The Official Publication of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc.

Vol. 21, No. 4 November 19 95

I

.. . ;. THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. In this issue- Incorporated 1969 under Missouri General Not-For-Profit Corporation Act IRS Exemption Certificate No. 501 (C)(3)-ldentification No. 51-0187715 • OFFICERS ACTrVE PAST PRESIDENTS Page 4- President Irving W. Anderson Searching for the Invisible: Robert E. Garten. Jr. Pore/and. Oregon 3507 Smoketree Drive Some Efforts to Find Greensboro. NC 274 10 Roberc K. Doerk. Jr. Great Falls. Moncana First Vice President Expedition Camps-Part 2 L. Edwin Wang James R. Fazio Ken Karsmizki 60 13 Sc. johns Avenue Moscow. Idaho Minneapolis. MN 55424-1834 V. Strode Hinds Second Vice President Sioux Cicy. Iowa Page 12- Clyde G. (Sid) Huggins Arlen j . Large 2303 Lakeshore Drive washingcon. D.C. " This Place We Call Mandeville. LA 70448 H. John Montague Council Bluff" Secretary Pore/and. Oregon VS. Hinds Barbara Kubik Donald F. Nell J 712 S. Perry Court Bozeman. Montana Kennewicl\, WA 99337 William P. Sherman Page 13- Treasurer Port land. Oregon H. john Montague Soundscapes~ The Sonic 2928 NW Verde Vista Terrace L. Edwin Wang Portland. OR 97210-3356 Minneapolis. Minnesota Dimensions of the Immediate Past President Wilbur P. Werner Stuart E. Knapp Mesa. Arizona Lewis and Clark Expedition I 31 7 South Black Joseph A. Mussulman Bozeman. MT 59715 DIRECTORS AT LARGE David Borlaug Harry Hubbard Darold W. Jackson James M. Peterson Page 20- \tVashbum. North Dakota Semllc. \tVasl?in9ton Sr. Charles. Missotiri Vennift ion. Soitrh Dakota We Met Them at the Fair­ Judith Edwards Jane Schmoyer-Weber Philip C. Althen Ludd A. Trozpek Glen Head. New Ybrk Grea1 Fafls. Montana Stevensville. Montana Claremont. Culifornia Part 2 Cynthia Orlando Lewis and Clark Trail Hcrllage Foundation. Inc. Astoria. Oregon Membership Secrerary Ann Rogers P.O. Box 3434. Great Falls. MT 59403

ABOUT THE FOUNDATION Page 25- The purpose of the lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc., is to stimulate public interest in matters relating to the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the contributions to American history made by the Expedition members, and events Book Reviews of time and place concerning the expedition which are of historical import to our nation. The Foundation recognizes the value of tourist-oriented programs, and supports activities which enhance the emjoyment and understanding of the Lewis and Clark story. The scope of the activities of the Foundation is broad and diverse, and includes Involvement in pursuits which, in the judgment of the directors, are of historical worth or contemporary social value, and Page 28- commensurate with the heritage of Lewis and Clark. The activities of the National Foundation are Intended to complement and supplement those of state and local Lewis and Clark interest groups. The Foundation may News Update appropriately recognize and honor Individuals or groups for art works of distinction, achievement In the broad field of Lewis and Clark historical research, writing, or deeds which promote the general purpose and scope of aclivitles of the Foundation. Membership in the organization comprises a broad spectrum of Lewis and Clark enthusiasts including federal, state, and local government officials, historians, scholars and others of wide-ranging Lewis and Clark interests. Officers of the Foundation are elected from the membership. The annual meeting of the Foundation is traditionally held during August, the birth month of both Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. The meeting place is rotated among the states, and tours generally are arranged to visit sites in the area of the annual meeting which have historic association with the Lewis and Ctark Expedition. MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION Membership in the Lewis and Clark Trail Heri­ tage Foundation, Inc. is open to the general public. Information and an application are available by sending a requestto: Membership Secretary; Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc.; P.O. Box 3434; Great Falls, MT 59403. We Proceeded On, the quarterly magazine of the Foundation, is mailed to current members during the months of February, May, August, and We Proceeded On Is the official publication of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. Inc. November. The publication's name is derived from the phrase which appears repeatedly In the collective journals of the famous expedition. ANNUAL MEMBERSH IP DUES* Regular: $ 20.00 E.G. CHUINARD. M.D.. FOUNDER ISSN 0275-6706 Family: 30.00 Sustaining: 75.00 Marcin L. Erickson, Editor Supporting 100.00 1203 28th Street South #82 Contributing: 200.00 Great Falls. MT 59405 Patron: 500.00 Granter: 1,000.00 EDITORIAL BOARD Benefactor: 5,000.00 Robert C. Carriker; Spokane. WA Editorial Consultant: *For foreign memberships add: $5/year in Arlen j. Large: Washington, D.C. Vivian A. Paladin Canada; $1 O/year in Eu rope; and $15/year in Asia, Robert R. Hum. Seattle. WA Helena. MT Australia and New Zealand.

2 WE PROCE EDED ON NOVEMBER 1995 by Robert E. Gatten. Jr. board) and Jane Schmoyer-Weber of Great Falls, At the annual m eeting of the foundation this past Montana, who has spent a great deal of effort to help July and August in Charlottesville, the board of direc­ make the interpretive center in Great Falls a reality. to rs asl'.ed me to serve a second term as president. I Welcome! am happy to do so, and enter this new foundation The foundation year got off to a rousing start in year with renewed enthusiasm because of my rein­ Charlottesville. Attendance at the meeting was very forced understanding of the importance of the work large: there were 268 full registrants. The local com­ of the foundation and the very large number of mittee, led by Jane Henley and Howell Bowen, de­ members who volunteers so many hours to help us serve all our thanks for their exquisite planning and meet the foundation's goals. Working with me this careful attention to detail in making the meeting a year w ill be three new directors-at-large: Phil Althen great success. The Home Front Chapter is blessed to of Stevensville, Montana, who has labored for many have so many very bright, skillful and energetic years on Lewis and Clark projects along his portion members whose efforts will have a lasting effect on of the trail; Darold Jackson of St. Charles, Missouri, all of us and on the understanding of the heritage of who has previously served on the board and who the Lewis and Clark Expedition in Charlottesville and continues to chair the Membership Promotion and throughout Virginia. Public Relations Committee (and who was appointed Included w ith this issue of We Proceeded On is the by the executive committee to fill a vacancy on the (President's Message continued on page 31)

~'l.0111 the 2.dlto'l. 's 'l)esk

At the end of the annual meeting in' Corps of Discovery packed up and left Wood River. Charlottesville, Vi rginia, Strode Hinds, who is chair- He joined the expedition at St. Charles, Missouri. ing the 1996 meeting in Sioux City, Iowa, said, "This , With the exception of Lewis, all the others went meeting had three presidents to offer. All I have ~o · straight from the Wood River camp to St. Charles. offer is a statue." The statue marks the grave of Sgt. They .may have waved to people on shore and even Charles Floyd, the only expedition member who wished they could have stopped for a night in the big died on the j ourney. city, but good soldiers that they were, they just kept However, Strode wasn't telling the whole story as on going. you will see in this issue of WPO. Iowa has a whole I recently ran across another small item that ex­ lot more to offer. pands my knowledge abut William Clark. I was read­ In a sentence, the Charlottesville meeting was hot ing the book, "Daughters of the Earth" by Carolyn and humid and a tremendously,,historically fascinat­ Niethammer. It details "the lives and legends of ing meeting. It was one of those rneetings where I American Indian women." In a section on "Women hated to leave at the end. I wished I could have and War," Niethammer described the Pawnee Morn­ taken all of the side trips and more. I will have to go ing Star ceremony. A young captive girl was sacri­ back someday. ficed once a year to ensure the fertility of the soil The folks across the river from St. Louis gave me and the success of the crops. a call a while back and asked if 1 would tell all of you Niethammer reports, "In 1816 the Pawnees cap­ and the rest of the world that the physical start of tured a young Comanche girl and were preparing to the expedition was from the winter camp at Wood sacrifice her in the spring rites in 181 7. A young River, Illinois and not from St. Louis as we are prone warrior of the tribe named Man Chief had several to say. Meriwether Lewis was in St. Louis when the (Editor's Note continued on page 31)

ON THE COVER-Fort Atkinson, the first U.S. military post west of the Missouri River, will be one of the sites visited during the 1996 Annual Meeting. Photo by strode Hinds

NOVEMBER 1995 WE PROCEEDED ON 3 Expedition's Map of Wood River Camp and Vicinity Ernest Staples Osgood, The Field Notes of Captain William Clark

Searching for the Invisible: Some Efforts to Find Expedition Camps

by Kenneth W. Karsmizki Appleman Study-Camp Wood 1803-04 . " 22 Appleman points out Associa te Curator of Historical Archaeology n 1968, four years after that, in the journals and letters of Museum of the Rockies Peebles' study, another ar­ the expedition, "the precise loca­ PART II OF II PARTS !) ticle appeared under the tion of Camp Wood was not de­ EDITOR'S NOTE: In Part I, Karsmizki authorship of National Park scribed and identified." looked at archaeological studies at Service historian Roy E. Appleman. Appleman's analysis is based on Fort Clatsop, Oregon ( 1948 and His research emphasis was on the several factors, including: supposi­ 1956-57) and a 1964 study on the "Lost Site of Camp Wood: The tion regarding what reality Clark's Montana-Idaho border. Lewis and Clark Winter Camp, sketch map represents; comments

4 WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER 1995 in the journals regarding the site fied triangle appears on this Appleman's conclusion was that location; "common knowledge" sketch, on the south bank of River the "site of Camp Wood has attributed to local informants; DuBois, a short distance from the shifted from the south bank of maps of the area produced be­ Mississippi. It probably represents Wood River at its junction with the tween 1 797 and I 966; and the Camp Wood." A critical fact in the Mississippi River, in Madison " logic of the situation." The use of search for Camp Wood was that County, lllinois, to the opposite of all three rivers­ of the Mississippi dur­ such a variety of sources and tech­ the channels [west] bank the Mississippi, the Missouri, and ing the course of one hundred fifty niques is necessary and worthy of River DuBois [Wood River]-had years of changing river channels in emulation because information changed. The greatest change was this vicinity." Aside from the fact about campsite location is often at the mouth of the Missouri River that the latitude and longitude vague. which Appleman believes had which located the campsite in Illi­ Appleman used a sketch map moved "three and one-half miles nois now occur in Missouri, believed to have been drawn by in a southeast directional line from Appleman also asserts that, "Un­ Clark during the winter of 1803- where it emptied into the Missis­ doubtedly the soil that Camp Wood 1804. The map was of the sippi in 1804." He also speculates stood on has washed down­ confluence of the Missouri River that the present m outh of the River stream." with the Mississippi and the "en­ DuBois is .75 of a mile north of its Questionable locational informa­ trance of the River DuBois [Wood I 804 location and that the channel tion is not an exception: it is the River] in relation to the junction." of the Mississippi River has sh ifted rule for the historical record result­ Appleman notes that "An unidenti- . 75 of a mile eastward. ing from the expedition. Another

Detail of Sheet 1, Map of the Missouri River from its Mouth to Three Forks, Montana Survey, April-May 1878, Published, Missouri River Commission, 1892-1895

NOVEMBER 1995 WE PROCEEDED ON 5 case study comes in the form of an article written two decades after Appleman's Camp Wood investiga­ tion. In 1988, Alan R. Woolworth published "New Light on Fort Mandan: A Wintering Post of the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the Pacific. 1804-l 806."23 Woolworth is a noted historical archaeologist who has devoted a great deal of his career to excavations at fur trade sites. Since he began his career as an archaeologist with the State Historical Society of North Dakota, it is not surprising that he was at­ tracted by the prospects of ar­ chaeological work at Lewis and Clark's Fort Mandan. Woolworth's Study-Fort Mandan Woolworth's objective in his articl e on Fort Mandan was to un­ derstand the design and method of construction used at the wintering post of 1804-1805. The site was occupied from November 2, 1804 Possible 1804-05 Fort Mandan Site, Missouri River Channel 1881 & 1981 through t~e morning of April 8, North Dakota History 55(3) 1988 1805, slightly more than five months. Even with such a long period in winter camp, Woolworth mate site of this wilderness out­ lages, and the Fort Clark fur post of makes an all too familiar com­ post," based on maps assumed to l 831 . How the location of Fort ment: "There are relatively few have been made by Clark during Mandan was determined for this specific facts known about Fort the course of the expedition. map is not explained by Mandan, and therefore many ques­ Woolworth notes that Captain Woolworth. One of the primary tions about it have no certain an­ Clark first travelled "a few miles functions of the map was to estab­ swers. " He states that inferences above the mouth of the Knife River lish that the course of the Missouri resulting from a detailed analysis to search fo r a suitable building had changed between the time the of the various journals did help in si te, but soon learned that timber General Land Office completed a reconstructing probable design and and game were scarce there. He survey in 1881 and another survey construction features. It is clear by then decided to search a few miles was performed by the U.S. Geo­ such terms and phrases as "prob­ below the Mandan villages, down­ logical Survey in l 981. The map ably," "perhaps," "may well have stream from the Kn ife River. The suggests that the Fort Mandan site been," "appear to have," "if one search was resumed on November was eroded sometime during this assumes," and other qualifiers he 2. Clark found an excellent site on 100-year period. used throughout the article that the northeast bank of the Missouri. Woolworth informs us that loss Woolworth recognizes the limita­ It had a heavy growth of cotton­ of the Fort Mandan site had begun tions of written records produced wood trees with a few small ash much earlier. He comments that, by the expedition. and elm." "Under favorable circumstances, Although Woolworth's primary Woolworth did not dwell on the extensive archaeological tests purpose was not conclus ively locat­ specific location of the site of Fort might locate this historic fort, but ing the site of Fort Mandan, he did Mandan. He did, however, illustrate this possibility is indeed remote address this issue. Once again, his his article with a map on which he because it was accidentally burned lack of confidence is telling. He identified the site of Fort Mandan, after it was abandoned; by sum­ says, "We do know the approxi- several Mandan and Hidatsu vii- mer of 1806 , when the returning

