. In this environment, intricate systems of forced labor, which guaranteed cheap labor and ensured white control of that labor, flourished. For a brief period after the conclusion of fighting in the spring of 1865, Southern whites maintained control of the political system.
    [Show full text]
  • Sneads Mourns Death of Town Servant's
    Informing more than 17,000 readers daily in print and online Dragon arrives at space Lady Hornets station with 3-D printer get the win 9A 1B WEDNESDAY SEPTEMBER 24, 2014 $1.00 Sneads mourns death of town servant’s sonVol. 91 No. 190 Ricky D. Whittington The son and father shared the through a fi eld. It then struck the family,” said Sneads Town stepdaughter in a 4-wheeler ac- same fi rst name. a tree, coming to rest against Manager Connie Butts.“If there’s cident. He and his wife, Sue, the killed in Gadsden crash According to Florida High- it. The area of the crash is near anything that they need, we are little girl’s mother, were present way Patrol reports, the younger Lake Talquin. here for them.” at a ceremony in 2010 when the BY DEBORAH BUCKHALTER Whittington was northbound Whittington was pronounced The elder Whittington had town of Sneads named the Jamie dbuckhalter@jcfloridan.com on Lakeview Point Road in dead at the scene at 7:10 a.m. served on the council from Lynn Messer Skate Park after the Gadsden County when he failed Tuesday. The time of the crash 1997-2010, with the exception child. A traffi c crash has claimed the to slow or stop at its intersection was unknown as of early that of a break between 2001-03, and Another Sneads Town Council life of 33-year-old Chattahooch- with McCall Bridge Road. The morning and authorities con- continues to serve on the vol- member, Jimmy Lynn Wright, ee resident Ricky D.
    [Show full text]
  • 1921 Tulsa Race Riot Reconnaissance Survey
    1921 Tulsa Race Riot Reconnaissance Survey Final November 2005 National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Summary Statement 1 Bac.ground and Purpose 1 HISTORIC CONTEXT 5 National Persp4l<live 5 1'k"Y v. f~u,on' World War I: 1896-1917 5 World W~r I and Postw~r ( r.: 1!1t7' EarIV 1920,; 8 Tulsa RaCR Riot 14 IIa<kground 14 TI\oe R~~ Riot 18 AIt. rmath 29 Socilot Political, lind Economic Impa<tsJRamlt;catlon, 32 INVENTORY 39 Survey Arf!a 39 Historic Greenwood Area 39 Anla Oubi" of HiOlorK G_nwood 40 The Tulsa Race Riot Maps 43 Slirvey Area Historic Resources 43 HI STORIC GREENWOOD AREA RESOURCeS 7J EVALUATION Of NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE 91 Criteria for National Significance 91 Nalional Signifiunce EV;1lu;1tio.n 92 NMiol\ill Sionlflcao<e An.aIYS;s 92 Inl~ri ly E~alualion AnalY'is 95 {"",Iu,ion 98 Potenl l~1 M~na~menl Strategies for Resource Prote<tion 99 PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS 103 BIBUOGRAPHY 105 APPENDIX A, Inventory of Elltant Cultural Resoun:es Associated with 1921 Tulsa Race Riot That Are Located Outside of Historic Greenwood Area 109 Maps 49 The African American S«tion. 1921 51 TI\oe Seed. of c..taotrophe 53 T.... Riot Erupt! SS ~I,.,t Blood 57 NiOhl Fiohlino 59 rM Inva.ion 01 iliad. TIll ... 61 TM fighl for Standp''''' Hill 63 W.II of fire 65 Arri~.. , of the Statl! Troop< 6 7 Fil'lal FiOlrtino ~nd M~,,;~I I.IIw 69 jii INTRODUCTION Summary Statement n~sed in its history.
