CHAPTER II

COMMAND SENTENCE IN ENGLISH

In this chapter, the researcher discusses about imperative/ command sentence in English. According to Fuad mas’ud in his book (2002: 211) told imperative is a form that used for command, prohibition, request, invite, and used just in present tense form. It means that imperative have many function in a sentence such as for command and prohibition. Te imperative mood used to give instructions or order (zainab istrabadi, 2008: 5). Many function of imperative here, it will tell under this explanation generally but for the last the writer just focus on command sentences it self. Kridalaksana (2001: 92) stated: "The sentence as a unit of language that is relatively self-contained, has a final intonation patterns, and actual or potential consists of a clause; free clauses that are part of the cognitive conversation; proposition which is a combination unit clause or a clause is, the form of free units; minimal response, calls and greetings

Command is a command can be interpreted as allowing someone to do something, or stated the requirement for something to happen, even to the interpretation (the connotation), derision or sarcasm. Commands can also turn from ordered to do something to prevent or forbid to do something. Command sentence are sentences that contain commands. The people do command every day, but sometime they not realize if they do it every day. The people always do command to another person because it very simple and easy to use.

A. The Functions of Imperative/ Command Sentence 1. Telling command and prohibition

Command in English is “an expression for someone to do something” (wijaya, 2010: 181). Usually command in a sentences not use subject. Command has two patterns; they are Verbal Command and Nominal Command. A command sentence does not specifically identify a subject to which the direction is commanded, but it is communicated to the receiver such that they understand the action is required of them. Commands are very easy to use. Begin the sentence with a verb and end with an object, a person or a thing. Every command sentence always end by interjection symbol (!)

The next is prohibition, prohibition is an expression to warn other people not to do something or to forbid. Like in Command expression, Prohibition also has two patterns; they are Verbal Prohibition and Nominal Prohibition.

For example in verbal command such as

Stand up! Sit down! Nominal command such as Be careful! Be diligent! Verbal prohibition such as Do it now! Don’t lie to me! Nominal prohibition Don’t be lazy! Don’t be crazy! 2. Telling Request Request is an expression to ask something with another people. For example Give me that pencil, please! Pass the salt, please! Come in, please! Allow me! 3. Telling Invitation Invitation is a document written or a printed or spoken word, conveying the message by which one is invited. For example: Have cigarette. Have a drink Have a cigarette Come and have fun 4. Telling Entreat Entreat is an expression that really needs help. For example: Help! Help! Save me! Have pity on me! 5. Telling Offer Advice This function purposed offer advice to someone. For example: Be straightforward Never tell me a lie Be sociable Don’t live in the past 6. Telling Direct an Invitation Direct Invitation is spoken word to invite someone directly. For example: Have a cigarette Come inside and help yourself Come and have fun Have a drink on me 7. Telling Give Instruction Giving Instruction is one expression someone to give instruction to the other. For example: Turn to the right at the cross-roads and then keep straight on Fill the form and hand it in at the next counter Follow me 8. Telling Suggestions Suggestions is one expression someone to give suggestions to the other. For example: Try his office or ring up his house. Let u get to the point Let u put it this way 9. Telling Express a Supposition or Condition Supposed you were elected, what would you do? Supposed you were a millionaire, how would you live? 10. Telling Express a Wish Have a nice time! Have a good holiday! Relax and enjoy yourself Sleep well

The writer has told about these. In above, the writer has told about the function of imperative such as for telling command, request, invitation, and advice. But in this case the writer just focus tell imperative for command. B. The Kinds of Command Sentence

According to Wijaya (2010: 181) command sentence have three kinds: Positive command, negative command, and polite command. Positive command does for expressing a command that has positive mean. Negative command used for telling a command that has negative meaning. The lat I polite command is to express the command that someone to ask something to the other person in formal and non formal situation.

1. Positive Command Positive command used for telling in positive sentence. The patterns of positive command Verbal Nominal

V1 + Obj / Adv! Be +3C

Example: Example: - Open the door! - Be careful! - Switch on the lamp! - Be your self! - Sleep soundly! - Be wise father! - Drive slowly! - Be the best!