6 WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER 1995 expedition visited it, the voracious search on Fort Mandan, historical cussing the Lewis and Clark sites Missouri River had eaten away archaeology projects were initiated with a local informant, Ralph most of the site." The fire would to investigate possible expeditions Space, Wegars learned that an ear­ probably have destroyed the sur­ campsites in central and eastern lier effort had been made to locate face features, but it is just as likely Idaho and in Montana, immedi­ the expedition campsites and mark that archaeological evidence of the ately below the Great Falls of the them with stakes, but "that not all fo rt would survive. On the other Missouri. The research on camp­ of the Lewis and Clark cam psites hand, if the river did erode the site sites in North Dakota. Montana got stakes, especially if their loca­ away. the remains would have and Idaho were all underway in tions were 'obvious.'"26 An ap­ washed down the mighty Missouri, 1987, several decades after the praisal of the reliability of locally much as Appleman believed had Fort Clatsop attempts. These highly identified site locations illustrates happened at Camp Wood on the focused research projects were not the point that, the criteria for accu­ Mississippi River. Appleman at­ co incidental. They are evidence of rate site locations used by individu­ tributes his belief that the Missouri the strength of the revival in re­ als with an avocational interest and had eroded the site to the Elliott search focused on the Lewis and those with professional scholarly Coues and Reuben G. Thwaites Clark Expedition. interests may be quite different. editions of the Lewis and Clark Wegars and Sappington-Idaho What may pass muster as the pre­ journals but when the expedition Sites sumed "obvious" location of an returned to the site on August 1 7. The fieldwork in Idaho was con­ expedition campsite for one with 1806 the journal entry does men­ ducted out of the University of an avocational interest may not be tion the river had eaten away the Idaho's Al fred W. Bowers Labora­ persuasive to the scholar who faces 24 site. Woolworth closes his study tory of Anthropology. The archae­ the prospect of launching an ex­ by offering that, "It is tempting to ologist in charge of the field opera­ ploratory archaeological excava­ speculate that additional historical tions was Priscilla Wegars, a re­ tion. Such investments of human evidence about Fort Mandan may search associate at the laboratory. and financial resources must be someday surface. Some of the based on a more thoroughgoing 1 In a 1987 letter report summariz­ fort's remains, fo r example, may ing the research, it was stated that examination and prediction. yet be revealed by man or a the project allowed an examination As noted earlier. the basis for change in the course of the mean­ of sites "known or suspected to Caywood's and Schumacher's se­ dering Missouri River. If such have beep µtilized by Lewis and lection of a search area seemed to should happen, it would indeed be Clark" arid which were located "on be the knowledge of local infor­ a miracle." If Woolworth firmly the Lewis and Clark/Lolo T1:ail from mants. Unfortunately, the pub­ believes that the river had obliter­ Weippe, Idaho to the Montana lished findings and project reports ated the site. it seems odd that he state line."25 Five sites, used by the did not include a detailed discus­ would maintain hope of evidence expedition in either 1805 or 1806, sion of the historical record which being found. Possibly he is reveal­ were selected for preliminary in­ would include the oral histories, as ing a lack of confidence in the con­ vestigation using metal detectors in well as the original journals and clusion that the site was indeed an effo rt to iden tify subsurface maps, and later analyses of this buried or destroyed. metal objects potentially associ­ material by Lewis and Clark schol­ Woolworth's archaeological ated with the expedition and to ars. A more conservative approach hopes for the Fort Mandan site choose one such si te fo r further would accept the valuable informa­ were clearly frustrated by the fact examination. tion provided by local informants that he believed that the site had Wegars points out that part of as a starting point for comparing been obliterated by the meander­ the rationale for selecting some of local beliefs with the documentary ing Missouri Ri ver. This conclusion the sites was that, "the actual loca­ record prior to extensive field re­ meant that two of the three winter tion is not specifically known." connaissance. Wegars appears to camp sites of the expedition­ This. once again, suggests that re­ have recognized both the value Camp Wood and Fort Mandan­ search in the expedition journals and pitfalls of suspected camp were believed to have been lost to had not provided "precise" locations which seemed "obvious" the river upon the banks of which locational information and that to local informants. they had been built. possible camp locations were only An examination of the Univer­ Although totally unrelated, at approximate at best. In this regard, sity of Idaho project identifies a approximately the same time a very important point came up in number of critical decisions which Woolworth was conducting re- the course of the fieldwork. Jn dis- can influence the strategy used in

NOVEMBER 1995 WE PROCEEDED ON 7 archaeological investigations. It fered the best potential for further The possibility still remained was noted that, in the case of three investigation. that evidence of Euroamerican sites, subsequent short- or long­ This prospect appears not to butchering could be associated term occupations were known to have been pursued further because with a historic occupation other have occurred in the vicinity. Such the opportunity to investigate an­ than the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ obvious disturbance and intrusions other site was presented to Wegars tion. What can be seen from this at a site may cause an investiga­ and Robert Lee Sappington from research design was that Wegars tion to be abandoned. Conversely, the University of Idaho's Labora­ and Sappington were well aware of a sufficiently detailed historical tory of Anthropology. The new the ephemeral nature of the Canoe record may encourage an archae­ research opportunity was the site Camp site. Unlike Camp Wood, ologist to select one site rather of the Canoe Camp used by the Fort Mandan and Fort Clatsop, than another for further scrutiny. expedition from the 26th of Sep­ Canoe Camp was not used for sev­ In the case of the Sinque Hole, tember to the 7th of October, eral months and no log cabins or Wegars notes that, "Expedition 1805. Fieldwork was conducted in stockage were built there. Clearly, member Joseph Whitehouse best May of l 988 with the objectives of evidence of the camp would be described it as follows: '. ..Camped "locating th e Lewis and Clark more difficult to locate than those at a Small branch on the mountain Expedition's campsite and boat sites where more substantial devel­ near a round deep Sinque hole full building areas, identifying aspects opments associated with winter of water' (Thwaites 1905[7]: 158)." of their interaction with the Nez camps are known to have been She continues, "Because his de­ Perce, and investigating the nature constructed. It was also known scription was so precise the exact of-the prehistoric occupation at the that the general area of the Canoe 27 campsite can be located today." site. " The research design for this Camp was used extensively by the However, what Wegars seems to project indicates that the area of Nez Perce, that hundreds of Nez mean is that the "vicinity" of the investigation "is one which even Perce camps had been located in camp can be located even though the [National] Park Service admits the area, and that at least one Nez the exact location has yet to be is only 'the approxim ate location Perce trail passed through the sus­ determined. For example, the con­ of a key Lewis and Clark camp­ pected Canoe Camp location. clusion from the field research was site."' The report prepared by In the research design, the ques­ that "the ground on the east side Sappington and Wegars includes a of the Sinque Hole is the flattest, tions to be addressed by archaeo­ "historical background" section logical testing were founded on the but they could also have camped which notes the location of the assumption that, " Boat building on portions of the northeast and camp in the journals and provides activity might be indicated by evi­ southeast sides." an overview of post-expedition dence, if it still survives, of wood The Wegars study also provides uses of the site. Their research chips from hewing out the logs, an example of how logistics may indicates that Edmond Brammer and/or charcoal from burning them influence archaeological endeav­ out. Other woodworking activities had received a patent for property ors. The attempt to reach the included making axe handles, oars, which incorporated the Canoe Pheasant Camp found that no rea­ and 'gig poles."' Regarding the Cam p site in I 906. Under existing sonable access was possible and camp, it was stated that, "Although public land law, it can be assumed the site was not further investi­ there would be little if any evi­ that Bramm er had taken up resi­ gated. Similarly, the Sinque Hole dence remaining from that activity, dency at the site at least by l 901 site was not recommended for the company did consume a vari­ since a minimum of five years further work because the distance ety of wild and domestic meat, residency was required. Prior to from the road made moving equip­ including deer, 'sammon; ducks, Brammer receiving his homestead ment and personnel to the site 'Prarie wolf ,' pheasant, horse, and patent, he "sold 105 acres, includ­ difficult. Of the five sites investi­ ·a fat dog.' Some of the bones from ing the Canoe Camp site, to Elgie gated, one was deemed to have no these animals may still be pre­ (also spelled Elgee) Chase for excavation potential, two were not served, and firepits might remain. $2000." The report also states that, considered accessible, and one Since Euroamerican butchering "Local folklore holds that the actual was believed to have been obliter­ techniques were different from campsite location is at or near ated by modern usage. Wegars' Native American methods, it 'Chase Flat,' that is, near the final conclusion was that, of the should be possible to identify fau­ former location of Elgie Chase's five areas examined, one location, na! remains left by the expedi­ house, situated a few hundred the Bears Oil and Roots site, of- tion." yards downstream. The land that s WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER 1995 Chase sold [to Clearwater Timber sive deposits of prehistoric materi­ recovered." Several explanations Company in 1991 J included the als found at the site, " from virtually were offered for the fact that the area now 'officially' identified as every auger hole and in all three archaeological explorations did not the location of Canoe Camp. " This test excavation units," included yield material from the expedition. suggests that the "official" site and lithic tools and debitage, cobbles, a In reference to the camp, the re­ the site recognized in local folklore pestle, small amounts of fauna! port said that, "it is quite possibl~ were not the same locations. The material, charcoal, and fire-cracked that it was washed into the "official" site was acquired by rock. The report indicates that the Clearwater River at some earlier Clearwater County in 1937, trans­ site is "as yet undated," but the time," and aerial photography had ferred to the State of Idaho in fact that corner- and side-notched dem onstrated some decrease in 1957, and, finally, conveyed to the projectile points were found does site area as a result of erosion. Loss National Park Service in March of provide a rough age for the de­ of the Camp Wood and Fort posit. These point types are "char­ Mandan sites had earlier been at­ 1967. acteristic of the late prehistoric tributed to the action of the mean­ The approach taken by Wegars Harder Phase (ca. 2500-250 BP) in dering rivers. Other impacts to the and Sappington involved surface the southern Columbia Plateau site include highway building in reconnaissance, 54 holes augered (Leonhardy and Ri ce 1970, 1931 and plowing by farmers in at selected intervals, and limited 1980). "28 Sappington and Wegars the early 1 900s, both of which test excavations. Augering and test state that, "There are no indica­ could have contributed to the loss excavations yielded both prehis­ tions of contact period or historic of some expedition camp residues. toric and historic materials. A total Nez Perce occupation at the site, Another possible explanation for of 244 historic items, roughly half which supports the lack of infor­ not finding the Canoe Camp was of which were tin can fragments mation concerning an ethno­ that it was "simply due to sam­ and coal, were found. An analysis graphic occupation here." pl ing, " which was conducted on a of this material suggested that Sappington and Wegars con­ sm all fraction of the to tal site m ost, if not all, of the historic ma­ cluded that, "While we had hoped area. 29 Sampling design at the Ca­ terial associated with early to mid- , to locate remains of Lewis and noe Camp was based on the pro­ 20th century activities. Concentra­ Clark's campsite, boatbuilding, posed construction design and was tions of materials probably de­ and/or trade with the Indians, no focused on the locations of antici­ notes historic occupation. Exten- evidence of ~h Qse activities was pated ground disturbance associ-

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Map of Auger Holes and Test Units at Canoe Camp Robert Lee Sappington Letter Report 94-8

