07 WGEF Report 2018 Section 05 Other Deep-Water Sharks

Home , Birdbeak dogfish, Blackmouth catshark, Knifetooth dogfish, List of sharks, Sailfin roughshark, Scymnodon

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5 Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic (ICES Subareas 4–14)

5.1 Stock distributions This section includes information about deep-water elasmobranch species other than Portuguese dogfish and leafscale gulper shark (see Section 3), kitefin shark (see Section 4) and Greenland shark (see Section 24). Limited information exists on the majority of the deep-water elasmobranchs considered here, and the stock units for these species are unknown.

The species and generic landing categories for which landing data are presented are: gulper sharks Centrophorus spp., birdbeak dogfish Deania calcea, longnose velvet dogfish Centroscymnus crepidater, black dogfish Centroscyllium fabricii, lanternsharks nei Etmopterus spp., knifetooth dogfish Scymnodon ringens, arrowhead dogfish Deania profundorum, bluntnose sixgill shark Hexanchus griseus and mouse catshark Galeus murinus. Historical catches of velvet belly lanternshark Etmopterus spinax and ‘aiguillat noir’ (which may include C. fabricii, C. crepidater and Etmopterus spp.) are also presented. Other deep-water sharks in the ICES area include: deep-water catsharks Apristurus spp., frilled shark Chlamydoselachus anguineus, great lanternshark Etmopterus princeps and sailfin roughshark (sharpback shark) Oxynotus paradoxus.

Fiveteen species of skate (Rajidae) are known from deep water in the NE Atlantic: Arc- tic skate Amblyraja hyperborea, Jensen's skate Amblyraja jenseni, Krefft's skate Malacoraja kreffti, roughskin skate Malacoraja spinacidermis, deep-water skate Rajella bathyphila, pal- lid skate Bathyraja pallida, Richardson's skate Bathyraja richardsoni, Bigelow's skate Ra- jella bigelowi, round skate Rajella fyllae, Mid-Atlantic skate Rajella kukujevi, spinytail skate Bathyraja spinicauda, sailray Rajella lintea, Norwegian skate Dipturus nidarosiensis, blue pygmy skate Neoraja caerulea and Iberian pygmy skate Neoraja iberica.

Species such as common skate complex, shagreen skate Leucoraja fullonica, starry ray Amblyraja radiata and longnose skate Dipturus oxyrinchus may also be found in deep water, but their main areas of distribution are in shallower waters down to 500 m and they are not considered in this sectionThe electric ray Torpedo nobiliana may also occur in deep waters.

Eight species of rabbitfish (Chondichthyes; Holocephali), including members of the genera Chimaera, Hariotta and Rhinochimaera are a bycatch of some deep-water fisheries and are sometimes marketed. The current zero-TACs for deep-water sharks, whose livers were used to extract squalene, may have led to the increased retention of rabbitfish, particularly common chimaera Chimaera monstrosa in Norway (114 t in 2012, 177 t in 2013, 217 t in 2017) to produce “ratfish oil”. Catches of Chimaeridae are included in the report of the ICES Working Group on Deep-water Fisheries Resources (WGDEEP).

5.2 The fishery

5.2.1 History of the fishery Most catches of other deep-water shark and skate species are taken in mixed trawl, longline and gillnet fisheries together with Portuguese dogfish, leafscale gulper shark and deep-water teleosts. ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 153

5.2.2 The fishery in 2016 Since 2010, EU TACs for deep-water sharks have been set at zero (see Section 5.2.4). Consequently, reported landings of most of the species covered in this chapter in 2016 were very low or zero. As most of these species are taken as bycatch in mixed fisheries, it is likely that discarding has increased.

5.2.3 ICES advice applicable No species-specific advice is given for the shark and skate species considered here.

The ICES Advice for 2013 also included an “Opinion on modification to the list of deep-sea sharks” (ICES Advice 2013, Book 11, Section 11.2.2.1).

