The Facts on File Guide to Research
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term paper, or written project depends not only on the quality of your writing but THEalso on the FACTS quality of your ON research. FILE With the vast explosion in growth of electronic GUIDEtechnology, TOvirtual RESEARCH libraries, the Internet, and traditional libraries, re- term paper, or written project depends not only on the quality of your writing but also on the quality of your research. With the vast explosion in growth of elec- THEtronic technology, FACTS virtual libraries, ON the Internet,FILE and traditional libraries, researching any topic has never GUIDEbeen easier than itTO is today, RESEARCH so long as you understand JEFF LENBURG THE FACTS ON FILE GUIDE TO RESEARCH Copyright © 2005 by Jeff Lenburg All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lenburg, Jeff. The Facts On File guide to research / by Jeff Lenburg. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-5741-9 (acid-free paper) 1. Information retrieval—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Research— Methodology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Library research—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. ZA3075.L46 2005 025.5'24—dc22 2004018941 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Erika K. Arroyo Cover design by Cathy Rincon Printed in the United States of America MP FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. To my aunt Violet, aunt Joan, and uncle Andy, and to my former journalism professor Lew Barrett, for all of your love and support over the years, this one is in your honor. ✒ CONTENTS Expanded Table of Contents ix Acknowledgments xxix Introduction xxxi SECTION I RESEARCHING YOUR TOPIC 1 Developing Your Subject 3 2 Gathering Your Information 10 3 Evaluating Your Sources 28 SECTION II FINDING SOURCES OF INFORMATION 4 Finding Archives and Archival Collections 37 5 Finding Associations, Societies, and Organizations 54 6 Finding Biographical Information 74 7 Finding CD-ROM Collections 95 8 Finding Electronic Databases 110 9 Finding Electronic Journals, Zines, and Newsletters 136 10 Finding E-mail Discussion Groups and Newsgroups 161 11 Finding General References 171 12 Finding Government Publications and Agencies 200 13 Finding Libraries: Academic, Government, Research, Public, School, State, and Special Libraries 226 14 Finding Newspapers, Magazines, Journals, and Radio and Television News 248 15 Researching on the Web 276 16 Finding Search Engines 303 SECTION III FINDING SOURCES BY SUBJECT 17 Aging 319 18 Business and Economics 328 19 Criminal Justice 338 20 Ecology and the Environment 351 21 Film and Television 361 22 Health and Medicine 377 23 History 386 24 Law 396 25 Literature and Literary Criticism 406 26 Music 422 27 Nursing 430 28 Politics and Public Policy 440 29 Psychology 450 30 Religion and Theology 459 31 Science and Technology 469 32 Sports 481 33 Theater and Dance 492 34 Women’s Studies 506 SECTION IV USING YOUR SOURCES 35 Citing Your Sources 519 36 Creating Your Bibliography, Works Cited, or References 528 APPENDIXES Appendix I APA Style 533 Appendix II MLA Style 537 Appendix III The Chicago Manual of Style 539 Selected Bibliography 541 Index 542 EXPANDED TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments xxix Introduction xxxi SECTION I RESEARCHING YOUR TOPIC 1 Developing Your Subject 3 Choosing Your Topic 3 Searching Your Topic 5 Effectively Searching Your Topic 5 Options for Searching 6 Methods of Searching 6 Defining and Narrowing Your Topic 8 Doing Preliminary Research 9 2 Gathering Your Information 10 Planning Your Research 10 Setting an Agenda for Your Research 10 Listing Your Tools and Strategies 11 Creating a Timetable/Schedule 11 Finding Your Sources 13 Using Libraries 13 Online Catalogs 14 Popular References 15 Periodicals 17 Electronic Databases 19 Microforms: Microfilm and Microfiche 21 Interlibrary Loans 22 Other Library Resources 23 Using the Internet 23 Using CD-ROM Collections 25 Using Video and DVD Resources 25 Using Specialized Sources 25 Knowing When to Stop 26 3 Evaluating Your Sources 28 Understanding Your Source 28 Considering the Source 28 Considering Who Said It 29 Considering the Facts 30 Purpose 30 Accuracy 31 Authority 31 Relevancy 32 Timeliness 33 Objectivity 33 Coverage 33 SECTION II FINDING SOURCES OF INFORMATION 4 Finding Archives and Archival Collections 37 Types of Archives 37 Researching Archives and Archival Collections 38 Library Catalogs 38 Finding Aids 38 Online Databases 39 