Graduate Research Symposium (GCUA) (2010 - 2017) Graduate Research Symposium 2013

Apr 15th, 1:00 PM - 3:00 PM

The Other September 11th: El Mercurio Media Coverage after the Chilean Coup of 1973

Valeria A. Gurr‐Ovalle University of Nevada, Las Vegas, [email protected]

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Repository Citation Gurr‐Ovalle, Valeria A., "The Other September 11th: El Mercurio Media Coverage after the Chilean Coup of 1973" (2013). Graduate Research Symposium (GCUA) (2010 - 2017). 15. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/grad_symposium/2013/april_15/15

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Poster Print Size: Change Color Theme: This poster template is 36” high by The Other September 11th: El Mercurio Media Coverage after the Chilean Coup of 1973 This template is designed to use the 48” wide. It can be used to print any built-in color themes in the newer poster with a 3:4 aspect rao. Valeria A. Gurr-Ovalle versions of PowerPoint. Master’s Student Placeholders: Hank Greenspun School of Journalism and Media Studies To change the color theme, select the Design tab, then select the The various elements included in ABSTRACT Colors drop-down list. this poster are ones we oen see in INTRODUCTION METHODS AND MATERIALS CONCLUSIONS medical, research, and scienfic This thesis provides an exploratory The covers under examinaon on September 11, 1973 to El Mercurio is the oldest, best known, most influenal and The methodology used for this study is a content overview of the role the El Mercurio 1990 reveals that the editors and writers seldom used posters. Feel free to edit, move, popular newspaper in Chile, and for the most affluent analysis of a purposive sample. The units analyzed were newspaper played along with the military words or images in opposion to the government: The Chileans, it is the foremost source of news and select newspaper arcles related to the coup, published add, and delete items, or change aer the Chilean coup of 1973. The study coup was remembered and extolled by the repeated use of informaon. For those who try to understand the history on the front pages of El Mercurio, Sanago de Chile reviews the contents of the newspaper’s the word “celebraon”; Pinochet was proclaimed “His the layout to suit your needs. of Chile without reading El Mercurio, it is an almost edion. A purposive sample is a non-probability front pages, including their coverage of Excellency”; many pictures purport to show large crowds impossible task. El Mercurio is also a very controversial sampling, in which the units to be analyzed are chosen Always check with your conference the events during the coup. The thesis will “celebrang”; the “cult of the flag” was portrayed as an newspaper; it has been known to have conservave according to the researcher’s judgment. The arcles show how the paper revisited its coverage ever present expression of naonalism. Members of the organizer for specific requirements. tendencies, and according to Peter Kornbluth (2003), most relevant (to the coup) were considered the best each year on the September 11th armed forces were always presented as “naonal heroes”; documents prove that El Mercurio received funds from examples for the purposes of the study (Babbie, 2011, p. anniversary, beginning with the years and other themes were presented that led the reader to the United States, namely, the CIA, beginning in the early 207). dominated by the military government, believe that the regime was extremely posive and Image Quality: 1970’s, in efforts to overthrow the socialist government of The study includes 50 arcles and 40 images of a total from 1973 through 1990, and connuing popular. The country as a whole was portrayed disciplined, Salvador Allende (p.6). of 34 covers from El Mercurio of Sanago (the capital of through the transion to democracy, from orderly, stable, and developing. The coverage of El You can place digital photos or logo The focus of this thesis is on El Mercurio’s front page on Chile) edion were chosen. The arcles were dated 1991 through 2007. The primary method Mercurio apparently was to show that the country was one parcular day, over the course of many years. The September 11, 1973 to 2007. The newspaper observed art in your poster file by selecng used in the course of this examinaon is a united and moving toward change. starng point for this examinaon is the historic coup that the anniversary of the coup every year with different content analysis, which will determine This mirage of Naonal Pride fluered slightly once the Insert, Picture command, or by ousted the democracally elected Allende government arcles. how propaganda was used during and Pinochet resigned his presidency. The media coverage of that took place on September 11, 1973. The examinaon The images, texts and headlines from the cover page using standard copy & paste. For aer the coup, and to show media bias in September 11, 1991 to 2007 during the country’s transion connues to show the role played by El Mercurio on each arcles was examined according to the general principles The default color theme for this favor of the government through the use to democracy. These later arcles showed for the first me best results, all graphic elements of