5.2.4 Management applicable Prior to 2010 in EC waters, a combined TAC was set for a group of deep-water sharks. These include Portuguese dogfish Centroscymnus coelolepis, leafscale gulper shark Cen- trophorus squamosus, birdbeak dogfish Deania calcea, kitefin shark Dalatias licha, greater lanternshark Etmopterus princeps, velvet belly lanternshark Etmopterus spinax, black dogfish Centroscyllium fabricii, gulper shark Centrophorus granulosus, blackmouth catshark Galeus melastomus, mouse catshark Galeus murinus, longnose velvet dogfish Cen- troscymnus crepidater, frilled shark Chlamydoselachus anguineus, bluntnose six-gill shark Hexanchus griseus, sailfin roughshark Oxynotus paradoxus, Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus, knifetooth dogfish Scymnodon ringens and deep-water catsharks Apristurus spp. In Subarea 12, rough longnose dogfish Deania histricosa and arrowhead dogfish Deania profundorum are also included on the list.

In 2010, TACs in all areas were reduced to zero with an allowance for bycatch of 10% of 2009 TACs. For 2011, the bycatch allowance was reduced to 3% of 2009 TACs and in 2012 no allowance for bycatch was permitted. This remained the status quo in 2013 and 2014. In 2014, the list of sharks was updated to include all Centrophorus species and blackmouth catshark was removed, following comments from ICES (See Section 5.2.3). The zero-TAC for deep-water sharks continued until 2016.

Council regulation (EU) 2016/2285 fixed a restrictive by-catch allowance for 2017 and 2018, introduced on a trial basis, permitting limited landings of unavoidable by-catches of deep-sea sharks in directed artisanal deep-sea longline fisheries for black scabbardfish. Specifically, 10 tonnes were allowed for deep-sea sharks in Union and international waters of ICES subareas 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, in Union and international waters of ICES Subarea 10 and in Union waters of CECAF 34.1.1, 34.1.2 and 34. 2. This allowance was based on ICES indications that the currently applicable restrictive catch limits can lead to misreporting of unavoidable by-catches of deep-sea sharks. Directed artisanal deep-sea longline fisheries for black scabbardfish (recognised as a selective fishing gear in such fisheries) have unavoidable by- catches of deep-sea sharks, which are currently discarded dead. According to the council regulation, Member States concerned should develop regional management measures for the fishing of black scabbardfish and es- tablish specific data-collection measures for deep-sea sharks to ensure close monitoring of the stocks.

This regulation affects specifically the Portuguese deep-water longline fishery targeting black scabbardfish in ICES Division 9.a and Subarea 10. A coordinated action plan

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has already been proposed by Portugal to evaluate management measures to be adopted.

Deep-water skates are included in EU TACs for “Skates and Rays Rajidae”. In EU waters of Divisions 6.a-b, 7a-c and 7e-k, Norwegian skate Dipturus nidarosiensis is one of a group of species which may not be retained on board and must be promptly released unharmed to the extent practicable.

5.3 Catch data

5.3.1 Landings Landings in 2017 were very low due to the management measures in force for deep- water sharks (Tables 5.1–5.9).

During WKSHARK2, landing data provided by country was revised in relation to data quality (including taxonomic categories). Protocols to better document the decisions to be made when estimating WG landings were also developed (ICES, 2016).

In WGEF 2017, landings data was revised according to WKSHARK2, but the landing data tables from 2005 onwards were not updated until WGEF 2018.

Gulper sharks Centrophorus spp. (not C. squamosus) Almost all landings of gulper sharks (other than leafscale gulper shark) have been from the Portuguese longline fishery in Subarea 9 (Tables 5.1, 5.8 and 5.9). Until 2008, annual landings from this fishery were around 100 t, but in 2009, Portuguese landings reduced to 2 t. In 2017, under the 10 t TAC, 2 t were landed. However, misidentification problems were detected in mainland Portuguese landing ports with two different species of Centrophorus being observed in catches: Centrophorus granulosus and Centrophorus uyato. Other countries reported very small landings of C. granulosus from subareas 6 and 7 since 2002. Reported landings of this species by UK vessels in subareas 6 and 7 are considered to be misidentified and these data are included in the Working Group estimates of “siki sharks”.

Birdbeak dogfish Deania calcea WGEF landings estimates of birdbeak dogfish are presented in Tables 5.2, 5.8 and 5.9. It is likely that landings reported as this species include other species in the same genus, particularly in Portuguese landings from Subarea 10 (Pinho, 2010 WD). Misiden- tification problems were detected in mainland Portuguese landing ports with two different species of Deania being observed in catches: D. calcea and D. profundorum. However, mostly correspond to D. calcea .