NOVEMBER 1995 WE PROCEEDED ON 9 aced with sidewalks, parking areas tempts in the 1980s to searchfor good fits or where major errors and other site developments. The the invisible. Bob Bergantino, a occur. In the case of major errors, map providing the location of au­ hydrologist at the Montana Bureau Bergantino sometimes speculates ger holes and test units excavated of Mines and Geology, Butte, Mon­ that interpreting Clark's handwrit­ at the Canoe Camp clearly illus­ tana, developed a long-standing ing may, fo r example, have mis­ trates that testing was biased in and well-recognized interest in taken a hastily written 'O' for a '6', favor of the potential construction locating Montana campsites associ­ or that excerpts of the narrative in areas and did not provide the type ated with the Lewis and Clark Ex­ the journal "cannot really be what of systematic coverage archaeolo­ pedition. Bergantino's work has he meant." gists would typically prefer. just as yielded a map locating all expedi­ Bergantino's locations are essen­ Caywood and Schumacher had tion camp sites used by the expe­ tially the "most likely site" of these believed they were looking in the dition as they passed through Mon­ camps based on historic data and right place, so to did Wegars and tana in 1805 and on their return in modern analysis. He cautions read­ Sappington. Their closing state­ 1806. This map was published as ers that "there is always some m ents were that, "A comparison of the Route and Camp Sites of Lewis room for mismeasurement or for Clark's description of their camp, and Clark in Montana, 1805-1806. interpretive error" and that the mentioned as being approximately In this work, Bergantino consulted "maximum confidence level in one-half mile above the bend in the journals, modern maps and analyzing data such as this is about the river, with aerial photographs aerial photography, recalculated 95 % .. " It should be noted that and the quadrangle map strongly the bearings with the necessary Bergantino's efforts were not made supports the location of the site in corrections for the difference in as part of an archaeological proj ect the vicinity of the present park." the magnetic declination in 1805- and the locations were not tested They continued to believe that, 1806 and the present declination, using archaeological techniques. "The potential fo r encountering and completed field studies at the He offered a final disclaimer when cultural material associated with various sites. Using the same tech­ he said, "there will always remain the Lewis and Clark niques Bergantino has compl eted some degree of uncertainty about Expedition .. . remains high." thorough examinations of more the camp's location-until such a Because of proposed construc­ complicated individual segments, time as defi nitive artifacts belong­ such as the Great Falls Portage, and tion of visitor-related services at ing to the expedition are found." the site, add.itional archaeological specific sites such as the White A project examining one of the Bear Island location immediately testing was accomplished after the expedition's Montana campsites southwest of Great Falls. 1988 season. Even with that work, may serve as a tes t of Bergantino's Bergantino's methods are clearly considerably less than 1 % of the methods and results. Using a 30 illustrated in his unpublished study entire site was sampled. No his­ search strategy that was indepen­ of the Whitebear Islands. He notes, toric material was recovered that dently developed, the Museum of could be associated with the expe­ "in order to convert Clark's bear­ ings to bearings based on true the Rockies ' Lower Portage Camp dition, but more conclusive infor­ Archaeological Project was de­ mation about the age of prehistoric north it is necessary first to con­ vert them to azi muths, add 16.5°, signed in 1987 to locate evidence features was revealed. Several then convert them back to bear­ of the expedition's occupation of house pits and concentrations of the site. It was fortuitous that local ings. 3 1 Bergantino states that, in cultural material were located the field, observational errors using contacts arranged a meeting of the within the area explored and a a hand-held compass may be the museum's project director and charcoal sample recovered from result of "weather, haste, minor Bergantino. Bergantino re-exam­ the fl oor of one house pit yielded magnetic variations, visibility and ined his notes on the Lower Por­ an age of 7 40 +I- 70 BP. No men­ distinctiveness of objects ob­ tage Camp and produced a field tion was made regarding whether served." Using this rationale, map showing his estimation of the the additional work at the site had Bergantino assumes that an error area within which the camp site changed the opinion that there is of up to ± 7.5° is within accept­ was likely to fa ll. He believes, with high potential fo r recovering Lewis able limits. He then rests his as­ 90 % accuracy, that the camp will and Clark material at this location. sumptions in the field by retracing fall within an area less than five Bergantino's Study-Montana the bearings and distances at spe­ acres in size. Toward the southern Sites cific locati ons noted in the jour­ end of this area Bergantino identi­ The Idaho Canoe Camp project nals. Attention is paid to those fies a circular area, nearly a third was only one of a number of at- retracings which are extremely of an acre in size, within which he

10 WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER 1995 believes the camp has the "highest that he fe lt greater confidence in identified. Several factors illumi­ probability" of being found. It his estimation of the camp location nated by these studies are impor­ must be kept in mind that compared to the cache. Clearl y the tant to continued efforts to find Bergantino considers a± 7.5° er­ journal details regarding the cache Lewis and Clark campsites: the ror to be within acceptable limits are much more vague. historical record has significant and the bearing is shot over a Although as yet unsuccessful in data gaps and is often contradic­ course of nearly a mile, from the conclusively locating the Lower tory and characteristically inexact; pirogue to the mouth of Portage Portage Camp and, thereby, provid­ the landscape through which the Creek. For an archaeologist, an ing a test of Bergantino's methods expedition passed has, in some error of 7.5° over the course of a and results, the research effort has cases, been altered dramatically by mile might result in an excavation clearly been productive. The inte­ natural as well as cultural forces; it which misses its target by approxi­ grated historical and archaeological is probable that the evidence of mately 220 feet. Bergantino also methodologies necessary fo r Lewis and Clark campsites is inter­ provided a location for the cache achieving the objective are being mixed with cultural features from constructed by the expedition crew refined. Researchers have been earlier times as well as with morP. w hile they were at the Lower Por­ able to build on the experiences of modern historic features; and t;1t tage Camp. An examination of th eir peers, and the obstacles to visibility of the Lewis and Clark Bergantino's field map suggests success are becoming more clearly campsites may be comparatively poor due to stays of short duration and the likelihood that materials carried by the expedition were highly curated. Which poses an­ other questions for researchers: What evidence might be expected that will be conclusively document association with the expedition? It appears to be the consensus of those who have conducted ar­ chaeological explorations that it should be possible to find evidence of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Having the time, techniques and determination necessary to in­ crease the sample size to a favor­ able scale, and thereby the statisti­ cal probability of reaching this elu­ sive goal, appears to be the great­ est challenge. As difficult as this problem may be, the tools fo r detecting and con­ clusively documenting the location of one or more of the expedition's campsites based on archaeological evidence are at hand. Although literally hundreds of these sites were formed, professional archae­ ologists have launched serious at­ tempts to discover tangible proof of only three Lewis and Clark campsites. It may appear to be an incredibly difficult task but one thing is certain: as long as archae­ ologists and historians fail to ask the questions and look for an­ Bergan ti no 's Map of Possible Location of the Lower Portage Camp swers, the quest for positive on-

NOVEMBER 1995 WE PROCEEDED ON 11 the-ground evidence of the Lewis 24Moulton, The journals of the Lewis and 28/bid., p. 2 I. The reference in the text is to and Clark Expedition is Clark Expedition , Volume 8, p. 307. Jn Frank C. Leonhardy and David G. Rice, "A foredoomed. Historical archaeolo­ Ruben Gold Thwaites, Early Western Proposed Culture Typology for the Lower Travels 1748-1846 ('Cleveland: The Arthur Snake River Region , Southeastern gists, at the very least, must rise to H. Clark Co., I 906) Volume 23, p. 222, Washington," Northwest Anthropological the occasion by groundtruthing attributes the belief that the Missouri River Research Notes, (1970) 4(1): 1-29, and historical events so as to place eroded the site away to Charbonneau's Frank C. Leonhardy and David G. Rice, them appropriately in the realm of testimony to Prince Maximilian, but this "The Lower Snake River Culture information may be questionable. Typology-1980." a paper presented ro the historical fact rather than settling 25Priscilla Wegars [letter report], October Northwest Anthropological Conference, for the unsatisfying folklore. 23, 1987. A copy of this report was Bellingham, Washington, I 980. forwarded to the author by Ms. wegars. 29/bid., p. 36. According to data provided in -FOOTNOTES- [Following references to Wegars in the text the report, .0003 % of the 9300 m2 site 22 Roy E. Appleman, "The Lost Site of Camp relate to the October 23 , I 987 Jetter report was covered by the three square meter Wood: The Lewis and Clark Winter Camp. unless otherwise nored.] excavation units and approximately an 1803-04. "journal of the West 7 (April 26/bid., p. 4. Ralph Space, considered a additional .00018 % by the auger holes. 1968), pp. 270-274. [Following references local "expert" on the Lolo Trail and Lewis 30Robert Lee Sappington, Letter Report 90- to Appleman in the text relate to "The Lost and Clark, has published The Lalo Trail: A 11 . October 26. I 990. [Following Site of Camp Wood," unless otherwise /-Jist01y of Events Connected with the Lalo references to Sappington in the text relate noted.] Trail Since Lewis and Clark (Lewiston : to Letter Report 90- 11 unless otherwise 23Alan R. Woolworth, "New Light on Fort Printcraft Printing, 1970). noted.] ln I 994 Sappington submitted Mandan: A Wintering Post of the Lewis 27 Priscilla Wegars and Lee Sappington Letter Report 94-8 which summarized the and Clark Expedition to the Pacific, 1804- (project research design]. n.d., pp. 1-2. A Canoe Camp archaeological investigations. 1806." North Dakota History 55 (3) copy of this research/design was forwarded 31 Robert N. Bergantino, "Notes to (Summer 1988), pp. 3-13. [Following to the author by Ms. Wegars. [Following Accompany the Map of the Whitebear references to Woolworth in the text relate references to wegars and Sappington in Islands and Vicinity, 1805- I 806," to "The Los t Site of Camp Wood," unless the text relate to the project research (unpublished manuscript, 1985, provided otherwise noted.] design unless otherwise noted.] to the author by Bob Doerk).

"This Place We Call Council Bluff''

by V.S. Hinds bend on either Side does the High from the bottom lands to the Fort Atkinson was established as land touch the river for Some dis­ present site on the valley terrace the first U.S. military post west of tance up, l am told." above the flood plain. Although initial plans called for a string of the Missouri River by the "The Situation l am informed is, posts across the plains. this was Yellowstone Expedition of 1819, within 1 days march of the Ottoes, 1 destined to be the only one built but its story actually begins 15 1 /2 of the Panias. 2 of the Mahars, 1 by the Yellowstone Expedition. years earlier with the Lewis and & 2 /2 of the Loups Vi llages, also Congress, in an economy move, Clark Expedition. The explorers Convenient to the roveing Bands of abandoned the idea of a chain of first set up camp in this area on Sioux, Those people are now at forts. With the site selected, it was July 30, 1804, and held council war with each other, an establish­ called Camp Council Bluff w hile with the Oto and Missouri Indians. ment here would bring about the fort was under construction. On August 3, 1804, William Clark's peace and be the means of Keep­ Upon completion, the Secretary of ing it." j ournal notes of that day state: War instructed that it be named There Fort Atkinson was built, "The Situation of this place which after Col. Henry Atkinson, com­ on the bluffs. overlooking the Mis­ we call Council Bluff which is mander of the Yellowstone Expedi­ handsom ellevated a Spot well souri. It replaced Cantonment Mis­ tion. Calculated for a trading establish­ souri, a temporary outpost se t up Fort Atkinson was a large out­ ment, the Bank high and leave! on the year before on the banks of the post for its day. Not only was it 1 top well Calculated for a fort to river about 1 /z miles north. garrisoned by 1 ,000 men, it was Command the Countrey and river The Yellowstone party spent the built on a grand scale. The exterior the low bottom above high water winter of 1 81 9-20 at the canton­ wall dimensions were 455 feet by and well situated under the Com­ ment, and sickness and bitter cold 468 feet, w ith bastions on the mand of the Hill for houses to claimed the lives of 160 members southwest and northeast corners, trade with the natives a butifull of the expedition. A disastrous wagon width gates in the south, Plain above and below at no other spring flood prompted the move (Council Bluff continued on page 31)

12 WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER 1995 .. ' .. ~ JH-c.14

Soun~scapes • • • The Sonic Dimensions of the lewis and Clark Expedition

by Joseph A. Mussulman lyzed and quantified, its discover­ are bereft of the human senses; he Lewis and Clark Expe- ies tallied and named, its deeds they are soundless. dition has been measured and dangers sorted and counted. Sounds are elemental signs of in days, miles and dol­ These are the facts of the matter, life. They reach the feelings di­ lars. Its achievements and our principal link with the rectly. "Sounds thicken the sensory have been enumerated, its an te­ past, to which they lend substance, stew of our lives," writes Diane cedents and consequences ana- shape and significance. But they Ackerman in A Natural History of

