Essential Questions:
➢Who fought in the French and Indian War? ➢What caused the French and Indian War? ➢What battle tactics and strategies were used ? ➢What was the final outcome? ➢How did the results of the French and Indian War become the causes of the American Revolution?
GREAT BRITAIN
The English and the French brought this FRANCE rivalry with them to North America. Canada
Colonies Great Britain (England) and France were “Arch- Enemies for centuries. Competing European Claims
◼ During the 1700’s, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.
◼ The French held trapping and trade routes in the Ohio Valley.
◼ The English colonies were encroaching on French territory as their population grew.
◼ They also competed over trade issues with the Native Americans in the disputed region. CAUSES OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR- FRENCH Causes of French Indian War
Population and Economic Push
BRITISH Competing Claims in the Ohio Territory
◼ France and England both claimed the Ohio River Valley. ◼ The French build forts in the region to protect their interest in the Valley.
French FORT DUQUESNE-1754 French and Indian Allies at Fort Duquesne George Washington and Fort Necessity
◼ Virginia Governor Dinwiddie dispatched George Washington to Ohio in 1753 to deliver a protest to the French. The protest was ignored. ◼ Washington and his men were instructed to build a fort in the region.
Young George Washington 1754 → The First Clash
The Ohio Valley
British French Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne * George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee & Virginia Militia Indians The Battle of Great Meadows
Recreations of Ft. Necessity.
◼ Commanding 300 militia volunteers, Washington begins to build a fort and widen the road into the Ohio Valley. 100 British regulars arrive to support him. ◼ Upon hearing of Washington’s efforts, French and Indian allies from Fort Duquesne attack the hastily constructed Fort Necessity. ◼ Running out of supplies and overwhelmed by superior French and Indian numbers, Washington is forced to surrender and abandon the fort. General Edward Braddock
◼ British General sent in 1755 to capture French Fort Duquesne and dislodge the French from North America.
◼ He is a professional-one of the most renown British commanders-an expert in European warfare and battle tactics.
Braddock’s Expedition Braddock “halted to level every mole hill and to erect bridges over every brook by which means we were four days getting twelve miles”. (George Washington)
Braddock’s Dilemma: Fight a European style war in the wilderness of Pennsylvania. Braddock Road-”An Engineering Marvel” “Surprise in the Wilderness” Braddock’s Expedition
Braddock’s army is surprised by the French and their Indian allies as they approach Fort Duquesne. Braddock’s Defeat
◼ The British are attacked from all sides by the French and Indian allies.
◼ Braddock’s army is routed and retreats in disarray.
◼ The first two years of the war were characterized by humiliating defeats for the British. During the battle on July 9th Braddock is mortally wounded. Braddock dies and is buried in the middle of the road he built and the remainder of his army marches over him in retreat to hide the grave from the French and their Indian allies. ➢ Failed to secure Ft. Duquesne. ➢ Suffered over 1000 Casualties, including himself. 23 year-old Colonel George Washington helped to organize the retreat. Braddock’s burial and grave site.
“The Victory of Montcalm’s Troops at Carillon” French capture of St. John, New Foundland The Seven Years War in Europe
◼ War breaks out in Europe. ◼ Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of France, Austria, Saxony, Russia, Sweden and Spain. ◼ The European phase of the war lasted from 1757 to 1763. French capture of Fort St. Philip on the island of Menorca Fortunes Reverse
◼ In 1757, Sir William Pitt became the new Prime Minister of Great Britain and vowed to lead country to victory. ◼ Pitt concentrated on: ◼ expelling the French from North America ◼ A new strategy with new generals-General Wolfe and General Amherst ◼ buying the support of the Americans with promises of fixed territorial boundaries. The Battle of Louisburg-1758
The British Navy lays siege to Louisburg for three weeks in June 1758. At the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, the island of Louisburg controls access to the supply lines of the French Empire. “ A Strategic Location”
Louisburg
Siege of Louisbourg. British burning warship Prudent and capturing Bienfaisaint. French are defeated
British troops capturing Louisburg British occupying the island Battle for Quebec-1759 “AN EPIC BATTLE”
WOLFE MONTCALM
VS.
British assault on the fortress city of Quebec General Montcalm, mortally wounded on the Plains of Abraham, is taken back to Quebec. Death of General Wolfe Fortunes Reverse
◼ The greatly fortified force devastated the Cherokee to the South and began capturing strategic French forts and cutting off their supply lines. ◼ The British conquered Quebec in 1759. ◼ In 1760, they captured Montreal. ◼ In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and took French colonies in the Caribbean.
◼ The French Empire in North America came to an end. French Defeats
◼ The Treaty of Easton, signed in 1758, essentially sealed France’s fate. ◼ In the treaty, the British promised the Six Iroquois Nations to stop settlements west of the Alleghenies in exchange for their neutrality in the war. ◼ This caused the French to abandon Fort Duquesne and, by 1760, Detroit and Montreal, the last two French strongholds in North America, had fallen. ◼ This was the end of major fighting in North America. The Treaty of Paris
◼ The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. ◼ The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain and ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to the British. ◼ The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the Eastern seaboard.
Pontiac's Rebellion
◼ Native Americans quickly grew disenchanted with the British. ◼ The British exhibited little cultural sensitivity, traded unfairly, and failed to stop encroachments on Indian land. ◼ This unrest culminated in a rebellion by Pontiac, a Native American leader who united various tribes with the goal of expelling the British. ◼ The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766. ◼ Massacres and atrocities occurred on both sides— most notably, British General Jeffrey Amherst gave the Native Americans blankets infested with smallpox. Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie Indians (May 5, 1763)
◼ “It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. … When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use for us. … Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”
The Proclamation of 1763
The Proclamation of 1763 was to prevent colonists from settling past the Appalachian Mountains The British had also made a deal with the Indians to not move into the Ohio Valley The Royal Proclamation of 1763
◼ Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the Indians. ◼ Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.” ◼ The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of the Revolutionary War.