Five European countries landings of birdbeak dogfish: Norway, Ireland, UK), Spain and Portugal. In 2005, the total reported landings for all subareas reached 195 t; however this declined over the years due to the zero TAC

Catches of this species by Russian deep-water longline fisheries in the Faroese Fishing Zone and other Northeastern Atlantic areas were reported in working documents to WGEF (Vinnichenko and Fomin, 2009 WD; Vinnichenko et al., 2010 WD). Landings data from this fishery were not subsequently available to the working group. ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 155

Longnose velvet dogfish Centroscymnus crepidater WGEF landings estimates of longnose velvet dogfish are presented in Tables 5.3, 5.8 and 5.9. It is likely that some landings of this species are also included in data for “siki sharks” (see Section 3) and in other mixed categories.

European countries that have reported landings from subareas 6–9 are: UK, France, Ireland and Portugal. Highest landings (420 t) were recorded in 2006 and were princi- pally derived from the UK registered deep-water gillnet fleet. Reported landings have since declined to zero, probably as a result of the ban on deep-water gillnet fishing and reduced EU TACs for deep-water sharks.

Black dogfish Centroscyllium fabricii Reported landings of black dogfish are presented in Tables 5.4, 5.8 and 5.9. Landings of this species may also be included in the grouped category “Aiguillat noir” and other mixed categories, including siki sharks.

Four European countries have reported landings, from divisions 4.a, 5.b and subareas 7 and 12: UK, Iceland, France and Spain.

France reported the majority of the landings of black dogfish in the ICES area, starting to report landings in 1999. French annual landings peaked at about 400 t in 2001 and have since declined. These landings are mainly from Division 5.b and Subarea 6. Ice- land reported few landings, all from Division 5.a. The largest annual landings reported by Spain came from Subarea 12 in 2000 (85 t) and 2001 (91 t), but recent data are lacking.

Since 2009, only Iceland has reported catches of black dogfish, mainly from Subarea 5, but always in small amounts (1 t in 2013).

Lanternsharks Etmopterus spp. Reported landings of velvet belly lanternshark Etmopterus spinax are presented in Ta- bles 5.5 until 2004. Revised landing data provided to WGEF from 2005 onwards indicates that landings assigned to E. spinax should be considered as Etmopterus spp. Those figures are provided in Table 5.6. Six countries have reported landings of Etmopterus spp.: Denmark, Norway, UK, France, Spain and Portugal. Until 2001, the greatest landings were from Denmark. In recent years, Norway has the highest catches reaching 129 t in 2017.

Portuguese landings mainly referred to Etmopterus spinax and Etmopterus pusillus, however only a very small proportion of the catches of these species is retained.

“Aiguillat noir” This is a generic category only used by France (Tables 5.7, 5.8 and 5.9) to record landings on small, deep-water squaliform sharks, mainly black dogfish Centroscyllium fabricii with smaller quantities of longnose velvet dogfish and lanternsharks. Reported

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landings started in 2000 (249 t) then declined from 266 t in 2001 to 1 t in 2007, since when there have been no reported landings.

Norwegian skate Dipturus nidarosiensis The species is occasionally landed in three French ports mostly under the landing name "D. oxyrinchus" with the code RJO. The length–frequency distribution of Dipturus nidarosiensis observed in the 2012–2014 French landing are presented in Figure 5.1, individuals landed mostly come from the ICES Division 6.a.

Other skates Surveys of French fish markets show that Rajella lintea, Rajella kukujevi, Rajella fyllae, Bathyraja spinicauda and Dipturus nidarosiensis are occasionally landed from ICES Divi- sion 6.a, but without specific landing names.

5.3.2 Discards Portugal (Azores): Discards data from the Azorean observer programme were provided in Pinho and Canha (2011 WD; Table 5.10). Since then, this information has not been updated.

Portugal (mainland): Discards data from the Portuguese longline fishery were presented. Etmopterus spp. and C. crepidater are the species with higher percentages of discards along the time-series (although C. crepidater was not sampled in 2013). Other elasmobranchs were rarely discarded (Prista et al., 2014 WD). Estimates of percentage discarded by species from deep-water longlines and demersal bottom trawls are given in Table 5.11.