NOVEMBER 1995 WE PROCEEDED ON 13 the Senses, "and we depend on the circadian clatter of kettles at them to help us interpret, commu­ mess. And so on, in diminishing nica te with, and express the world but significant c!e tail. This day-long around us." 1 ostinato repeated itself 863 times, By "listening" to the journals of like a musical theme. Lewis and Clark, we can hear the The natural soundscape of the stew simmering. We can per­ expedition's trail is harder to re­ ceive-if but faintly through the construct. Today, even the remot­ crescendo of two centuries of est parts of it are suffused with noise pollution-some of the more noises that mask, pollute and de­ resonant facets of the expedition's file nature's voices. Few places on sonic qualities. earth are beyond earshot of the If landfo rms comprise the land­ monotonous hum of electric-pow­ scape of a scene, then the sonorous ered appliances. Fewer still are soprano gryllidae rubbing body details of a place can be called its secure from the rumble of the in­ parts together in breathless shrill soundscape. A soundscape may ternal combustion engine, that duets, celebrating the day's demise consist of a group of distinct but engulfs the entire spectrum from like one huge polyphonic cricket, often interlocking acoustic bio­ sub-audible sounds-the ones we soon ch illed to sleep. spectrums, or sound keys peculiar can only feel- to the upper thresh­ At the far end of the spectrum, to a given locale. 2 Each sound key old of human perception. low and loud, were the spine-chill­ has a characteristic structure and .Nevertheless, there are numer­ ing roar of the grizzly and the orchestration, like the movement ous clues in the expedition's jour­ hoarse bellowing of buffalo bulls in of a symphony. nals to stimulate our aural imagina­ rut. In the vicinity of White Bear The soundscape of the Lewis tions. On one end of the natural Islands on the Missouri, on July 11 , and Clark Expedition had two as­ sound spectrum, close up, high 1806, the latter-among a herd pects. One was the tumult of natu­ and soft, the sound key was of­ Lewis estimated at 10,000 head!­ ral sound keys reaching from coast ten-all too often, according to the could be heard for m iles; the to coast, each changing its tune by journalists- pierced by the horses were "much allarmed." A the hour, the day, the lunar cycle, dreaded soprano whine of the few days later, over on the and the season. The other was the mosquito, undulating like a tiny Yellowstone near Pompey's Pillar, sound key created by the corps moan, or like a capsule preview of Clark complained that the buffalo itself-the human hubbub that the banshee sirens of modern ur­ kept up "Such a grunting nois crept across the continent. ban life. The ensemble blended the which is very loud and disagreeble The relati vely uncomplicated mezzo-soprano m otif of the hoot­ Sound that we are compelled to sound key of the expedition itself owl, the staccato yelp of the coy­ Scear them away before we can can readily be imagined. Think of ote, and the melodious howl of the Sleep. "3 the intricately woven, undulating wolf, punctuated by the rimshot melodies, rhythms and assorted "flacking" of beavers' tails in the President Jefferson- had in­ timbres of thirty or forty mens' water. structed Lewis to notice "the ani­ voices; the conversations, Betimes the soundscape fea­ mals of the country generally, & mutterings, commands, exclama­ tured the clarion fanfare of the especially those not known in the tions, and the safety-valve out­ western meadowlark, or the U.S.," and the journalists' descrip­ bursts of oaths, songs and laugh­ "Nightingale" (possibly a hermit tions of birds were often painstak­ ter; the obbligato of a woman's thrush) that sang throughout a fair ingly detailed, complete even to and an infant's voice threaded June night in 1804. It included the their distinguishing " notes." But through the fabri c of the male cho­ tail-twisting chatter of the prairie natural sounds are difficult to rus; the secret night-noises of all dog, the hoarse voice of the frog, translate into words, beyond the those people, that only the insom­ and the clackety-rasp of grasshop­ simplest, most generalized niacs and the sentries could hear. pers scraping the summer sun onomotopoea. At times the cap­ Add the percussive punctuations of from their wing-covers (or was that tains found the translation easy, as the hunters' guns, near and far; the a rattlesnake?). It was suffused with with the magpie-"twait twait "sounden horn" calls to missing cicadas simmering in the cotton­ twait" or "tah, tah, tah." Sim ilarly hunters; axes and saws hewing wood trees, and chickadees mo­ imitable were the calls of the least firewood or canoes; the dog notonously rehearsing their two­ tern: "it has two notes one like the Seaman's greetings and warnings; note ditty. It hit a high note with squaking of a small pig only on

14 WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER t 995 reather a high kee [key], and the note was the same with that of the ral soundscapes along the other kit'-tee'-kit'tee'- as near as small frogs which are common to expedition's route were unexplain­ letters can express the sound. "4 In the lagoons and swam[p]s of the U able. Near the present town of Mi­ the case of the common poorwill, States. "8 ami, Missouri, on June 6, 1804, however, it is difficult-even allow­ Natural sounds and human ac­ ing fo r regional variations in avian tivities were found to be related on dialect-to account for the differ­ levels that, regrettably, are irrel­ ence between what Lewis and the evant to modern urbanites: On Indians heard ("at-tah-to'-nah'") May 26, 1806, the men noticed and Roger Tory Peterson's modern that "the dove is coo ing which is perception ("poor-will or poor­ the signal as the indians informs jill"). 5 Moreover, Lewis perceived us of the approach of the salmon." the call of the pinyon jay as Occasionally a "scientific" observa­ "char'ah, char ah '," whereas tion of birdsong is tinged with Peterson hears a "high nasal caw­ pleasure. Near the mouth of the ing, kaa-eh. karn-eh (descending Marias River the curlew, Lewis inflection)" and other contempo­ wrote, "sings very sweetly, has rary ornithologists hear "queh, several shrill soft notes reather of queh, queh. "6 the plaintive order which it fre­ Lewis was temporarily stumped quently repeats and varies .... these when it came to transcribing the larks as I shall call them add much "note" of the "small" tundra swan to the gayety and cheerfullness of heard near Fort Clatsop early in the scene."9 One sunny morning a March of 1806. "[It] cannot be few days later the birds "appeared justly immetated by the sound of to be very gay and sung most George Drouillard heard "a remark­ letters nor do I know any sounds inchantingly; ... the brown thrush, able Snake inhabiting a Small lake with which a comparison would be Robbin, turtle dove, linnit 5 ms. below which gobbles like a pertinent." Nonetheless, he yielded ' goaldfinch, the large and small Turkey & may be herd Several to a compulsion to try: "it begins blackbird, wren and several other Miles." There is no further com­ w ith a kind of whistleing sound birds of less.note." 10 Under "re­ ment from the journalists, and we , and terminates in a round full note marks" for the' month of March, expect none. The human mind has which is reather louder than the 1806; 'oM'e ·of the captains noted always populated dark and danger­ whistleing, or former part; this that "the.birds were singing very ous places with powerful spirits note is as loud as that of the large agreably this morning particularly and frightful monsters. [trumpeter] swan. "7 the common robin"-no doubt a Intermittently, the natural Comparisons with familiar harbinger of relief from relentless soundscape would be overlaid with sounds often sufficed in lieu of rain. Four months later, returning a complementary human sound translations. On April 13, 1805, to the White Bear Islands, Lewis key centering upon an Indian vil­ Clark heard "a Gange of brant basked in the beauty of a rain­ lage. As the captains, obedient to pass ... a vo ice much like that of.•a freshened July morning (the 11th): President Jefferson's instructions, goos & finer &c." Two days later, '• "the air was pleasant and a vast transcribed the babel of native Lewis "heard the frogs crying for assemblage of little birds which tongues into vocabularies, they the first time this season; their croud to the groves on the river also observed the timbres and sung most enchantingly." tempos of the diverse Indian lan­ Not all bird calls were cheery. guages. Clark observed that the On the fifth of November, 1805, Shoshone people had "a gugling Clark co mplained: "I [s]lept but kind of languaje Spoken much thro verry little last night for the noise the Throught." 11 At the Great Nar­ Kept dureing the whole of the rows of the Columbia on October night by the Swans, Geese, white & 27, 1805, Clark noticed that "Com­ Grey Brant Ducks &c. on a Small mon to all the flat head Bands Sand Island close under the Lard. which we have passed on the river, Side; they were emensely all have the clucking tone anexed." noumerous, and their noise ho rid. " The singing and drumming of In­ I Certain of the events in the natu- dian celebrations added a s,nJent

NOVEMBER 1995 chord to the setting, occasionally we had not got to the opposit poet whose name he invoked upon keeping a weary explorer awake. 12 Shore before pt. of our Camp fel his first sight of the Great Falls of Beyond that, the Indians' dogs- into the river." the Missouri. He might even have beasts of burden, san itation engi- It was. indeed, the sound of recalled Thompson's line. "Come neers, beloved pets and sometimes moving water that sustained them then, expressive silence, muse his victuals-must have dominated and drew them onward: As they praise." 16 And when the wind the sound key of many villages. 13 approached the Rockies, all ears stopped shrieking through the At Fort Clatsop, where rain must have been seeking the chinks of Fort Mandan or roaring forced them to entertain guests in rumble that would proclaim the in their ears on the plains. or the their cramped and stuffy quarters. Great Falls of the Missouri. Back at rain quit drumming on the Clark craped an ordinary human Fort Mandan, the Indians had shingles of Fort Clatsop. their ears' sound in an unusual context. Some stated to them that "the nois it respite must have of the natives of that neighborhood makes can be heard at a great dis- been .. .well .. . thrilling. not only inhaled tobacco smoke ra nee." In mid-June of 1805, after but also swallowed it. with crepi- the crisis of uncertainty at the "unaccountable- artillery of the t tant consequences. "They fre- mouth of the Marias River, they Rocky Mountains " quently give us," wrote Clark one revelled in "the agreeable sound of There was one sound that was J soggy January day, "Sounding a fall of water," and Lewis enjoyed unquestionably a part of the natu- proofs of its createing a the "hising" of the foam as it ral soundscape, but which couldn't dismorallity of order in the abdo- floated away. Clark, regarding be made to fit in logically. as the men. nor are those light matters those "Cateracts" with astonish- effect of a cause. thought indelicate in either Sex, ment. remarked on their "dedly On July 4, 1805, Lew is wrote but all take the liberty of obeying Sound." Five months later, as they that since their arrival at the falls the dictates of nature without re- approached the Pacific Ocean on 14 on the 13th, they had "repeatedly serve. " November 7th, the "roreing or witnessed a nois which proceeds noise made by the waves brakeing from a direction a little to the N. of Night and day,- the expedition's on the rockey Shores" seemed to West as loud and resembling pre- ears were tuned to every nuance of confirm their success. Never mind cisely the discharge of a piece of the soundscape, the way a musi- that, technically, their ears had ordinance of 6 pounds at the dis- cian hears every single note of a deceived them, and they had only tance of three miles." The men composition-without effort, al- reached the vast estuary of the called it to his attention several ways aware of implications. During Columbia River. times before he took them seri- most of their journey, their aural En route across the Bitterroot antennae were focused on the ously, and then he heard it himself, sounds of the rivers, sorting out Mountains, it was the thump and very distinctly: "it was perfectly the cacophony of signals-separat- shuffle of horses' hooves that calm clear and not a cloud to be ing the noise of their oars or poles, marked the days-and the nights. seen , I halted and listened atten- of their wading and stumbling, Nothing will rouse a horseman tively about an hour during which from the threatening sounds of from deep sleep quicker than the time 1 heard two other discharges." rapids, eddies, shifting sands, col- silence left behind after the live- "! am at a loss to account for 17 lapsing banks. submerged logs and stock have wandered off. th is phenomenon," he mused. treacherous sawyers. 15 On the 21st Otherwise. the men must have On July 11 Lewis recorded two of June, 1804, Clark noted "the relished occasional windows in the more discharges of this "unac- swift water over roleing Sands soundscape- those cold, clear. countable artillery of the Rocky which rared like an immence windless nights, or those magic Mountains." He recalled that the falls." Three months later, on Sep- moments before dawn. when all of Minitaris, far down-river, had men- cember 21 , at half-past one in the Nature holds its breath while the tioned a mysterious noise. but he morning. Clark was awakened by creatures of the night slip past had paid no attention, supposing it the sound of moving sand. " ! got those of the day. Then there was to be either fa lse or "the fantom of up," he wrote, "and by the light of the solemn silence on that "butifull a supersticious immagination." the moon observed that the Sand evening." following the funeral of The engages had told him that "the was giving away both above & Sergeant Floyd. Those are the mo- Panis and Ricaras give the same belay and would Swallow our ments when Lewis might again account of the Black mountains Perogues in a few minits. ordered have reverently wished for the gift which lye West of them," but ex- all hands on board and pushed off of James Thompson, that English plained it themselves as "the burst-