the subsequent anniversaries throughout the military of a standard content analysis. [The coding of the images of language used images conveyed by the a commemoraon not only of Pinochet’s Armed forces, but template is “Office”, so you can regime of Augusto Pinochet, from 1973 to 1990; the is explained below.] should be at least 150-200 pixels conservave facon during the also of Allende’s government, the families of the “missing examinaon also further tests the influence of the El Mercurio newspaper covers are primary sources that always return to that aer trying dictatorship and even later during Chile’s people.” For the first me aer 17 years, El Mercurio’s per inch in their final printed size. conservave leaning paper’s face during the transion to were selected from a collecon that were available in transion to democracy. front page on September 11 of 1991 featured a picture of some of the alternaves. democracy, from 1991 to 2007. The Naonal Library of Chile. For instance, a 1600 x 1200 pixel college students, violently protesng with “Molotov photo will usually look fine up to PRIMARILY FINDINGS cocktails.” Images like that of this riot, connued to appear Prinng Your Poster: BACKGROUND in the years that followed. The language used in the arcles 8“-10” wide on your printed poster. The most interesng finding from this study was that the changed as well; writers called for “naonal unity.” The Once your poster file is ready, visit Forty years ago on September 11 of 1973, the military headlines, texts and images changed drascally from one newspaper oen announced measures taken by the police, To preview the print quality of ruled by General Augusto Pinochet in Chile, withered the period to another. From 1973 to 1990, during the to prevent vandalism and the destrucon of property. www.genigraphics.com to order a th images, select a magnificaon of democracally elected “Popular Unit” government of military regime the coup was portrayed as peaceful; Eventually, EL Mercurio’s coverage oat September 11 , was high-quality, affordable poster Salvador Allende. from 1991 to 2007 it was shown as having been violent. not of an anniversary to be “celebrated,” but as a tragedy. 100% when previewing your poster. These differences are shown by the pie charts below. print. Every order receives a free This will give you a good idea of The 'Popular Unit' was a coalion of Chilean polical Themes from 1991 to 2007 design review and we can delivery pares, movements and social groups of the center and Themes from 1973 to 1990 what it will look like in print. If you le, formed in 1969. The Popular Unit's candidate as fast as next business day within Military are laying out a large poster and Salvador Allende won the presidenal elecon in 1970. Figures the US and Canada. Allende's socialist government came to an end three years Kids Violent Protests using half-scale dimensions, be sure later when the military regime took over the country. The Flags 8% Religious Genigraphics® has been producing 21% Figures military junta led by General Augusto Pinochet removed Crowds of to preview your graphics at 200% to 33% 21% Peoples the democracally elected socialist government in 4% Remebering Figure 3. El Mercurio September 11, Figure 4. El Mercurio September 11, output from PowerPoint® longer Religious 50% Allende see them at their final printed size. September of 1973. Pinochet assumed control of Chile by Figures 1974, arcle “Chile Responds To The 1991, arcle “Incidents in Universies” 25% Word: The civility celebrates the From The Naonal Library of Chile than anyone in the industry; dang closing the Congress and declaring a "State of Siege.” 21% Others Arcle without 6% 11% an image September 11” From The Naonal Library of Chile Please note that graphics from back to when we helped Microso® websites (such as the logo on your Photographs From The National Library of Chile This led to serious abuses of human rights throughout the REFERENCES design the PowerPoint® soware. country. People were detained, disappeared, tortured and FIGURE 2. This pie chart shows that the same hospital's or university's home page) CONTACT murdered. Many of the vicms were part of the ‘Popular FIGURE 1. This pie chart shows how themes appeared on the front page of El the same themes appeared on the 1. Kornblush, P. (2003). The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier On Atrocity Mercurio and were used aer the collapse of And Accountability. New York: The New York Press. Unit,’ causing many people to seek refuge in foreign front age of El Mercurio and were the Pinochet regime. The two most will only be 72dpi and not suitable Valeria Gurr-Ovalle used throughout the Pinochet embassies and to escape the country into exile. important images were of violent protests 2. Lopez, V. (1996). Chile’s Cauous Free Press. Nieman Reports, 50(4), 65. US and Canada: 1-800-790-4001 Email: [email protected] Regime: images of flags (25%); crowds (50%) in observance of September 11th. for prinng. (21%); religious figures (21%); and 3. Rex A. Hudson, ed. Chile: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library Phone: (702) 351-3448 military figures (21%). of Congress, 1994. Email: [email protected]

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