To evaluate the level of bycatch and discards of deep-water sharks in the Portuguese trammelnet fishery, a pilot study was undertaken in ICES Division 9.a (Moura et al., 2015 WD). Results show that the fishery targeting anglerfish and operating at depths of 200–600 m has a low frequency of occurrence of deep-water sharks (Table 5.12). Re- sults further suggest that relatively higher frequencies of occurrence are likely to be observed deeper than 600 m, according to the depth ranges reported for most of these species.

Spain: The Spanish Discards Sampling Programme for Otter and Pair Bottom Trawl (OTB and PTB) fleets, covering ICES subareas 6, 7, Division 8.c and 9 (North), started in 1988; however, it did not occur annually until 2003. The sampling strategy and the estimation methodology used follows the “Workshop on Discard Sampling Methodol- ogy and Raising Procedures” guidelines (ICES, 2003) and more detail of this applied to this area was explained in Santos et al. (2010). Preliminary estimates of Spanish deep- water elasmobranch discards (2003–2014) are presented in Table 5.13.

5.3.3 Quality of the catch data Data provided to WGEF in 2017 and 2018 followed WKSHARKS2 guidelines. Despite the decisions taken regarding the assignment of landings to species or higher taxa some problems persist. For example, some quantities of deep-water species are maintained grouped in generic categories such as “sharks indetermined”, “unidentified deepwater sharks” or “Squaliformes”. ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 157

Landings reported by UK vessels for 2003/2004 were considered to be unreliably identified and were therefore amalgamated into a mixed deep-water shark (siki) category together with Portuguese dogfish and leafscale gulper shark. Since 2005/2006, UK landings for most species were considered to be more reliably identified; however, reported landings of gulper shark are still considered to be unreliable and have been added to landings of siki sharks.

As result of restrictive quotas for deep-water sharks, landings of these species may have been misidentified.

5.3.4 Discard survival No data available to the Working Group.

5.4 Commercial catch composition No new information is available.

5.5 Commercial catch and effort data No new information is available.

5.6 Fishery-independent surveys

5.6.1 ICES Subarea 6 The Scottish deep-water trawl survey has operated from 1996 to 2015 at depths of 300–2000 m along the continental slope between approximately 55˚N and 59˚N (see Neat et al., 2010 for details). Neat et al. (2015) analysed catches of deep-water elasmobranch species from Scottish deep-water trawl survey.

5.6.2 ICES Subarea 7 The Spanish survey on the Porcupine Bank (SppGFS-WIBTS-Q4) in ICES divisions 7.c and 7.k covers an area from longitude 12°W to 15°W and from latitude 51°N to 54°N following the standard IBTS methodology for the western and southern areas (ICES, 2010). The sampling design is a random stratified (Velasco and Serrano, 2003) with two geographical sectors (North and South) and three depth strata (<300 m, 300– 450 m and 450–800 m). Haul allocation is proportional to the strata area following a buffered random sampling procedure (as proposed by Kingsley et al., 2004) to avoid the selection of adjacent 5×5 nm rectangles. More details on the survey design and methodology are presented in Ruiz-Pico et al. (2014 WD) and Fernández-Zapico et al. (2015 WD). Results for 2017 are presented in Ruiz-Pico et al. (2018 WD)

The most abundant deep-water shark species in biomass in these surveys were Deania calcea (birdbeak dogfish), Deania profundorum (arrowhead dogfish), Scymnodon ringens (Knifetooth dogfish), Etmopterus spinax (velvet belly lantern shark), Dalatias licha (Kite- fin shark), and Hexanchus griseus (bluntnose six-gill shark).

5.6.3 ICES divisions 8.c and 9.a The Spanish IEO Q4-IBTS survey in the Cantabrian Sea and Galician waters has covered this area annually since 1983 (except 1987), obtaining abundance indices and length distributions for the main commercial species and elasmobranchs. More details on the survey design, methodology and results can be found in Ruiz-Pico et al. (2015

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WD; Ruiz-Pico et al. 2018 WD). In 2017, elasmobranchs made up ca. 11% of the total fish catch (14% if considering the additional hauls, at deeper waters). All species showed an increase in biomass with regard to 2015., A new vessel (R/V Miguel Oliver) is in use since 2013.