16 WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER 1995 groans of the mountain endeavor­ ing to cast forth the precious stones hidden within its entrails." " In fact," Irving wrote, "these sin­ gular explosions have received fanciful explanations from learned men, and have not been satisfacto­ rily accounted for even by philoso­ phers. " 23 Back on July 4, 1805, Captain Lewis had assured himself, with the confidence of a true child of the Age of Enlightenment: " I have no doubt but if I had leasure I could find from whence it issued." But Washington Irving was an off­ spring of the Romantic era: In whatever way this singular phenomenon may be accounted ing of the rich mines of silver year, he supplied Clark with addi­ fo1: the existence of it appears which these mountains contain."18 tional data fo r his map of the West, to be well established. It Clark summarized Lewis's notes including a report of strange remains one of the lingering on the matter, with a few em bel­ boom s heard on Rosebud Creek: mysteries of nature which lishments, and back-dated his en­ "at the head of this river the throw something of a try to June 20th. "It is probable," indians give an account that very supernatural charm over her he added, "that the large river just frequently there is a loud nois wild mountain solitudes. and above those Great falls which ' heard like thunder which makes we doubt whether the heads in the derection of the noise the earth tremble-they state that imaginative reader will not has taken it's name Medicine River they seldom go there because their rather join with the poor Indian from this unaccountable rumbling children cann.ot sleep at night for in attributing it to the thunder sound, which like all unacountable this·.noise and conseive it posesed spirits or the guardian genii of thing with the indians of the Mis­ of spirtis who are averse that men unseen treasures, than to any souri is Called Medicine. " 19 should be near them. "22 The head commonplace physical cause. 24 After the expedition ended, of the Rosebud is more than 250 Perhaps the "artillery of the there was some more discussion m iles southeast of the Great Falls Rocky Moun ta ins," by whatever about the matter between Clark of the Missouri. name it m ight be called, will some­ and his editor, Nicholas Biddle. On The "artillery" continued to how attract the attention of a 21st­ December 2 O, 1 81O, Clark wrote to startle travelers in the West. The century scientist w ho will deter­ Biddle: " I think I mentioned havine information the Pawnees and mine its cause once and for all. In •' ~ heard a rumbling noise at the fa l1s Arikaras gave to Lewis was recon­ the meantime. why not throw in of the Missouri, which was not • firmed in 1810 by Wilson Pri ce with Washington Irving's "poor accounted for, and you accounted Hunt, in charge of john Jacob Indian"? Do we really need to for them by similating them to Astor's Pacific Fur Company expe­ know all the answers. Avelanches of the Alp. "20 Biddle dition. Washington Irving, who -FOOTNOTES- must have had second thoughts related the account in his history ' Diane Ackerman. A Natural History of the about his own suggestions, how­ of the Astor family, Astoria, said Senses (New York: Vintage Books, 1991), p. ever, for no such notion appeared that Hunt reported a "natural phe­ 176. in Allen's History of the Expedi­ nom enon of a singular nature" in 2 Bernard L. Krause, "Bio-Acoustics: Habitat Ambience and Ecological Balance," Whole tion. 2' the vicinity of the Black Hills. Simi­ Earth Review. no. 57 (Winter. 1987). p. 14. Meanwhile, in 1808 George lar sounds, he remarked, had been 3july 25. 1806; Gary Mauleon, ed., The Drouillard explored Crow Indian heard in several parts of Brazil by a journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition country, south of the Yellowstone Jesuit priest named Vasco ncelles, (8 Volumes; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1986-93), 8:226. River, with fur trader Manuel Lisa. who was told by the Indians there 4Lewis wrote of the magpie on September Returning to St. Louis the follow ing that it was but "the throes and 17, 1804. The tern tuned up on August 5,

NOVEMBER 1995 WE PROCEEDED ON 17 1804; Moulton 2:451 . co-captain's namesake nutcracker, whose nature, was especially popular in America. 5Lewis. October 16, 1804; Moulton 3: 178, voices are, musically speaking, "of less ''Moulton 4:361-62. Peterson, A Field Guide to Western Birds note." ' 8Moulton 4:374-75. jean Valle, a trader (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, "Clark, SeptembBr 5, 1805; Moulton Clark met on the Missouri River on 1990), p. 214: "a loud. repeated poor-will 5:188. October I , 1804, had told him that "a 2 or poorjill." ' Lewis, August 13, 1805: "I was several great noise is heard frequently" in the "August I, 1805; Moulton 5:25. Peterson, times awoke in the course of the night by Black Hills. p. 256. See also Chandler S. Robbins, the yells but was too much fortiegued to be 19 Moulton 4:320. Bertel Bruun, and Herbert S. Zim, Birds of deprived of a tolerable sound night's 20Donald Jackson. ed. Letters of the Lewis North America (New York: Golden Press, repose." and Clark Expedition with Related 1966), p. 208 13Clark, October 18. 1805. One would Documents (Second edition, 2 vols.; ' March 9, 1806; Moulton 6 :395. Efforts to suppose that the noise pollution around Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 1978), describe bird calls have produced some the Wanapam and Yakima villages at the p. 565. eloquent musical criticism. The Audubon co nfluence of the Snake and Columbia 21 Paul Allen, Hist01y of the Expedition under Society of North American Birds describes rivers must have been somewhat reduced the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark. the "note" of the whistling swan (Olor when the men bought forty dogs for to the Sources of the Missouri. thence across columbianus) as a "loud, melodious, high­ food-cheap! the Rocky Mountains and down the River pitched call, ... like distant baying of 14january 10, 1806; Moulton 6:196. Columbia to the Pacific Ocean (New York: hounds, but also more like soft, musical 15ln the boater's lingo. a sawyer is a fallen Bradford and Inskeep, 1814). laughter, wow-how-ow, ... ; also utters long tree still anchored to its root-wad, 22M.O. Skarsten, George Drouillard. Hunter whoops and clarinetlike sounds." The rhythmically rising and sinking in the and Interpreter for Lewis and Clark. and Fur consensus is now that, Lewis's judgment chaotic current. It can entrap the unwary Trader. I 807-1 810 (Glendale, CA: The notwithstanding, olor columbianus does boater, brush him from his craft, and Arthur H. Clark Company, 1964). pp. 268- not whistle, and the American damage or sink it. Private Willard tangled 69, and end-paper map. Ornithologists' Union has abandoned with a sawyer on the Missouri River on 23 Washington Irving. Astoria, Or Anecdotes Lewis's name in favor of tundra swan. August 4, 1806. of an Enterprize Beyond the Rocky 8Moulton 4:33 and 4:4 1. 16A Hymn (1730). Thompson (1700-1748) Mountains, in Richard Dilworth Rust, ed .. 9june 4, 1805; Moulton 4:254. was a pioneer of 19th-century The Complete Works of Washington Irving 10Lewis, June 8, 1805; Moulton 4:265. Was Romanticism, and a precursor of Cowper (1836; reprint, Boston: Twayne Publishers, he punning? Perhaps he was referring to and Wordsworth. His epic. The Seasons 1976), I: 167. various corvidae such as the magpie, or his (1726-30), with its focus on the beauties of 241bid.

••IVloodus Noises.. Twenty years before Lewis the Three Forks. On August 7, ferred to air quakes or sea farts, and Clark documented the "artil­ w hen Roberts and his party Haitians called them goujjre, lery of the Rocky Mountains," were camped at the mouth of Ital ians knew them as baturlio Daniel Jones of the Am erican the Sun River, they recognized marina, and Hollanders and Bel­ Academy of Arts and Science sounds similar to those Lewis gians said mist poejjers. In cen­ studied similar occurrences near and Clark had reported. "Alto­ tral New York state they were West-River Mountain in New gether," he confided to his j our­ the guns of Lake Seneca; in the Hampshire. Jones remarked that nal, "there was something Florida Gulf, j ust "air sounds." "the peasants ... becam e strange in the coincidence. "3 Natives around Lake Bosumtwi, pussessed w ith the idea of During the 1890s, scientists in West Africa, said Bosumtwi gold."' Earlier in Colonial days, in Nova Scotia and England put oto atuduru-"Bosum tw i has booming sounds were occasion­ out calls fo r accounts of the phe­ fired gunpowder!" They've been ally heard a few miles south of nomenon, and responses came noticed in Syria, Egypt, and present-day Hartford, Connecti­ from all corners of the globe. Constantinople; in Switzerland, cut, at a place local Indians Each locality had its own name Provence, Alsace, Tuscany, Bur­ named Moodus, meaning for the sounds. 4 In Ontario they gundy and Paris; in Lapland and "strange noises. " 2 were called Cornwall thumps; in the Eastern Himalayas. 5 In 1872, the Northern Pacific Ireland, the water guns of Lough The most recent reports of railroad sent Thomas P. Roberts Neagh; in Scotland, the detona­ sonic anomalies were recorded to Montana to conduct a survey tions of Comrie; in England, the between December 2, 1977 and of the upper Missouri River, and sounds of Morecambe Bay. Brit­ May 31, 1978. Nearly 600 sepa­ map a narrow-gauge rail route ish officials at Barisal in rate "mystery boom s" were around the Great Falls of the Bangladesh, near the mouth of heard along the east coast of Missouri, so as to extend steam­ the Ganges River, termed them North America, from Nova boat commerce all the way to Barisal Guns. Nova Scotians re- Scotia to Charleston. They elic-

18 WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER 1995 ited enough fear and anxiety coasts and over lakes and 3 Thomas P. Roberts, Report of a among American taxpayer to thought to be caused by feeble Reconnaissance of the Missouri River in 8 1872 (Washington: Governm ent Printing prompt Senator Harrison Will­ earth tremors." It appeared Office, 1875), 49. iams of New Jersey to demand again two years later in a dictio­ 4 W.F. Ganong, "Upon Remarkable an investigation, and the Naval nary of scientific terms, bearing Sounds Like Gun Reports Heard Upon Research Laboratory was given a less equivocal explanation: Our Southern Coast," Bulletin of Natural Hist01y Society, New Brunswick, Canada the assignment. The NRL esti­ "Low, thunder-like noise, of (1897), 40. Also G.H. Darwin, in Nature, mated that two-thirds of the short duration, most frequent in (October 31. 1895) 52:650. George "events" were caused by super­ actively seismic regions; it is the Howard Darwin was a son of Charles so nic aircraft; the rest were as­ rumbling of a very feeble earth­ Darwin. 5See Corliss, passim; also Encarta 9 cribed to "unknown causes." quake. " The most recent dictio­ (Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, An analysis of the NRL report naries of the English language 1994), s.v. Barisal guns. by two East Coast researchers are silent on the subject. 6Sandra Claflin-Chalton and Gordon led to the conclusion that the Nonetheless, here and there, MacDonald. See note 1. ;Personal communication, November majority of the unattributed now and then, one can still find 29, 1994. noises had a natural origin, pos­ people who will quietly admit­ 8 Webster's Third International Dictionary sibly but not necessarily associ­ with a little smile as if prepared (Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam ated with earthquakes.6 Recently to be corrected, or else to be put Company, 1971 ). Emphasis added. 9 Robert W. Durrenberger, comp., a suggestion was made to Pro­ down for having "a supersticious Dictionary of the Environmental Sciences fessor MacDonald that he and immagination"-that they think (Palo Alto, CA: National Press Books. his co-author bring their book they've heard something like the 1973.) up to date, but there was insuffi­ mysterious "artillery of the cient new data to make the ef­ Rocky Mountains." About the author ... 7 fort worthwhile. It seems that -FOOTNOTES- Joseph A. Mussulman, a profes­ an impenetrable pall of noise ' "An Account of West-River Mountain," sor emeritus at the University of pollution, dominated by sirens Memoirs of the American Academy of Montana, is the author of several and jet engines, has w iped such Arts and Science, 1784, Vol. I, pp. 312- books on music history, biography experiences from our ken. 15; cited in Sandra Claflin-Chalton and and appreciation . He also has Gordon j. MacDonald, Sound and Light w ri tten and directed multimedia Modern lexicographers have Phenomena: A Study of Historical and tried to fix a scientific name on Modern Occi1m:nces (McLean, Virginia; and audio interpretive programs this strange but ubiquitous sonic The MI'fRE Corporation, 1978), 75. about various national parks and 2 event, but it has not taken hold. K.W. Golde in The Foretan, October historic sites. Dr. Mussulman is 1941, p. 7; from the Buffalo Evening The word brontides, from the planning an interactive multime­ News of March 2, 1940. Cited in dia CD-ROM series on Lewis and Greek words bremein, roar, and William R. Corliss, comp., Strange bromos, loud noise, appeared in Phenomena: A Sourcebook of Unusual Clark. the 1971 edition of Webster's Natural Phenomena (2 vols.; Glen Arm, Dr. Mussulman lives on the MD: William R. Corliss, 1974), I:GSD Lolo Trail just a two-hour horse­ Third International, with a defini­ [Geology-Sounds-Detonations], item back ride west of Travelers Rest. tion no more precise than that 013. Following a series of At the end of his teaching career of Lewis, Clark or Fr. Vascon- microearthquake swarms during the ,, he served for twelve seasons as a celles: "a low muffled sound like 1980s, scientists sank boreholes in the "Moodus quadrangle," but the results of wilderness ranger for the Lolo Na­ distant thunder heard in certain the research contain no references to tional Forest. seismic regions esp. along sea- the mysterious sounds.

CAMP FORTUNATE CHAPTER Lemhi Pass. The Laura Tolman velopment of the site. Dillon, Montana Scott Wildflower Trail has been re­ A recent project has been the The Camp Fortunate Chapter established and a visitor register restoration of the Lewis and Clark was organized on November 20, has been installed. diorama that depicts Lewis depart­ 199 I . The chapter now has 31 We were successful in getting ing from the main party near the members and meets on the third Clark's Lookout placed on the Beaver's Head 14 miles northeast Monday of each month. National Register of Historic of Dillon. The chapter has been active in Places in 1994. We are presently A future project will be loca ting helping the Forest Service clean up working on obtaining necessary and marking the expedition camp­ and maintain Sacajawea Park at easements in order to begin de- sites in our area.