    [Show full text]
  • THE RED RECORD: TABULATED STATISTICS and ALLEGED CAUSES of LYNCHING in the UNITED STATES (1895) by Ida B
    THE RED RECORD: TABULATED STATISTICS AND ALLEGED CAUSES OF LYNCHING IN THE UNITED STATES (1895) By Ida B. Wells-Barnett PREFACE HON. FREDERICK DOUGLASS’S LETTER: DEAR MISS WELLS: Let me give you thanks for your faithful paper on the lynch abomination now generally practiced against colored people in the South. There has been no word equal to it in convincing power. I have spoken, but my word is feeble in comparison. You give us what you know and testify from actual knowledge. You have dealt with the facts with cool, painstaking fidelity, and left those naked and uncontradicted facts to speak for themselves. Brave woman! you have done your people and mine a service which can neither be weighed nor measured. If the American conscience were only half alive, if the American church and clergy were only half Christianized, if American moral sensibility were not hardened by persistent infliction of outrage and crime against colored people, a scream of horror, shame, and indignation would rise to Heaven wherever your pamphlet shall be read. But alas! even crime has power to reproduce itself and create conditions favorable to its own existence. It sometimes seems we are deserted by earth and Heaven--yet we must still think, speak and work, and trust in the power of a merciful God for final deliverance. Very truly and gratefully yours, FREDERICK DOUGLASS Cedar Hill, Anacostia, D.C. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 The Case Stated 57 CHAPTER 2 Lynch-Law Statistics 65 CHAPTER 3 Lynching Imbeciles 73 CHAPTER 4 Lynching of Innocent Men 84 CHAPTER 5 Lynched for Anything
    [Show full text]
  • For Indian River County Histories
    Index for Indian River County Histories KEY CODES TO INDEXES OF INDIAN RIVER COUNTY HISTORIES Each code represents a book located on our shelf. For example: Akerman Joe A, Jr., M025 This means that the name Joe Akerman is located on page 25 in the book called Miley’s Memos. The catalog numbers are the dewey decimal numbers used in the Florida History Department of the Indian River County Main Library, Vero Beach, Florida. Code Title Author Catalog No. A A History of Indian River County: A Sense of Sydney Johnston 975.928 JOH Place C The Indian River County Cook Book 641.5 IND E The History of Education in Indian River Judy Voyles 975.928 His County F Florida’s Historic Indian River County Charlotte 975.928.LOC Lockwood H Florida’s Hibiscus City: Vero Beach J. Noble Richards 975.928 RIC I Indian River: Florida’s Treasure Coast Walter R. Hellier 975.928 Hel M Miley’s Memos Charles S. Miley 975.929 Mil N Mimeo News [1953-1962] 975.929 Mim P Pioneer Chit Chat W. C. Thompson & 975.928 Tho Henry C. Thompson S Stories of Early Life Along the Beautiful Indian Anna Pearl 975.928 Sto River Leonard Newman T Tales of Sebastian Sebastian River 975.928 Tal Area Historical Society V Old Fort Vinton in Indian River County Claude J. Rahn 975.928 Rah W More Tales of Sebastian Sebastian River 975.928 Tal Area Historical Society 1 Index for Indian River County Histories 1958 Theatre Guild Series Adam Eby Family, N46 The Curious Savage, H356 Adams Father's Been to Mars, H356 Adam G, I125 John Loves Mary, H356 Alto, M079, I108, H184, H257 1962 Theatre Guild
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO the Penitentiary at Richmond
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The Penitentiary at Richmond: Slavery, State Building, and Labor in the South’s First State Prison A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Hilary Louise Coulson Committee in charge: Professor Rebecca Jo Plant, Chair Professor Stephen D. Cox Professor Mark Hanna Professor Mark Hendrickson Professor Rachel Klein 2016 Copyright Hilary Louise Coulson, 2016 All Rights Reserved The Dissertation of Hilary Louise Coulson is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2016 iii DEDICATION For my parents, Richard and Laura Coulson who always believed I could, and for my husband, Frank Fernandez, who helped me prove it. iv EPIGRAPH “You know we don’t have our prisons like yours of the North, like grand palaces with flower-yards.” –Keeper of the Virginia Penitentiary, c. 1866 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ............................................................................................... iii Dedication ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Publicity and the De-Legitimation of Lynching∗
    \Judge Lynch" in the Court of Public Opinion: Publicity and the De-legitimation of Lynching∗ Michael Weaver Postdoctoral Fellow Department of Political Science University of British Columbiay [email protected] November 8, 2018 Abstract How does violence become publicly unacceptable? I address this question in the context of lynching in United States. Between 1880 and the 1930s, public discourse about lynching moved from open or tacit endorsement to widespread condemnation. I argue this occurred because of increasing publicity for lynchings. While locals justified nearby lynchings, publicity exposed lynching to distant, un-supportive audiences and allowed African Americans to safely articulate counter-narratives and condemnations. I test this argument using data on lynchings, rail networks, and newspaper coverage of lynchings in millions of issues across thousands of newspapers. I find that