In the Portuguese survey (PtGFS-WIBTS-Q4) taking place off southwestern and southern coasts, the deep-water elasmobranch with highest catches is D. profundorum. This survey is designed for crustacean species and operates to depths of 700 m.

5.6.4 ICES Subarea 10 Data from the Azorean bottom longline survey (ARQDACO(P)-Q1) in Division 10.a2 were given in Pinho (2017 WD). Deania spp. were the most representative (abundant) species in the survey. C. crepidater was common, but much less abundant. Other species occurred in very low numbers (averaging 1–4 individuals per year). Depth range sand length composition data are available. It should be noted that the gear configuration used is not adequate for sampling all the species (Pinho, 2017 WD).

5.7 Life-history information Several recent studies have provided relevant biological information:

Moore et al. (2013) provide length of first maturity of Centroscymnus crepidater (57.2 cm total length (TL) for males and 75.4 cm TL for females) and of Apristurus aphyodes (49.0 cm TL for males and 56.9 cm TL for females) from the Rockall Trough.

Rodriguez-Cabello et al. (2013) showed that the distribution of Galeus murinus extended southward, to Cantabrian Sea, and Neoraja caerulea and northwards the distribution of Neoraja iberica.

Coelho et al. (2014) conducted demographic analysis of E. spinax using an age-based model. They found that the population should be stable if there is a two year reproductive cycle, but would be declining if there is a three year cycle, highlighting why an accurate knowledge of reproductive periodicity is important.

Moura et al. (2014) found that Deania calcea was spatially segregated by size, sex and maturity. Pregnant females inhabit shallower and warmer waters; large immature specimens were deeper, and mature males were more broadly distributed than mature females, supporting the possibility of sex-biased dispersal.

5.8 Exploratory assessments analyses of relative abundance indices The exploratory assessments below are all based on analyses of relative abundance indices in fishery-independent surveys.

5.8.1 Spanish Porcupine Bank (SppGFS-WIBTS-Q4) and Spanish IEO Q4-IBTS survey Abundance indices for some deep-water elasmobranchs caught in the Spanish survey on the Porcupine Bank (SppGFS-WIBTS-Q4) and the Spanish IEO Q4-IBTS survey in the Cantabrian Sea and Galician waters are presented below.

Information for E. spinax, H. griseus, S. ringens, D. calcea and D. profundorum is presented however the majority of these species are usually found at deeper waters than those ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 159

covered by the Spanish IEO Q4-IBTS survey (additional hauls) and thus the abundance indices must be treated with caution.

5.8.2 Scottish deep-water trawl survey in Division 6.a Neat et al. (2015) analysed catches of deep-water elasmobranch species from the Scot- tish deep-water trawl survey in Division 6.a. Selected results are presented below.

Scientific dual-warp bottom-trawls with rock-hopper ground gear (for details see Neat et al., 2010) were carried out at 527 sites along the deep-water slopes, banks and sea- mounts of the Rockall Trough, to the west of Scotland. Surveys were carried out from 1996–2013 at depths of 300–2030 m. In 1996 FRV Scotia IV was in service, but was re- placed by FRV Scotia V in 1998. Most of the records in the database derive from Scotia V and in particular from surveys carried out in September that used the Jackson BT- 184 deep-water bottom trawl. For species distribution mapping all data were used, but for statistical analyses over time only data from 1998 onwards (Scotia V only) and only data collected with the same trawl net (Jackson BT184) from the continental slope during the month of September were used. For some species of the genus Apristurus there has been an ongoing taxonomic debate, for example A. melanoasper was only formally described in 2004. Therefore time-series analyses were restricted to two of the more common Apristurus species (A. aphyodes and A. microps) that did not pose identification problems or nomenclature changes during the survey period.

For each species, the relationship between number caught per hour of trawling and depth were visually inspected and a core depth range established that included >99% of individuals. All hauls within this range (including those with zero catch of that species) were used to generate estimates of catch per unit of effort. As a consequence of variable depth ranges of each species, the sample sizes (number of hauls) vary from species to species.

Distribution maps for each species were produced using ARC GIS. To assess areas of relatively high abundance in close proximity to each other, the ‘Hot Spot Analysis’ tool in ARC GIS was used. This calculates the ‘Getis-Ord Gi’ statistic for each feature in a dataset. The resultant values indicate where features with either high or low values cluster spatially based on the proximity of neighbouring features. The analysis high- lights samples with a high value that are surrounded by other features with high values as well. It is a useful tool for visualising the spatial distribution of high abundance data.