NOVEMBER I 995 WE PROCEEDED ON I 9 We Met Them at the Fair Lewis and Clark Commemorated at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition

by Ann Rogers Part 2 of2 Parts he statues of Lewis and Clark. w hich stood on q the fairgrounds por­ trayed the men in frontier garb as explorers of the Louisiana Territory. Formal portraits of the two, part of an extensive collection presented by the Missouri Histori­ cal Society, reminded fairgoers that after the great journey both Lewis and Clark. served the territory as administrators. A month after becoming gover­ nor of the Louisiana Territory, Meriwether Lewis was painted by Charles Willson Peale, w ho had expressed a wish to have "his por­ trait fo r the museum." 1 Peale's museum would later include a por­ trait of W illiam Clark and a wax figure of Lewis wearing the gar­ ment of "Ermine Skins" he had received from Ch ief Cameahwait.2 Now in Independence Hall, the Peale portraits are the best-known likenesses of Lewis and Clark. The History of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, ed ited by Mark Bennitt, reproduced w hat the caption de­ scribed as a copy of the Peale por­ trait of Lewis "painted for the Mis­ souri Historical Society and exhib­ ited by them at the Louisiana Pur­ chase Exposition."3 The portrait of Clark seen by fairgoers was described as one "owned by his grandson, john The Clark monument at Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis was O'Fallon Clark of Saint Louis, and dedicated during the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904. exhibited by the Missouri Historical Society. "4 An inventory of the Chester Harding, a self-taught study now on loan to the Society's collection at the fair iden­ artist, did at least three paintings Governor's Mansion in Jefferson tifies it as a "portrait, by Harding." of Clark including a full-length City. Harding's apparent copy of a

20 WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER 1995 likeness of Clark by John Jarvis is year he expected to be on his re­ the farm of John O'Fallon, a reproduced as the one displayed at turn to St. Louis. 10 nephew. In 1860, Clark's body and the fair. 5 The second, written about three those of five family members were Perhaps Harding's most engag­ weeks later, was John Brahan's reinterred at Bellefontaine Cem­ ing portrait of Clark was painted in letter telling of Lewis' death on the etery, where wooded hills over­ words. He wrote that upon his ar­ Natchez Trace. One of three letters looked the Mississippi. rival at St. Louis in 1820 he pre­ he wrote from Nashville on Octo­ On October 2, 1904, a monu­ sented a letter of introduction to ber 18, it was apparently based on ment consisting of a granite obe­ "Governor Clarke, " who "kindly lisk and a bronze bust of William helped" locate '·'a suitable room for Clark was dedicated. The bust had a studio and then offered himself been draped for the ceremony as a sitter. " 6 with the official flag of the Lewis The list of portraits exhibited at and Clark Centennial, brought the fair by the Missouri Historical from Oregon by Henry E. Dosch, Society includes the names of commissioner of that exposition. 12 Auguste and Pierre Chouteau, A Kansas bishop gave the bless­ Antoine Soulard, Manuel Lisa, and ing, and a military band played a other associated with Lewis and hymn. Mayor Wells spoke of Clark's years in the Louisiana Terri­ Clark's untiring energy and the tory. 7 great good he had done for St. The permission given by Gover­ Louis; and David R. Francis, presi­ nor Lewis to Manuel Lisa in 1809 dent of the Louisiana Purchase for trade with the Indians was one Exposition, said people in this part of a large number of documents of the country were only beginning relating to the history of the terri­ to appreciate Clark's achieve­ 8 tory which were displayed. ments.13 Among the i t~ms loaned by the Just before the unveiling of the Chicago Historical Society were a monument, a Creek chief from the photographic copy of "William The bust of \Yilliam Clark faces Indian territory praised Clark as "a Clark's appointment as Agent of brave man and a man of mercy," Indian Affairs in the Territory of towards the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, f rom who, throughout a difficult m ission Louisiana, signed by Henry which the boats of the Corps of "made friends with the Indians. " Dearborn, 1807" and the original Discovery set out in 1804. Personalizing his tribute, he added: manuscript of a letter by Governor "As an Indian, I love General Clark Clark, "of the Missouri Territory, to Major James Neelly's letter of that and honor his memory. As an Governor Edwards [of the lllinois day to Jefferson. Not half the American, I love General Clark and Territory], dated St. Louis, 21st length of the maj or's communica­ honor his memory." 14 May, 1817, relative to Indian Af­ tion, Brahan's report to Stoddard A photograph in the next day's fairs. "9 focused on the events at Grinder's edition of the St. Louis Republic Two letters exhibited had bee'n Stand and included little from showed Clark family members sent to Amos Stoddard in the au- • Neelly's account of the days pre­ posed on the obelisk's terraced tumn of 1809. Said to be previ­ 11 ceding Lewis' arrival there. base. Nine children seated on the ously unpublished, each is printed Lewis had lived in St. Louis less steps represented the youngest in its entirety in Ben nitt's history of than two years after becoming generation. Standing behind them the exposition. One was the last governor of the Upper Louisiana letter written by Meriwether Lewis. was Mrs. Jefferson K. Clark, the Territory. When William Clark died His apology for not responding to widow of Clark's last son, w ho in 1838, he had been a resident of "several friendly epistles" received provided in his will for the monu­ from Stoddard since the St. Louis for thirty-two years, serv­ ment. John O'Fallon Clark, who expedition's return was followed ing as an Indian agent for the terri­ had loaned the fair his by a brief explanation for his cur­ tory, a brigadier general for militia, grandfather's portrait, was present. rent journey to Washington and a governor of the Missouri Territory, Also pictured are Clark's grand­ request that Stoddard send $200 and superintendent of Indian af­ daughter, Julia Clark Voorhis, and he was holding for him. In cl osing, fairs. A m ile-long cortege accom­ her daughter, Eleanor Glasgow he wrote that by the first of the panied the body to a burial plot on Voorhis. The Missouri Historical

NOVEMBER I 995 WE PROCEEDED ON 21 Karl Bitter's statue of Thomas The Jefferson Memorial at the edge of Forest Park was built with profits from Jefferson holds the place of honor in the fair. The fountain, which commemorates the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the loggia of the Jefferson Memorial. was added later.

Society would eventually receive "to stand for som ething more than tailed weasel. .. whose hair turns white in from Mrs. Voorhis the Lewis and architecture and art." Francis winter." 3History of the Louisiana Purchase Clark journals she had inherited, wrote that it should "house our Exposition, ed. Mark Bennitt (St. Louis, including Clark's field book w ith historical literature and official 1905), p. 74. his sketch of Fort Clatsop on the records and relics in ... worthy sur­ 4Jbid. , p. 75. 5 elkskin cover. 15 roundings" where "they might Jbid. , Cutright, 46-48, and john Francis 16 McDermott, "How Goes the Harding David R. Francis and others who always be accessible. " For this Fever?" Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, had worked to make the Louisiana reason it became home to the Mis­ Vol. VIII , No. 1 (October, 1951), 52-59. The Purchase Exposition a success pro­ souri Historical Society, w hose portrait of Clark which appears in Olin posed a memorial to Thomas massive collection includes the Wheeler's The Trail of Lewis and Clark, 1804-1806 (New York, 1904), p. 79 is Jefferson as an enduring legacy of telescope Lewis used on the jour­ "Supposed to be from an Old Portrait by the fair. The Exposition Company ney to the Paci fic, a compass car­ Harding, Made when Clark was Governor and the City of St. Louis agreed ried by Clark, and the journals of of the Missouri Territory. Courtesy of john their share of the profits should go the expedition.17 O'Fallon Clark, St. Louis, a grandson of Wm. Clark." As reproduced, it is not to this purpose, and Francis per­ The Jefferson Memorial is a identical to the portrait in Bennitt. suaded Congress to contribute the legacy of the Louisiana Purchase 6Cutright, 4 7. federal government's share as well. Exposition of 1904, when twenty 7lnventory of Missouri Historical Society The building, on the site of the million fairgoers could visit repli­ exhibits at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, pp. 282-84. fair's main entrance, was dedi­ cas of Monticello and Fort Clatsop, 80fficial Catalogue of Exhibitors: cated April 30, 191 3 . April 30 was see statues of Lewis and Clark as Department of Anthropology. Universal the day the fair had opened in explorers or portraits of them as Exposition (St. Louis, 1904), p. 42. 9/bid. , p. 49. 1904 and is the date on the Louisi­ governors, and read documents 0 ' Bennitt, p. 73. ana Purchase Treaty of 1803. Un­ related to their roles in the terri­ "lbid. , pp. 73-74. The Missouri Historical veiled at the ceremony were a tory. We met them at the fair. Society holds Lewis' letter to Stoddard but bronze bas-relief sculpture entitled apparently has only a copy of the Brahan "The Signing of the Louisiana Pur­ letter. I was unable ro find either in the - FOOTNOTES- society's invenrory of its exhibits at the chase Treaty" and a marble statue ' Paul R. Cutright, "Lewis and Clark: fair. Brahan's three letters are discussed by of Thomas Jefferson. Both were Portraits and Portraitists." Montana, the Vardis Fisher in Suicide or Murder? designed by Karl Bitter, chief of Magazine of Western Hist01y, Vol. XIX, No. (Ch icago. 1962), pp. 139- 143. 2 sculpture for the exposition. 2 (April, 1969), 38. ' St. Louis Republic, October 3. t 904. p. t 1. 2Jbid., 38-39. Cutright explains the 13/bid. But the memorial was intended "ermine" was "actually the fur of the long- 14lbid. 22 WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER 1995 Annuals or Perennials?

Purpose of the L&CTHF aspect of their work on behalf of Lewis & Clark Fellow Fund The purpose of the Lewis & the L&CTHF is the inability of the The primary thrust of the PGC's Clark Trail Heritage Foundation L&CTH F to accomplish more than restricted-fund effort is to create an (L&CTHF) is: to stimulate awareness a small part of what could be done asset base whose investment in­ of the Lewis & Clark Expedition. In were more financial resources come will be used to pay a part of order to achieve that purpose, the available to it. To that end, the the cost of an executive director L&CTHF works in concert with (1) Bronze Fund was comm enced in for the L&CTHF. That asset base is federal, state and local government 1976 and developed since then to called the Lewis & Clark Fellow agencies; (2) non-government not­ ensure that investment income Fund. In previous years, L&CTHF for-profit organizations similar to from that fund will pay, in perpetu­ financial reports and other docu­ the L&CTHF; (3) other organiza­ ity, a significant part of the cost to ments showed existence of a PGC tions and (4) individuals in the publish We Proceeded On. Fund in addition to the Fellow accomplishm ent of its two objec­ Fund. However, in 1994 the PGC tives. Those objectives are: (a) pub­ More Financial Resources Fund and the Lewis & Clark Fellow lication and distribution of docu­ Needed Fund were combined. ments pertaining to the Lewis & Financial resources additional to Actual contributions to the Fel­ Clark Expedition and (b) construc­ the annual investment income low Fund through August 4, 1995 tion, dedication and maintenance from the bronze and other re­ amount to nearly $46,000. Assets of public markers, monuments and stricted funds were. and are. in the Lewis & Clark Fellow Fund parks adjacent to the Lewis & Clark • needed to help pay for other as of that date total about $60,000. Trail. L&CTHF work segments. Conse­ The $ 14,000 difference between Present and former officers and quently, another organized what has been donated and what directors of the L&CTHF share the planned-giving effort, on behalf of is in the fund is accounted for pri­ view that the most disappointing the L&0'HF, was begun in 1987. marily by two factors: (1) consoli­ Originally termed "Endowments dation of the former Planned Giv­ Committee," and now called the ing Committee Fund and Executive Secretary Fund with the Lewis & 15fbid. Planned Giving Committee (PGC), '"David R. Francis, The Universal Exposition its initial purpose was to (1) en­ Clark Fellow Fund and (2) invest­ of 1904 (St. Louis. I 913), p. 679. courage members to name the ment income additions to all three 17A listing of the society's major Lewis and funds since their commencement. Clark holdings appears in Paul R. Cutright, L&CTHF in their wills and (2) to Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists increase their giving to restricted Present emphasis of the PGC (Lincoln , 1969), pp. 452-53. Jan Snow, funds whose investment income is The primary purpose of the PGC "Lewis and Clark in the Museum '' used in perpetuity to m eet the ex­ Collections," Gateway Heritage, Vol. 2. No,. continues to be to increase long­ 2 (Fall, 1981 ), 36-41 has color photographs pense of specific L&CTHF endeav­ lasting financial resources of the of the telescope, compass, and related ors. The August 1988 issue of WPO L&CTHF. During 1995 annual items. included a document prepared by meeting days, L&CTHF members the PGC which invited members to contributed $4,000 to the Lewis & About the author ... name the L&CTHF in their will. Clark Fellow Fund. Moreover, some Foundation member An n Rogers Since that time a number of per­ members indicated they plan to received her Ph.D. from St. sons have indicated to members of begin making installment contribu­ Louis University and taught for the PGC that they have done so. tions to the Fellow Fund in the 12 years, most recently at Normally, the "pipe line lag" re­ 1995-6 fiscaJ year. Since the an­ Maryville University. The ex­ sponse time to a wills emphasis is nual meeting, another L&CTHF panded version of her book about l 5 years, depending upon member has become a charter Lewis and Clark in Missouri was the age level of persons participat­ member of the Lewis & Clark Fel­ reviewed in WPO August 1994. ing. Patience may be required but low Fund. mortality will have its way. A secondary purpose of the PGC

