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Francisco Javier Alvear López

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Francisco Javier Alvear López "LA DESINFORMACIÓN, EE.UU.,ALLENDE Y EL MERCURIO. CARTOGRAFÍA DE UN ACONTECIMIENTO" Francisco Javier Alvear López ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI "LA DESINFORMACIÓN, EE.UU.,ALLENDE Y EL MERCURIO. CARTOGRAFÍA DE UN ACONTECIMIENTO" Francisco Javier Alvear López Francisco Javier Alvear López Hay más de una manera de pelar un gato. Re-examinando el papel de El Mercurio durante el gobierno de la Unidad Popular en Chile (1970-1973) TESIS DOCTORAL Dirigida por el Dr. Bernat López López Departament d’Estudis de Comunicació Tarragona 2015 TESIS DOCTORAL UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI "LA DESINFORMACIÓN, EE.UU.,ALLENDE Y EL MERCURIO. CARTOGRAFÍA DE UN ACONTECIMIENTO" Francisco Javier Alvear López 2 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI "LA DESINFORMACIÓN, EE.UU.,ALLENDE Y EL MERCURIO. CARTOGRAFÍA DE UN ACONTECIMIENTO" Francisco Javier Alvear López Francisco Javier Alvear López Hay más de una manera de pelar un gato. Re-examinando el papel de El Mercurio durante el gobierno de la Unidad Popular en Chile (1970-1973) Universitat Rovira i Virgili 3 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI "LA DESINFORMACIÓN, EE.UU.,ALLENDE Y EL MERCURIO. CARTOGRAFÍA DE UN ACONTECIMIENTO" Francisco Javier Alvear López 4 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI "LA DESINFORMACIÓN, EE.UU.,ALLENDE Y EL MERCURIO. CARTOGRAFÍA DE UN ACONTECIMIENTO" Francisco Javier Alvear López Al imperecedero recuerdo del Presidente Salvador Allende, por su consecuencia con sus ideas, por su generosidad y desprendimiento, por su enorme dignidad y valor; por su ejemplo. Y al de todas aquellas mujeres, jóvenes, niños y hombres que dieron todo, inclusive sus vidas, por hacer posible esta “loca” aventura de la UP, aquellos que más tarde fueron perseguidos, vil y cobardemente torturados, asesinados y hechos desaparecer nada más que por pensar distinto y sin tener más armas que sus ideas. 5 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI "LA DESINFORMACIÓN, EE.UU.,ALLENDE Y EL MERCURIO. CARTOGRAFÍA DE UN ACONTECIMIENTO" Francisco Javier Alvear López 6 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI "LA DESINFORMACIÓN, EE.UU.,ALLENDE Y EL MERCURIO. CARTOGRAFÍA DE UN ACONTECIMIENTO" Francisco Javier Alvear López AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), la universidad pública de Tarragona, mi universidad, por todos estos inolvidables años de estudios, trabajo y reflexión, como al programa de becas Martí Franquès, los que finalmente me permitieron concluir este trabajo; y, muy especialmente, al profesor Dr. Bernat López por toda su dedicación, generosidad con su tiempo y agudeza en la conducción a nivel estratégico como de los pequeños y grandes detalles del quehacer investigativo, pero por sobre todo por su enorme calidad humana y su respeto para con uno. Asimismo, agradecer al Department of Journalism Studies de la Universidad de Sheffield (UK), al Dr. Scott A. Eldridge II y de modo muy especial al Dr. Jairo Lugo-Ocando, con cuyo sagaz trabajo, pleno capacidad, generosidad y desprendimiento el presente esfuerzo pudo ver finalmente la salida del túnel. Igualmente, quisiera manifestar mis cariñosos y sinceros agradecimientos a Pamela Castro y Matt Kendall, pues sin su acogida, permanente estímulo y sabios consejos (existencial-metodológico) la maravillosa aventura inglesa (Birmingham-Sheffield), que involucró este trabajo, simplemente, no hubiera tenido lugar. También quiera aprovechar la oportunidad de agradecer a todas aquellas personas que con la entrega de su valioso tiempo y conversación me permitieron conocer, de primera mano, los entresijos y todo lo indecible de esta apasionante historia. Algunos como las destacadísimas personalidades de Noam Chomsky y Teun Van Dijk que tuvieron la gentileza de contestar oportunamente a todas mis –a veces angustiosas- preguntas por e-mail; otros no menos importantes, también, hicieron su valioso aporte en este sentido a partir de las interesantes entrevistas-conversacionales desarrolladas, como es el caso de Armand Mattelart, los escritores Jesús Manuel Martínez y Margarita Espuña. Otros, igualmente destacados personajes, muy cercanos a esta historia, como es el caso del cineasta Emilio Pacull, hijastro del periodista Augusto Olivares; los nietos del presidente Allende, Alejandro Fernández 7 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI "LA DESINFORMACIÓN, EE.UU.,ALLENDE Y EL MERCURIO. CARTOGRAFÍA DE UN ACONTECIMIENTO" Francisco Javier Alvear López Allende y Marcia Tambutti Allende; y uno, indiscutiblemente, de los más cercanos colaboradores del presidente Allende, el catedrático y jurista Dr. Joan Enric Garcés. Finalmente, no puede dejar de pasar esta oportunidad sin terminar de agradecer profundamente a Paula Varas -mi compañera de tantos años- por su permanente e impecable asesoría (especialmente en lo que respecta al quehacer metodológico de este esfuerzo), toda clase de consejos y especialmente por su inclaudicable e imprescindible, casi penitente compañía, como la que también me han brindado por todos estos años mis adorables hijos Raissa, Javier y Francisca. 8 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI "LA DESINFORMACIÓN, EE.UU.,ALLENDE Y EL MERCURIO. CARTOGRAFÍA DE UN ACONTECIMIENTO" Francisco Javier Alvear López Acreditación de dirección de tesis 9 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI "LA DESINFORMACIÓN, EE.UU.,ALLENDE Y EL MERCURIO. CARTOGRAFÍA DE UN ACONTECIMIENTO" Francisco Javier Alvear López 10 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI "LA DESINFORMACIÓN, EE.UU.,ALLENDE Y EL MERCURIO. CARTOGRAFÍA DE UN ACONTECIMIENTO" Francisco Javier Alvear López INDICE PREÁMBULO...........................................................................................................................15 I. INTRODUCCIÓN.................................................................................................................17 1.1. PUNTO DE PARTIDA........................................................................................................19 1.2. PROBLEMA, PREGUNTAS Y PROPÓSITOS .................................................................22 1.3. JUSTIFICACIÓN ................................................................................................................26 II. MARCO TEÓRICO REFERENCIAL ..............................................................................33 2.1. LA PROPAGANDA............................................................................................................34 2.1.1. Algunos (de sus) rasgos fundamentales.........................................................................34 2.1.2. ¿(Cuál es) El Origen de la Propaganda? ........................................................................41 2.1.3. Las grandes contribuciones propagandísticas (de la historia)........................................49 2.1.3.1 El Comité Creel ........................................................................................................57 2.1.3.2. El aporte de las figuras canónicas............................................................................71
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