Generalized additive models (Zuur et al., 2009) were used to analyse trends over time, as the relative abundance of most species showed non-linear relationships with depth and over time. The GAM uses a smoothing function to account for non-linear relationships. Latitude was also included in the model as a continuous variable as there was often a weak but significant relationship. Negative binomial or Tweedie variance struc- tures were used to account for the variable occurrence of hauls with zero catch. GAMs were applied to eleven species that were regularly encountered from year-to-year. Sev- eral species were too infrequently sampled to analyse.

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5.8.3 Summary of trends by species

Birdbeak dogfish Deania calcea and Arrowhead dogfish Deania profundorum In the SppGFS-WIBTS-Q4 survey series, these two species were traditionally registered together, but have been better separated since 2012, as reported in previous documents (Ruiz-Pico et al., 2014). The biomass and abundance of Deania spp. (mainly D. calcea) have been following an up and down trend during the last decade. In 2017, the values decreased but remained among the average values of the time series and high to the previous five years (Figure 5.2). Particularly, D. calcea decreased whereas D. profundorum increased reaching the highest values of the time series (Ruiz-Pico et al., 2018 WD).

In the Spanish IEO Q4-IBTS survey in the Cantabrian Sea and Galician waters, D. calcea and D. profundorum were recorded together until 2009. D. profundorum was first sepa- rately recorded in 2009 (Sanjuan et al., 2012). To avoid confounding effects between the two species results previous to 2009 combine the two species and were referred as Deania spp. (Figure 5.3). Both species are usually common in additional deeper hauls (> 500 m) and scarce or absent on the standard hauls (70–500 m). Deania calcea, that used to be commonly captured in additional hauls, was absent in 2017 survey for the first time since 2009. Deania profundorum biomass was reduced almost to the half of 2016 (Fernández-Zapico et al., 2018 WD).

The abundance of Deania calcea in hauls within the core depth range of 400–1500 m on the Scottish slope has fluctuated generally between 0.7 and 2.2ind.h–1 with no evident trend (since 1998; Table 5.14). The catch rate in 2013 was anomalously high at 5 ind.h– 1, the highest in the series. Preliminary analyses by Neat et al. (2015) showed a significant positive trend (p = 0.001) over time (Figure 5.4). The results of this analysis should be considered as preliminary and indicative only of general trends.

Knifetooth dogfish Scymnodon ringens In the Spanish Porcupine survey (SppGFS-WIBTS-Q4) the biomass and abundance of S. ringens in 2017 decreased but remained among the average values of the time-series (Figure 5.5) (Ruiz-Pico et al., 2018 WD).

Biomass values in the Spanish IEO Q4-IBTS survey in the Cantabrian Sea and Galician waters are very low. In 2017, the biomass of S. ringens decreased to nearly the half of 2016 values in additional hauls and was not captured in standard hauls during the last four years. These values have fluctuated since 2004 with no evident trend (Figure 5.6) (Fernández-Zapico et al., 2018 WD).

Velvet belly lanternshark Etmopterus spinax Both the biomass and abundance indexes of E. spinax in the Spanish Porcupine survey (SppGFS-WIBTS-Q4) decreased in 2017, after the remarkable increase of the previous year. The values have been following an up and down trend throughout the time series, but with the mean biomass of the last two years remained slightly higher than the five previous years (Figure 5.7; Ruiz-Pico et al., 2018 WD).

In the Spanish IEO Q4-IBTS survey in the Cantabrian Sea and Galician waters, the biomass index shows an increasing trend since 1996. In 2017, about 70% of the biomass ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 161

of this scarce elasmobranch was found in hauls deeper than 500 m. The biomass of this species has remained constant since last year in standardized hauls but has increased considerably in the additional deep hauls (Figure 5.8). During the last two years, the biomass of this species has doubled when compared to the previous five years (Fer- nández-Zapico et al., 2018 WD).

The relative abundance of Etmopterus spinax derived from Scottish deep-water survey at depths from 300 to 1100 m has varied with no overall trend (between 3–10 ind.h–1) since 1998 (Table 5.15 and Figure 5.9). Preliminary analyses using GAM with Tweedie distribution suggest no significant trend over time (Neat et al., 2015).