NOVEMBER 1995 WE PROCEEDED ON 23 is to raise short-term funds for the stricted funds, designation of the in order that investment income L&CTHF. During the 1994-5 fiscal L&CTHF in one's will, naming of from those funds may be used to year, the PGC helped increase vol­ the L&CTHF as benefi ciary of part, pay as large a part as possible of untary-extra-contribution giving or even all, of one's life insurance. L&CTHF annual operating expense. associated with membership re­ L&CTHF restricted funds serve The L&CTHF will need to continue enrollment. The PGC continues to both current and long-term finan­ to "grow" its restricted funds. How­ encourage members to include the cial needs. Whatever annual ever, the larger those restricted L&CTHF in their wills. L&CTHF expense is paid by invest­ funds become, the easier it will be ment income from restricted funds to attract supplemental funding Current or long-lasting giving reduces the amount of income from sources outside the L&CTHF better? otherwise required to meet current membership. Moreover, the greater Is it better to make a gift to the expense. For example, on the aver­ the inves tment income from re­ L&CTHF that will be used to help age, investment income from the stricted funds becomes, the lesser pay current-year operating ex­ Bronze Fund has paid approxi­ the annual budget strain will be on pense or make a gift to one of the mately one-third the cost of pub­ m embership dues, annual meeting L&CTHF restricted funds whose lishing WPO. If it were not for the gains, etc. Please help "water the inves tment income can be used in inves tment income from that fund, plants you want to grow." perpetuity to support a designated the L&CTHF would have to meet all L. Edwin Wang, Chairman segment of the L&CTHF's work? of the WPO publication costs from Planned Giving Committee The L&CTHF has four restricted current income instead of only funds: Betts Fund, Bronze Fund, two-thirds of the total. Burroughs Fund and the Fellow In a sense, the L&CTHF is faced Fund. Use of investment income with a flower-garden planting deci­ and principal from the Betts Fund sion: should annuals or perennials is restricted to the purchase of be pl anted? An annual produces OBITUARY equipment for the publication of flowers for a single year. A peren­ WPO. Only investment income nial produces flowers year after FRITZI G. CHUINARD from the Bronze Fund may be year. In addition to the annual­ Mrs. Chuinard died August 16, used and that only for paym en t of perennial choice, another decision 1995 at age 89. WPO publication costs. Investm ent needs be made concerning which She was born June 9, 1906 in income from the Burroughs Fund annuals and which perennials. Th e Ida Grove, Iowa. Her maiden name can be used only to support youth L&CTHF needs both annuals and was Goff. education associated with the perennials in its garden. Members She lived in Tu.coma until gradu­ Lewis & Clark Expedition. Only of the L&CTHF decide what kind of ating from Washington State Uni­ investment income from the Fel­ "plants" they prefer. versity with a teaching degree. low Fund may be used and that Water the plants you want to She married Frenchy Chuinard only to help support costs of the grow July 5, 1930. Frenchy and Fritzi L&CTHF's executive director. were longtime m embers of the The L&CTHF was originated L&CTHF needs both kinds of withoutjunding. Since its begin­ Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. Frenchy was the ning, the L&CTH F has been raising income founder of We Proceeded On money through its restricted funds Supporters of the L&CTHF de­ magazine. cide whether their gi fts will be She and her husband spent used for (1) current-year expense, most of their 63 years of married (2) expense for many years in the Most recent donors to the life in Portland. future- even in perpetuity-or (3) Lewis & Clark Fellow She served on the Portland Cur­ both (1) and (2). Opportunities for riculum Council, five years on the Fund current-year-expense giving to the Multnomah County Planning Com­ L&CTHF include: gifts of cash, se­ Jane R. Billian mission and six terms as a repre­ curities and real estate; matching David Bor/aug sentat_ive in the Oregon Legislature. gifts; voluntary-extra-contributions Dr. Gerald R. Holcomb Surviving are her son, Robert of tied to membership renewals; and Anonymous second-time giver New Orleans; daughter, Beverly gifts in memory. Long-term giving Robert R. Shattuck Forrest of Olympia; and six grand­ possibilities include: gifts to re- children.

24 WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER I 995 ~Book Review~

OUR NATURAL HISTORY: THE LESSONS OF LEWIS populations that could be target goals today. The AND CLARK by Daniel B. Botkin. (G.P. Putnam's same research style is applied to the food sources Sons, 1995) pp. xix+ 300. Hardcover $25.95. that have been eliminated, buffalo, and modern ex­ ploitation of living resources from salmon loss on A Review by Jack DeForest the West Coast because of over-fishing and habitat With the approaching bicentennial of the 1 804-6 destruction to recent deforestation and its impact on Lewis and Clark Expedition that played a significant natural ecosystems. role in opening the American West fo llowing Presi­ Citizens with environmental quality co ncern for dent Jefferson's doubling our country's size with the future generations will appreciate this book's sub­ 1803 Louisiana Purchase, this well-written book stance as messages surface that should be under­ provides an insightful assessment of important ele­ stood by politicians. Interested students w ill find ments of wilderness reported in the Lewis and more knowledge about our historic natural world in Clark Journals. The textual analyses by Dr. Botkin, the excellent supplement volume by Paul R. an environmental biologist w ho directs academic Cutright, " Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists" research programs in California and Vi rginia, is (U. of Nebraska Press, 1989), that includes daily dis­ unique in style and substance with information coveries of flora and fauna during thei r unmatched useful for modern policy action. His stimulating terrestrial exploration venture. read of the illuminating wilderness reports in the Lewis and Clark journals (newly edited by Gary E. Moulton, University of Nebraska Press) is linked to Dr. DeForest is an environmental economist w ho recent geographic natural world scien\ific research lives in Fairfax County, Virginia. over the Corps of Discovery's 4,000 mile outward journey from St. Louis, up the Missouri River, acros:5 the Great Plains, over the Rocky Mountains and,. down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. ,· The perceptive narrative recognizes the wilder­ ness status of natural ecosystem s encountered by Lewis and Clark and the changes evident today fol­ lowing decades of settlement by Europeans whose productive technology and culture varied widely from that of the Native Americans they encoun­ tered. The book's eleven chapters w ith reference notes focus reader attention Olil' o,ur natural history and necessary policies required tQ avoid disastrous anthropogenic behavior that degrades prospects for all species. Botkin's succinct revelation of the Lewis and Clark Expedition highlights the natural world en­ countered before it was changed by modern civili­ zation. His interesting research focus reveals the historic changes by nature itself- e.g., the Missouri River and its unpredictable meandering through flood plains even during the Lewis and Clark voy­ age. Specific animals encountered by Lewis and Clark were studied in context with current conser­ vation programs. The "most dangerous and fright­ What in the world is this mess? It is one of the pieces of ening" grizzly bear is reported from Lewis and a now restored Lewis and Clark diorama. See article Clark encounters and the "nature determined" page26.

NOVEMBER 1995 WE PROCEEDED ON 25 The restored diorama. (Beaver's Head in the upper right.) Lewis and Clark Diorama Restored and Rededicated

joint effort of the blance of its figure to that animal. The diorama came into being in Beaverhead County Mu­ She assures us that we shall either the early 1950s through the efforts seum and the Camp For­ find her people on this river or on of K. Ross Toole of the Montana tunate Chapter of the the river immediately to the west Historical Society. Rudy Autio was flLewis and Clark Trail Heritage of its source." the sculptor, Leslie Peters painted Foundation has resulted in the It was here Lewis decided to the original background and Muriel restoration and rededication of a take three men and travel ahead as Guest made accessories like ca­ historic diorama depicting an event far as it took to find the Shoshone. noes and rifles. Robert Morgan that took place near the Beaver's Lewis was worried because it was coordinated and arranged the dis­ Head northeast of Dillon. Montana getting late in the sum m er and he play. on August 9, 1805. realized they must contact the On August 8, 1805, Lewis wrote, The diorama was fea tured in the Shoshone soon and obtain horses "The Indian woman recognized the Montana Historical Society Mu­ or they would be unable to cross point of a high plain to our right. seum in Helena for many years the mountains before w inter. The This hill she says her nation calls and was then moved to Great Falls the Beaver's Head from a resem- dioram a depicts their departure. where it was placed in storage.

26 WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER 1995 Unfortunately, the move required that the diorama be sawed into several pieces. Bob Doerk of Great Falls says the diorama was headed to a land­ fill in Helena when his group, the Portage Trail chapter of the Lewis and Clark Heritage Foundation, got wind of what was happening. Un­ der the leadership of lawyer Dick Martin, the Great Falls group res­ cued it and donated it to the Beaverhead County Historical Soci­ ety in Dillon. Permission was eventually re­ ceived to move the diorama to Dillon and restore it. The Beaverhead County Museum re­ ceived a grant from the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation to help pay the costs of restoration. Local sculptor Connie Miller re- paired and restored the sculptures. Close-up of the lower right corner of the diorama. Jim Corr, former art instructor at Beaverhead County High School and Western Montana College, painted a new background that , ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ shows the Beaver's Head. Camp Fortunate chapter members and community volunteers spent countless hours constructing a display area in the former Union Pacific Railway Depot.

CLASSIFIEDS MAPS-"Exploring the West from Monticello," a perspective in maps from Columbus to Lewis & Clark by the University of Vir­ ginia Library and Guy Benson. 69 pages with narration and a supplement by Robert Bergantino showing the use of navigational instruments in determining lati­ tude, longitude and magnetic variation. A few copies left over Lewis and his party of three. Beaver's Head is at the top. The party went to the from I 995 annual meeting-an upper right. excellent item for any western movement library-$ I 2.00 post­ paid- Lewis & Clark Publications, Box 577, Bozeman, MT 59715.

NOVEMBER 1995 WE PROCEEDED ON 27 U-P-D-A-T-E by Martin Erickson

Matching Money Raised for adventure than he had perhaps bargained for when Interpretive Center he used a raci ng canoe to follow the eastbound trail Montana of Lewis and Clark from Three Forks, Montana to at the arch in St. Louis last summer. It was a 75-day Good news from Great Falls! The $3 million voyage filled with both boredom and excitement. needed to match federal funding for the Lewis and lvemey got a taste of what was in store for him Clark Interpretive Center, to be built at Great Falls, early on when he ended up in a hospital in Great has been raised 12 days before the deadline date of Falls, Montana the day after a I 4-hour day of fight­ September 30. In fact, the fund raising effort has ing head winds on the Missouri River so strong that gone over the top with a bang. $3,058,257 has been they drove his canoe backwards. "Stubbornness kept raised as of September I 9. me going," he said. But the stubbornness and lack of A second piece of good news also cam·e on Sep­ carbohydrates gave him dehydration. te mber 19. A congressional conference committee Riding the lakes across eastern Montana and in has agreed to honor the federal commitment to pro­ North and South Dakota where the winds would vide the m atching money. With congress in a budget whip up w ith almost no notice was one of the hard­ cutting mode, there had been a great deal of con­ est parts of the trip. Most of the time he was able to cern about whether or not the funds would be ap­ get off the water before things got serious, but one proved. However, Montana Senator Conrad Burns storm just about did him in. reported, "Right now it is a done deal." About 100 miles south of Mobridge, South Dakota, More money will still be needed to put back the he hit disastrous weather. things that had to be cut when congress scaled down "The wind started whipping up and it drove me the project from $9.5 million to $6 million. They ashore about 2 p.m. " he related. "About 5 or 6 I range from funding interactive exhibits that were looked off to the west and saw very dark clouds." eliminated to building an amphitheater and moving His radio announcer warned of a very violent a road so that a safe parking area can be built. Land­ storm and said to take cover. Tornadoes and hail scaping and outdoor exhibits will also be added back were forecast. He turned his canoe over some 50 in when the money is raised. feet from shore and put his provisions under it. If all goes as planned, Great Fall s, with a brand "I noticed a green squall line and all I could see new interpretive center, will be the site of the near me was an old, rotten cottonwood tree which foundation's 1998 annual meeting. had fallen." A comment from an official of the Montana De­ He tried to dig a foxhole behind the cottonwood in partment of Commerce's Travel Montana Office em­ pouring rain and wind. The rai n changed to hail phasizes the importance of the center and the won­ which hit his unprotected body and head for about derful timing that is involved. Gail Brockbank noted 45 minutes. He was able to get his tent out and put that when the bicentennial of the explorer's trip is it over his head during the storm which dumped celebrated (in a few years) the interpretive center seven inches of water on the site in 24 hours. will be a focal point. "Soon I was knee deep in mud and lying in sev­ "The Lewis and Clark Trail is nationally known eral inches of water." and there's a lot of value in that. Already people are When he looked for his canoe, it, and his equip­ beginning to talk about 'that bicentennial'. That will m ent were scattered all around the shore from have a big fo llowing in Montana." winds up to 75 mph. His canoe was upside down in -Great Falis TI"ibune a storm-made lake. Eventually he retrieved it and used it and the tent as a shelter from the storm, Along the Trail which raged fo r 36 hours. Mayday calls on his CB Foundation member Bill lvem ey had more of an went unheeded.

