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Body Size, Symmetry and Abundance of Euxesta Sfigmafias (Loew) and Euxesta Sororcula (Wiedemann)(Diptera: Ulidiidae) in a Natural Reserve and in a Guava Orchard in Uberlândia

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Body Size, Symmetry and Abundance of Euxesta Sfigmafias (Loew) and Euxesta Sororcula (Wiedemann)(Diptera: Ulidiidae) in a Natural Reserve and in a Guava Orchard in Uberlândia Neotropical Entomology ISSN: 1519-566X journal homepage: www.scielo.br/ne ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS Body Size, Symmetry and Abundance of Euxesta stigmatias (Loew) and Euxesta sororcula (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Ulidiidae) in a Natural Reserve and in a Guava Orchard in Uberlândia, MG, Brazil KCFL Souto, CD Pereira, C Lomônaco Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação dos Recursos Naturais, Instituto de Biologia, Univ Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil Keywords Abstract Fluctuating asymmetry, morphometry, population dynamics The aim of this study was to comparatively characterize the monthly variation and the sex ratio of Euxesta stigmatias (Loew) and Euxesta Correspondence sororcula (Wiedermann) populations from a natural reserve and Kleber C F L Souto, Programa de Pós- from a guava orchard. It was also investigated whether density and Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação dos Recursos Naturais Instituto de Biologia, asymmetry (FA). In both environments, E. sororcula predominated Univ Federal de Uberlândia, 38.400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil; klebersouto@yahoo. theover climate E. stigmatias factors. The affected number theof individuals individuals’ of Esize. sororcula and fluctuating collected com.br individuals caught in the orchard. However, the number of captured Edited by Fernando B Noll – UNESP inindividuals the ecological of E. stationstigmatias was significantly lower than the number of Received 16 May 2011 and accepted 11 July E .did stigmatias not differ between environments. 2011 Significant sex ratio differences were detected between the collection sites.An opposite Female’s pattern frequency was of encountered wasfor E significantly. sororcula population,higher than male’s frequency in the ecological station, but not in the orchard. showingpresented. a significantEuxesta stigmatias larger number individuals of females showed only no inchange the orchard. on size Theor on species FA along populations the captures also and differed between in environments.the degree of asymmetryMoreover, E. sororcula tended to be more susceptible to climatic variations, and body size and the expressive body size and FA variations. This considering the significant observed correlation between temperature and dynamic parameters of the studied populations. study illustrates the influence of the environment in some structural Introduction Insect populations regulate their size over time in to surviveBody size and is reproduce a very important (Schmidt-Nielsen quantitative 1984). trait Larger as it response to climatic factors and to variations in resource individualsinfluences fitness, tend to which live describeslonger and the they individual’s are also ability often availability (Hannon & Ruth 1997, Andow 1991). associated with higher fecundity and fertility (Wang et However, environmental factors affect not only the al 2009). population size, but also the dimensions or biomass of their component individuals (Lomônaco & Germanos capability to produce a phenotype with a perfect bilateral 2001, Silva et al 2009). symmetry.Environmental If the expression factors ofalso bilateralism affect the is individual’s determined Neotrop Entomol 40(6): 661-668 © 2011 Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 661 Fluctuating Asymmetry of Euxesta stigmatias and E sororcula Souto et al by the same genome, then the asymmetry between the be associated with the domestication and cultivation of corn (Zea mays) (Frias 1981). Nevertheless, both larvae development programme, which may have genetic and/ and adults feed on a variety of other plants, including, orsides environmental is a consequence causes of(Markow modifications 1995). The in the population normal potato, tomato, guava, sorghum, sugar cane, banana and orange (Capineira 2001). Euxesta has been considered a major pest in corn only when their larvae are associated perfectdegree ofsymmetry asymmetry in organism has been traits assessed that byare fluctuating bilaterally with the primary pests Helicoperva zea (Boddie) and symmetricasymmetry (FA),(Palmer defined & Strobeck as small random 2003). deviations Therefore, from AF Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can be a good indicator of the individual developmental (Link et al 1984), but some would consider these insects as opportunistic and generalists on their feeding habits On the other hand, organisms also have the ability (Seal & Jansson 1993, Brunel & Rull 2010a). tostability resist and against fitness genetic (Møller disorders & Swadle or 1997). environmental Euxesta