Free Sites 39 Subscription Sites 40 Overseas Sites 41 Printed References 42 Local Archives 42 Internet Archives 43 African-American Studies Archives 44 Agricultural and Farm Archives 45 American History Archives 45 American Jewish Archives 46 Art Archives 47 Congressional Archives 47 Ethnic Archives 48 Government Archives 48 Historical Archives 48 Labor Archives 49 Medicine Archives 49 Newspaper Archives 49 Performing Arts Archives 49 Recordings Archives 50 Space Exploration Archives 51 Television News Archives 51 Women’s History Archives 51 Special Collections 52 5 Finding Associations, Societies, and Organizations 54 Researching Associations 54 Print and CD-ROM 55 On the Web 55 Associations on the Net 56 African Americans 56 Alternative Medicine 57 Architecture 57 Chemistry 59 Computer Science 59 Criminal Investigation/Forensic Science 60 Dance 61 Disabilities 61 Drama 62 Environmental Health 62 Gerontology 63 Health and Medicine 63 Consumer Associations 63 Professional Associations 65 Human Rights 65 International/Regional Associations 65 Nongovernmental Associations 66 Language 67 Literature 67 Mathematics 68 Music 69 Nutrition 70 Philosophy 71 Physics 72 Religion and Theology 73 Women’s Studies 73 6 Finding Biographical Information 74 Researching Biographical Information 74 Biographical Indexes 75 Popular Biographical References 76 Books 76 Magazines 79 References for Regional Figures 79 References for International Figures 80 References by Subject 80 Aerospace 80 Art 80 Business 81 Education 81 Film, Theater, and Television 81 Law 82 Literature 82 Medicine and Health Care 83 Music 83 Politics 85 Science 86 Specific Ethnicities 86 African Americans 86 Arabs 87 Asian Americans 87 Hispanics/Hispanic Americans 87 Native Americans 88 Sports 88 Women 89 Biographical Information in Electronic Form 90 Biographical Information Online 91 7 Finding CD-ROM Collections 95 Researching CD-ROM Collections 95 Locating CD-ROM Collections 95 Popular Titles by Subject 96 Biography 96 Business and Economics 97 Demographic Studies and Statistics 98 Encyclopedias 100 General References 101 Law and Government 102 Health and Medicine 103 History 103 Literature 105 Performing Arts (Drama, Film, Music, Television, and Theater) 106 Phone Directories 107 Religion 108 Science 108 Women’s Studies 109 8 Finding Electronic Databases 110 Researching Electronic Databases 110 General Databases 111 Academic 111 K–12 111 Databases by Subject 113 Agriculture 113 Anthropology 113 Biography 113 Biology 114 Business and Economics 114 Chemistry and Physical Sciences 116 Communications 116 Controversial and Cultural Issues 116 Criminal Justice and Law 117 Dictionaries, Directories, and Encyclopedias 118 Earth and Environmental Sciences 119 Education 119 Engineering Sciences 119 Ethics 120 Ethnic and Area Studies 120 General References 120 Government Publications 121 Health and Medicine 122 History 123 Humanities and Fine Arts 124 Journal and Magazine Article Indexes 124 Library Science/Books and Publishing 126 Literature 127 Newspaper Article Indexes 129 Performing Arts (Film, Music, Television, and Theater) 130 Philosophy 131 Political Science and Public Administration 131 Psychology 132 Religion 132 Sciences 132 Social Sciences 133 Sociology and Social Work 133 Sports and Exercise Sciences 134 Technology 134 Visual Arts and Architecture 134 Women’s Studies 135 VHS and DVD Collections 135 9 Finding Electronic Journals, Zines, and Newsletters 136 Researching Electronic Journals 136 Subscription-Based Journal Article Index Databases 137 Free Journal Article Index Databases 138 Multiple Subject Directories of E-Journals 139 Single-Subject Directories of Journal Collections 141 Architecture 141 Art 142 Astronomy 142 Biology 142 Business and Economics 142 Education 142 History 143 Journalism and the Media 143 Law 143 Medicine 143 Music 143 Philosophy 144 Psychology 144 Sociology and Social Sciences 144 Religion 145 Free E-Journals on the Web 145 Aging 145 Agriculture 145 Anthropology 146 Art 146 Biochemistry 146 Biology 147 Business 148 Chemistry 148 Computer Science 148 Computing 149 Consumer Information 149 Criminal Justice 149 Current Events 149 Economics 149 Education 150 Engineering 150 English 150 Environment 151 Ethnic Studies 151 Film Studies 151 Foreign Languages 152 Geological Sciences and Mining 152 History 152 Human Development and Family Studies 152 Journalism 152 Law 153 Library Science 153 Mathematics 154 Medicine 154 Military Science 157 Music 157 Nursing 157 Nutrition 158 Philosophy and Religion 158 Physics