Table 2

Note: V1: Verb 1, Obj; object, Adv; adverb, 3C; 3 complement From table 1 there are two patterns for verbal command and nominal command. Kridalaksana (2001: 92) stated: "The sentence as a unit of language that is relatively self-contained, has a final intonation patterns, and actual or potential consists of a clause; free clauses that are part of the cognitive conversation; proposition which is a combination unit clause or a clause is, the form of free units; minimal response, calls and greetings. Sentence has important role in communication because a sentence should be able to convey information, ask something, or even expressing human emotions. A sentence called verbal form when predicate is verb. In command sentence just use V1 or infinitive verb and without adding s/es. Infinitive is the first form of a verb. Infinitive also is a verbal consisting of particles to and from the simple form of the verb (bare infinitive). Verbal is a word formed from the verb, but it serves as another part of speech. There are two kinds of infinitive “to infinitive” and “bare infinitive”. Bare Infinitive is not followed by the infinitive particle "to". Other terms include: base form, short infinitive, or zero infinitive.

In command sentence here use “bare infinitive” because in a verb of sentence may not use adding s/es, and also in a sentence may not use “to infinitive” for example to cook, to go. But in a sentence use infinitive verb (bare infinitive) such as go, sleep. These are the example of true command sentence: Sleep! Go! Sit down!

From these examples we can look there are some expression of command sentence and has mean although just a word. The word “sleep!” it has mean there is someone who ask the other person to sleep, so command sentence is impossible if someone ask to her/himself to do something. It have to there is another person to say it, usually “you”.

Whereas if we use “to infinitive” and please look some examples here: To cook To look If we use these words, it can not have some meaning. Why? Because, it are not complete sentence and there are not clear meaning. So, to infinitive will never be able to be command sentence or use for command sentence. The good sentences if we use “to infinitive” are: I want him to help the poor. I am to go right now. In patterns of verbal command sentence “V1 + obj / Adv!”. There is object or adverb here. Just now the writer has told about verb it self. Object in command sentence depend on a verb that used. The simple command sentence “sleep!” if we want to add by object, we can write and say “sleep in bedroom!”, “open the door!” .Furthermore use object, we can also use adverb. Adverbs can explain or give explanation on verbs, adjective, noun phrase, the other adverbs or all sentences. Because of the function like that, so adverbs also called modifier. The kinds of adverbs are adverb of manner, adverb of place and direction, adverb of time, adverb of degree, adverb of frequency, adverb of quantity, interrogative adverb and relative adverb. But for using in command sentence not all adverbs can use for making command sentence. These are the example of command sentence use adverb Adverb of manner Run quickly! Drive slowly! Adverb of time Go now! The second pattern is nominal command sentence. Nominal sentence is a sentence that not has a verb and uses the auxiliary verb or better known as (Verb BE). The examples of the verb be present (is, am, are), past (was, were), participle (been), continuous (being). Or in other words, the nominal sentence is not a sentence that the predicate is a verb. The predicate for nominal command sentence use “to be”, and just write “be” And followed nominal sentence, we can use noun, adjective, adverb. The arrangement of nominal command sentence “be+3c”. Be is same with “to be”. Complement is the term used for a word (or words) which are needed to complete the meaning of an expression. Complement also is a term to complete the mean of a sentence. Three complements here include noun, adjective and adverb. Some example of command sentence use three complement are: Be careful adjective Be a smart student noun Be calm adjective 2. Negative Command Table negative command Verbal Nominal

Don’t + V1+ Obj/adv! Don’t + be+3C!

Example: Example: - Don’t close the door! - Don’t be angry! - Don’t switch off the lamp! - Don’t be arrogant! - Don’t sleep too night! - Don’t be stupid! - Don’t cry loudly! - Don’t be naughty!