stigmata and E. sororcula are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the western hemisphere. In mechanisms programmed to produce a predetermined Brazil, Euxesta species have been encountered in high phenotypeperturbations within during the development normal range through of expression. buffering Goiás, Paraná and Minas Gerais (Frizzas et al 2003). (Lerner 1954), which may operate via canalization, a frequencies in corn fields in the states of São Paulo, mechanismThis capacity by is which defined the as variation developmental of the phenotypehomeostasis is control the adults, a process that may leave toxic residues limited to one or a few forms under a set of genetic and inThese the pestsfood (Nuesslyrequire continuous et al 2007). insecticide However, application there is not to environmental conditions. Moreover, the canalization also a suitable alternative biological control strategy to be makes use of physiological or behavioral mechanisms to ensure developmental stability (Leung et al 2000). Thus, habits, especially between intercrops, are still unknown AF also provides a measure of how much a particular (Martos-Tupesadopted in Brazil, 1982). because its natural enemies and field stressful conditions. Because AF is inversely correlated Sampling organism was able to buffer its development against with developmental homeostasis, it is often used to Individuals were collected at the Panga Ecological Station estimate the stability of development (Fuller & Houle (PES) and at the Água Limpa Farm guava orchard (ALF) 2002, Cárcamo et al 2008). in Uberlândia, Brazil, both belonging to the Universidade Body size and symmetry modulations in response to Federal de Uberlandia. The PES has 403.85 ha located environmental factors can be produced by phenotypic plasticity (PF), which describes the ability to modulate 800 masl, presenting the typical Brazilian cerrado phytophysiognomics,between 19°09’ - 19°11’S including and the 48°23’ semi-deciduous - 48°24’W, dry at changes (Scheiner 1993). Thus, PF can be considered forest, the gallery forest and the dystrophic, mesotrophyc the phenotypic expression without requiring genotypic an important adaptive tool for survival in unstable, and grassland savannas (Cardoso et al 2009). heterogeneous or human disturbed environments The ALF is approximately 27 km apart from the ESP (Gotthard & Nylin 1995). This study was delineated to verify whether mango,(19°06 ‘S;guava, 48 °20’W,cherry, 792pineapple, masl) andorange is located and lemon nearby are cultivated.soybean and corn fields and areas where banana, environmental factors may affect both individual’s Euxesta species, E. stigmata (Loew) and E. sororcula The region has hot and humid summers when there morphology and population’s characteristics of two (Wiedemann), inhabiting a natural reserve and a guava is a large water surplus, and cold and dry winters, when orchard in the municipality of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We also investigated whether their abundance and Thea high climatic deficiency data used in soil in thiswater work is werecommon, obtained especially at the of individuals from these species. during August and September (Nimer & Brandão 1989). the climatic factors influenced the size and the symmetry Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Material and Methods LaboratórioInsect collections de Climatologia, were carried of the outInstituto from deDecember Geografia, of 2007 to August 2008, when a full guava orchard pruning had occurred. Eight plastic traps (constructed using PET Studied organisms bottles) were displayed in each area in order to capture The genus Euxesta is a complex of Neotropical endemic the insects. These traps had three openings at their and abundant species, mainly distributed in Mexico, bases, having 300 ml of 10% molasses as attractant. They Peru, Puerto Rico, United States and the Virgin Islands were set at 1.60 m high along the outside orchard guava (Steyskal 1968). Its dispersion across the Americas could corridors and at the boundaries of the different types of 662 Neotrop Entomol 40(6): 661-668 © 2011 Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil Souto et al Fluctuating Asymmetry of Euxesta stigmatias and E sororcula (Palmer & Strobeck 1986). A two-factor analysis of variance for 15 days before the collection of the trapped insects. (ANOVA) was used to determine whether the between-sides Then,the reserve the attractant vegetation. was The replaced traps for were another left in 15 the days field of error (Woods et al 1998, Perfectti & Camacho 1999). Accordingvariation was to Palmersignificantly & Strobeck larger than(1986), the it measurement is necessary field exposure. to distinguish FA from other kinds of asymmetry. A t-test The captured insects were fixed in 70% ethanol and was performed to verify whether the means of the signed deidentified Invertebrados by Dr. Angelo do Laboratório Pires do dePrado Ecologia (Universidade Evolutiva dade UniversidadeCampinas). All Federal specimens de Uberlândia”. were deposited in the “Coleção
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