lynchings in counties with greater access to publicity (via rail networks) saw more and geographically dispersed coverage, that distant coverage was more critical, and that increased risk of media exposure may have reduced the incidence of lynching. I discuss how publicity could be a mechanism for strengthening or weakening justifications of violence in other contexts. ∗I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers, Gareth Nellis, Elisabeth Wood, Vesla Weaver, Steven Wilkinson, Nikhar Gaikwad, as well as participants in the Yale Comparative Politics Workshop, the 2015 Politics and History conference, the 2015 American Political Science Association conference, and the 2015 Berkeley Electoral Violence conference for helpful comments and advice. I would also like to thank my research assistants|Nina Shirole, Bahja Alammari, Emily Beatty, Andi Jordan, Emil Lauritsen, Emma Lodge, and Arian Zand|for their invaluable work on this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Breaking Our Covenant with Death by the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan—Page 20
    BREAKING OUR COVENANT WITH DEATH BY THE HONORABLE MINISTER LOUIS FARRAKHAN—PAGE 20 VOLUME 40 NUMBER 10 | DECEMBER 15, 2020 | U.S. $2.00 FINALCALLDIGITAL.COM | STORE.FINALCALL.COM | FINALCALL.COM BIG PHARMA, BIG MONEY, BIG FEARS Concerns about so-called vaccine cures driven by profits, too little proven research on safety, little talk of side-effects and no data on long term impact justify vows to reject Covid-19 vaccines say critics. SEE PAGES 3 AND 10 Graphic: istockphoto/grafissimo 2 THE FINAL CALL DECEMBER 15, 2020 ‘State-sponsored terrorism, police-sponsored terrorism,’ used to charge and target the leader of Black militia? by Brian E. Muhammad, Anisah Muhammad and J.A. Salaam The Final Call @TheFinalCall The leader of the Not F---king Around Coalition (NFAC), an all-Black militia that has been in the media over the last year was recently arrested on federal charges and later charged with state crimes by authorities in Kentucky. He is accused of pointing a weapon at federal agents and city po- lice offi cers. Activists and analysts say the charges refl ect longtime and ever-present attempts to control and target Blacks seen as “militant” and who claim the constitutional right to bear arms. John F. Johnson, also known as Grandmaster Jay, was charged Dec. 3 with assaulting and aiming an assault weapon at federal task force offi cers for the Federal Bureau of Inves- tigation, the U.S. Secret Service, and Louisville Metro Po- lice Department offi cers in early September. As WAVE-TV 3 in Louisville reported Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Historical Quarterly (ISSN 0015-4113) Is Published by the Florida Historical Society, University of South Florida, 4202 E
    COVER Black Bahamian community of Coconut Grove, late nineteenth century. This is the entire black community in front of Ralph Munroe’s boathouse. Photograph courtesy Ralph Middleton Munroe Collection, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Miami, Florida. The Historical Volume LXX, Number 4 April 1992 The Florida Historical Quarterly (ISSN 0015-4113) is published by the Florida Historical Society, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, and is printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, FL. Second-class postage paid at Tampa, FL, and at additional mailing office. POST- MASTER: Send address changes to the Florida Historical Society, P. O. Box 290197, Tampa, FL 33687. Copyright 1992 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Samuel Proctor, Editor Mark I. Greenberg, Editorial Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD David R. Colburn University of Florida Herbert J. Doherty University of Florida Michael V. Gannon University of Florida John K. Mahon University of Florida (Emeritus) Joe M. Richardson Florida State University Jerrell H. Shofner University of Central Florida Charlton W. Tebeau University of Miami (Emeritus) Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida 32604-2045. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, original- ity of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and in- terest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes are to be numbered con- secutively in the text and assembled at the end of the article.
    [Show full text]
  • INFORMATION to USERS This Manuscript Has Been Reproduced
    INFO RM A TIO N TO U SER S This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI film s the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be fromany type of con^uter printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependentquality upon o fthe the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and inqjroper alignment can adverse^ afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note wiD indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one e3q)osure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photogr^hs included inoriginal the manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for aiy photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI direct^ to order. UMJ A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313.'761-4700 800/521-0600 LAWLESSNESS AND THE NEW DEAL; CONGRESS AND ANTILYNCHING LEGISLATION, 1934-1938 DISSERTATION presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Robin Bernice Balthrope, A.B., J.D., M.A.
    [Show full text]