Table 3

Negative command sentence is one of kinds from command sentence that has same purpose (to ask someone) but have different mean. The mean of negative command sentence more has negative meaning, it can be command to prohibition but it different with prohibition. Actually negative command not always has negative meaning, it can be has meaning advice in doing something. For making negative command sentence use “don’t”. It shows that this sentence has meant to ask someone to do not do it. Negative command sentence also have two patterns that are verbal form and nominal form. The example of command sentences in verbal form are: Don’t sleep on the floor! Don’t close the door! Don’t cry loudly! From these examples show that negative command sentence has a message for someone. The example one “don’t sleep on the floor!”, it has means that there is someone to ask the other person to do not sleep on the floor. This command also has hide meaning or message that if we sleep on the floor we will get sick. The other example is “ don’t cry loudly!” it is also has hide meaning. That is if someone cry loudly, it can disturb the other person that perhaps is studying, or getting sick. The next pattern is for negative nominal command sentence “Don’t + be+3C!” . in this form, there is verb that used in a sentence. The verb change with on of three complement like positive nominal command sentence. These are the example of negative nominal command sentences: Don’t be angry! Don’t be arrogant! Don’t be stupid! From these sentences we can look that in negative nominal command sentence has different meaning with positive nominal command sentence. It more a prohibition bad character someone to change better. 3. Polite command For polite command sentence, we just add “please” in front of sentence or behind, it can use for verbal and nominal and there is no patterns for polite command. Polite command usually used to ask someone older than commanded, it can also used in formal situation. The pattern is Verb + adj / adv+ please or/ Please + verb + adj /adv Example: - Open the door, please! Please open the door! - Don’t touch me, please! Please don’t touch me! - Be patient, please! Please be patient! - Don’t be stingy, please! - Don’t think too much, please! Please don’t think too much!

The position of “please”here not ha different meaning although it write in front of the verb or the last of verb. C. The Function of Command Sentence There are some functions of command sentence in English such as for telling someone to do something, telling someone not to do something, and telling polite form of a command sentence. Lets me tell every function: 1. Telling Someone to do Something The first function of command sentence is to tell someone to do something. For example: Answer the phone! Help me! In these examples we can look that there is someone ask the other people to do something. But, the other people here not mentioned in a sentence. Every command sentence always has mean subject hidden “you” and there is no command sentence ha mean subject they, he, she or asking to them self “I”. 2. Telling Someone not to do Something The second function is telling someone not to do something. This function more have negative mean. It can be a command to prohibit for doing something. The example from this are: Don't do that! (The subject is "you.") Don't hit him! From these examples, we can look that in this function has mean that there is someone command the other person not to do something.

3. Telling Polite Form of A Command Sentence Polite form usually used if we want to command someone that older from us, it can also use in formal situation. Polite form in command sentence just adding by “please”. For example: Please give that to me! Pass the potatoes, please! In writing “please”, we can write in front of sentence (before verb) or ending of sentence (after verb). D. The Concept of Command Sentence In English There are some concepts in making command sentence (Elizabeth O'Brien. 2004)

Command usually ends with a period, but it may also end with an exclamation point (!). Commands ask or tell people to do something. For example: Please pass the salt. Get out of my way! Both of those sentences are commands. The first one doesn't sound as commanding as the second one, but both of them are commands because they both ask or tell someone to do something. 1. Finding The Subject Commands are always speaking to someone or something, the subject is always the word you. The word "you" is not even in a command. Because of this, the subject is actually called “you”, and it is written like this: (you) this means that the subject is the word you, but since you is not written or spoken in the sentence, it is simply understood and is written in parentheses. See this table:

Command sentence Subject

Please find my yellow leotard. (you)

Shut the door! (you)

Be there at 5:00. (you) Table 4 When a command begins with a noun of direct address, it might get tricked into thinking that it is a declarative sentence. A declarative sentence (also known as a statement) makes a statement and ends with a period. It's named appropriately because it declares or states something (Elizabeth O'Brien. 2004). They can be very simple or quite complex. Declarative sentence don't ask questions, make commands, or make statements with emotion. For example: Bob, shut the door! Grandma, be there at 5:00

2. Diagramming Commands Diagram (you) in the place where the subject goes. See these examples! (You) verb

(You) shut the door

Shut the door!

(you ) be

There at 05:00

Be there at 05:00

From some diagram above, we can look that actually in command sentence has hidden subject. The subject is you. Why we don’t write the subject “you”? Because, in command sentence in English there is no the other subject except you. So it has been clear to know and understand to use. Actually command sentence in English use for all person (subject) but for expression or pronounce not written. But the function is same that is for doing something