28 WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER 1995 "How the hell did I live through this?" Ivemey said ily the corfoam bottom of the boat is thick and there was his thought when the storm subsided. was no damage other than minor surface burns. An affirmed Lewis and Clark buff, lvemey said he -Saranac Lake. New York Adirondack Daily Enterpi·ise is getting old and he wanted to see how much Nez Perce Tableau in Place strength he had. The trip provided a personal test of Idaho his condition. Life-sized statues depicting Nez Perce chief "Mostly though the Lewis and Clark bug caught Twisted Hair's first meeting with Lewis and Clark me," he said. "They did a fan tastic thing. It's amaz­ have been placed at the Lewis-Clark State College ing what the human spirit can do and l want to try (LCSC) campus in Lewiston, Idaho. and instill that in young people. " The meeting, which would change the course of Oh yes, there was also an Indian "attack." history, took place in 1805 as the expedition When Ivemey got to Standing Rock Sioux Reser­ straggled over the Bitterroot Mountains short of food vation near Fort Yates, he put up at a boat ramp for and reduced to eating its horses. the night, leaving the canoe in the water near the The tableau, which also shows Twisted Hair's son dock. It was j ust before the Fourth of July and the "being a little boy," according to New Mexico sculp­ Indians were celebrating by shooting off fi reworks. tor Doug Hyde, is the focal point of LCSC's Centen­ The celebration went on until 2 or 3 a.m. and nial Mall. many of the rockets went over Ivemey's head. One, Mylie Lawyer, the 83 year-old great-great-great however, with a fishtail, just went over lvemey's granddaughter of Twisted Hair, was among those head and landed in his canoe under his seat. He had who attended the unveiling of the statues. to wait I 0 or 15 seconds for it to burn out, but luck- - Lewisron Morning Tribune

efrom the ~aJt

July 1945- "Commemorating the l 40th anniver­ October 1945-"In 500 simultaneous ceremo­ sary of the Lewis and Clark expedition in th~ Piac,ific ' nies, Lewis and Clark markers were erected on Northwest, the annual convention of the Ame~i.can school properties along the Lewis and Clark Trail Pioneer Trails Association opened at Browning, with frorn St. Louis to the west coast. Cascade County the Blackfeet tribal council and the Browning and Schools along the trail erected and dedicated six of Cut Bank chapters of the Montana council as hosts. the markers, the first at Portage and the last at Ulm. An outstanding program has been arranged by the The other four are at Ryan Dam, Collins School, Great Falls chapter, featured by an elaborate histori­ Paris Gibson Junior High School, and at a point on the Missouri River across from Bear Island. " cal pagea nt, 'Cavalcade of the Great Northwest,' at the North Montana State Fairgrounds. "A clay model of Sacajawea, Indian Bird Woman, EDITOR'S NOTE: I spotted the following in the created by Mrs. Jessie S. Lincoln of Great Falls, local "Montana Album" section of the Great Falls sculptress, was viewed by officials of the American Tribune July 23 and October 8, 1995. They are Pioneer Trails Association. If the model is accepted, from the 50 years ago column. Does anybody a 10-foot bronze statue copied from Mrs. Lincoln's know if the American Pioneers Trail Association work w ill stand somewhere along the Montana trail is still in business? The Charles M. Russell crossed by Lewis and Clark under Sacajawea's guid­ painting is now the most prominent feature in ance. " the House Chamber in the State Capitol in "Helena-Charles M. Russell's largest canvas, de­ Helena. Do you have any of the 50 year old Lewis picting the meeting of the Lewis and Clark expedi­ and Clark markers in your area? tion with the Flathead Indians at Ross Hole, about I would appreciate it if you would send in 100 miles south of Missoula, formed a fi tting back­ any items from the past that you spot in your drop fo r the ceremony of the presentation of the of­ local newspapers or magazines. If you send ficial charter of the Montana Council of the Ameri­ then in, we will use them. can Pioneer Trails Association."

NOVEMBER 1995 WE PROCE EDED ON 29 IDAHO CHAPTER Lewis and Clark Projects Win by Steve Lee, President m aterial is very helpful and will be Preservation Award The Idaho Chapter was formed put to good use in our elementary to organize the 1990 annual meet­ and secondary school history A Special Projects Division ing in Lewiston. Since that event, classes which relate to Idaho and Preservation Award was pre­ the chapter has been involved with the Northwest. Your contribution is sented to the Lewis and Clark other Lewis and Clark activities in appreciated." Su fficient funds were Proj ects in Great Falls, Montana, Idaho. With membership concen­ raised that also enabled the chap­ by the Cascade County Histori­ trated in three different geographic ter to place videotapes in univer­ cal Society. Cindy Kittridge, di­ areas-northcentral, Salmon area sity and college libraries as well as rector of the historical society, and the Boise area-a meeting is some private schools. described the history of the scheduled in each area every year. The chapter has also been in­ projects in the county while pre­ This makes fo r a wide variety of volved with monitoring the land se nting the awards in Septem­ events since the trail in Idaho managem ent agencies which ad­ ber. ranges from the broad foothills of minister the trail. Idaho is fortu­ She noted that at a 1983 city the Bitrerroots in Lemhi County to nate to have sections of the trail goal setting session, Bob Bivens the forests of the Lolo Trail area which have not been highly devel­ suggested that the Lewis and and the Clearwater River. Boise is oped or destroyed. In the Lemhi Clark story was an important not near the trail. County area, the trail cuts through part of Great Falls history. He Past meetings have included the Salmon National Forest and gathered other enthusiasts celebrating National Trails Day, BLM lands before it ends up back around him and formed the campouts on portions of the Lolo in Montana. The other stretch of Portage Route Chapter of the Trail and hikes on both Clark's re­ the trail crosses the Clearwater Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage connaissance trip on the Salmon National Forest and roughly follows Foundation. River and the Lewis and Clark an old forest road cut through in Four of the five different orga­ Grove. At the most recent meeting the I 930s. Some of the trail is in nizations that grew out of that in Boise hosted by Carol roadless areas which have been original idea-the Portage Route MacGregor in her beautiful historic proposed for wilderness status in Chapter, the Honor Guard, the home, Ron Laycock provided an the past. The chapter will continue Lewis and Clark Interpretive interesting program entitled "The to monitor activities in these areas Association and the Lewis and Role of Women in the Lewis and Clark Fund, Inc.-are all active due to the pressures of logging, Clark Expedition" outlining the and continuing to work toward mining and road building and en­ support given by individuals rang­ preserving the Lewis and Clark sure that the historic trail is not ing from Mrs. Cane in Camp Wood story. negatively impacted. to the Shoshoni and Nez Perce At our recent meeting, chapter women in what is now known as officers were elected for the next Idaho. The past two years the chapter two years. Steve Lee will continue CLASSIFIEDS has been fundraising in order to as president, Roy Toyama was elected vice president and Ruthann RARE COLLECTORS WHISKEY place a Lewis and Clark videotape BOTTLES. Lewis and Clark Se­ Caylor will continue as secretary­ in all of the state's 11 2 school dis­ ries-porcelain. Sculpted by artist treasurer. Board members include tricts. The funds were raised by Gary Schildt. Complete set in­ raffling a beautiful quilt w ith a Diane Coons, Barbara Opdahl, cludes Lewis, Clark, Sacagawea, Lewis and Clark theme, hand­ Wilmer Rigby, Pete Sozzi and Ken Charbonneau and York. Perfect made by Bev Davie of Orofino. Swanson. This team will continue condition $550. Proceeds to be Earlier this year, the tapes were the chapter's role of enhancing the donated to Lewis and Clark Inter­ distributed to the schools. The vid­ enjoyment of the expediti on's pretive Center Fund. Contact eos have been well received and story in the land of the Lemhis and Lewi s and Clark Fund, Inc., P.O. the superintendent of the Garden the land of the Nez Perce people in Box 398, Great Falls, MT 59403. Valley schools stated: "Audio visual what is now known as Idaho.

30 WE PROCEEDED ON NOVEMBER 1995 COUNCIL BLVFF­ EDITOR'S DESK PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE­ Cont. from Page 12 Cont.from p. 3 Cont. from Page 3

west and north walls, an under­ years before accompanied the annual directory of officers, direc­ ground passage under the east chief of the tribe ... to talk to Will­ tors, committees and chapters. It wall , two narrow exits (sally ports), iam Clark in St. Louis. While the reveals the very large number of and a powder magazine in the two Indian men we re with Clark, people who do the real work of the center of the parade ground. Along the former explorer tried to talk foundation. Please contact Execu­ the walls were barrack rooms, th em into abandoning the Morning tive Director Vogt, the officers, about 20 feet wide, with plank Star cerem on ial. The two agreed board members, or committee floors and ceilings, shingled roofs, that the practice should cease, but chairs if we can be of service to lime-pointed walls and brick chim­ they could not convince their com­ you. neys and fireplaces. patriots. When it became apparent It is a pleasure to acknowledge This was an important site in to Man Chief that his people were the fine relationship that the foun­ the journey of Lewis and Clark, in really intending to sacrifice the dation enjoys with the National dealings with the Indians. in the young Comanche girl, he inter­ Park Service. Dick Williams, the expansion of the fur trade and in vened just at the moment they coordinator of the Lewis and Clark the early river traffic on the mighty were tying her m the scaffold. National Historic Trail. has been Missouri River. Riding up in front of the as­ instrumental in helping us work The fo rt was abandoned in sembled throng, he announced to together and in assisting us in the 1827, when the Army realigned its the waiting crowd that he had establishment and maintenance of fo rces to better protect the growing com e for the girl, whereupon he the cooperative agreement that overland traffic that was following cut her free, threw her on h is provides funding for the position of more southerly routes west. Gradu­ horse, and galloped off with her, our executive director and other ally, all physical evidence of the later sending her south to rejoin Lewis and Clark proj ects. It is great fo rt disappeared and the area re­ her people." to work. with such great partners! verted to farm land. Thus it existed Fi nally, I suggest that each of until 1961, when local concern for (J(~t:~ you begin to plan to attend the preservation of the site prompted ' annual meeting next summer in organization of a drive to purchase . Sioux City, Iowa, August 4-7, 1996. and restore the area. Cooperation time, hupdreds of hours of volun­ A formal invitation and schedule among the Nebraska Game and teer labor have gone into rebuild­ will accompany the next issue of Parks Commission, The Fort ing the armorer's shop. We Proceeded On. Strode Hinds, Atkinson Foundation, The Greater Game and Parks Commission former foundation president and Omaha Historical Society, the crews have progressed with their long-time hard worker for the foun­ Washi ngton County Hi storical Soci­ restoration schedule of construc­ dation, is chairing the local plan­ ety and the Omaha World-Herald tion of the council house, the south ning committee. The meeting will newspaper allowed the Commis­ barracks wall, the north barracks offer many opportunities for us to sion to take title of the land two wall, the east barracks wall and the learn about Lewis and Clark and to years later. powder magazine. Vi sitors are wel­ see Lewis and Clark sites in the Donations made through the com e to see what has been accom­ area; let's take advantage of those Game and Parks Foundation total plished and to tour the interpretive opportunities that Strode and his close to $1 million, w ith over half a center. Living history demonstra­ committee are making available. million coming in the form of di­ tions are staged periodically at the Have a great foundation year, mension lumber and logs for re­ fort. The blacksmith and the gun­ and see you in Sioux City! construction by the Plum Creek smith set up at the Arm orer's Timber Company. This was hauled Shop, while volunteers in.ierpret to the site by Plum Creek's parent rifle regim ent activities in various grounds are open year-round and corporation, the Burlington North­ rooms along the west wall. ·The the visitor center is open 9 a.m.-5 ern Railroad. In addition. dona­ carpenter and the cooper also have p.m. during the summer. tions by the Burlington Northern workshops there and, at times, the Registrants to the I 996 Annual Foundation and the Peter Kiewit Indian agen t can be found at the Meeting of the Foundation w ill visit Foundation supported the con­ council house. General information Fort Atkinson duri ng the meeting, struction of the visitor/interpretive and interpretive schedules are August 4-7, 1996 in Sioux City, center at the park. At the same available at the visitor center. The Iowa.

NOVEMBER 1995 WE PROCEEDED ON 31 Capt. William Clark I July 30th Monday 1804~Set out this morning early proceeded on to a clear open Prarie on the L.S. on a rise of about 70 feet higher than the bottom which is also a Prarie (both forming Bluffs to the niver) of High Grass & Plumb bush Grapes &c. and situated above high water, in a small Grove of ti1J1ber at the foot of the Riseing Grountl between those two preraries, and below the Bluffs of the high Prarie we Came too and formed a Camp ...