Greater lantern shark Etmopterus princeps The relative abundance of this species between depths of 800–1800 m from Scottish deep-water survey has been variable (averaging 3 ind.h–1), for the past 14 years (Table 5.16; Figure 5.10). Preliminary analyses using GAM with Tweedie distribution suggest no trend over time (Neat et al., 2015).

Bluntnose six-gill shark Hexanchus griseus Stratified biomass indicex of H. griseus in the Spanish Porcupine survey (SppGFS-WI- BTS-Q4) decreased in 2017. The biomass remained among the average values of the time-series whereas the abundance among the lowest values (Figure 5.11) (Fernández- Zapico et al., 2018 WD).

In the Spanish IEO Q4-IBTS survey in the Cantabrian Sea and Galician waters the biomass of H. griseus biomass decreased in standard hauls and is absent since 2015 in additional deeper ones (Figure 5.12) (Ruiz-Pico et al., 2018 WD).

The relative abundance of H. griseus between depths of 300–800 m from Scottish deep- water survey averaged <1 ind.h–1 over the past 14 years (Table 5.17). There was an anomalously high catch of 15 individuals in 2008.

Black dogfish Centroscylium fabricii The relative abundance of C. fabricii between depths of 800–1800 m from Scottish deep- water survey has fluctuated with no trend (ca. 5 ind.h–1) since 1998 (Table 5.18; Figure 5.13). Variability of the catch rates is high, wityh occasional large catches recorded. Preliminary analyses using GAM with Tweedie distribution suggest no significant trend over time (Neat et al., 2015).

Longnose velvet dogfish Centroscymnus crepidater The relative abundance of this species between depths of 500–1800 m from Scottish deep-water survey has been variable (averaging 5 ind.h–1, but with occasional very high catches) for the past 14 years (Table 5.19; Figure 5.14). Preliminary analyses using GAM with Tweedie distribution suggest a significant negative trend (p <0.001) over time (Neat et al., 2015).

Small-eye cat shark Apristurus microps The relative abundance of this species at depths of 500–1500 m from Scottish deep-water survey was, on average, 1 ind.h–1 over the past 14 years (Table 5.20; Figure 5.15).

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Pale catshark Apristurus aphyodes The relative abundance of this species between depths of 800–2030 m from Scottish deep-water survey was on average 4 ind.h–1 for the past 14 years (Table 5.21; Figure 5.16). Preliminary analyses using GAM with Tweedie distribution suggest an increasing trend over time (p < 0.001) (Neat et al., 2015).

Deep-water skates and rays Skates are caught infrequently in the Scottish deep-water survey, and the total numbers of each species (blue pygmy skate Neoraja caerulea, Mid-Atlantic skate Rajella kukujevi, round skate Rajella fyllae, deep-water skate Rajella bathyphila, Bigelow's skate Rajella bigelowi, Richardson's skate Bathyraja richardsoni, Jensen's skate Amblyraja jenseni and Krefft's skate Malacoraja kreffti) each year are shown in Table 5.22.

5.9 Stock assessment No formal assessments are undertaken for these stocks.

5.10 Quality of assessments No assessments undertaken.

5.11 Reference points No reference points have been proposed for any of these species.

5.12 Conservation considerations The recent European Red List of marine fishes considers Centrophorus granulosus to be Critically Endangered, Centrophorus lusitanicus, Echinorhinus brucus, Deania calcea and Dalatias licha as Endangered; and Centrophorus uyato and Oxynotus centrina as Vulnera- ble (Nieto et al., 2015).

5.13 Management considerations No management advice is given in 2016.

5.14 References Coelho, R., Alpizar-Jara, R., and Erzini, K. 2014. Demography of a deep-sea lantern shark (Etmopterus spinax) caught in trawl fisheries of the northeastern Atlantic: Application of Leslie matrices with incorporated uncertainties. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. DOI: 10.1016/j.drs2.2014.01.012.

Compagno, L., Dando, M. and Fowler, S. 2005. Sharks of the World. Collins Field Guide. Harper Collins Publishers, London, 368 pp.

Fernández-Zapico, O., Velasco, F., Baldó, F., Rodríguez-Cabello, C., Ruiz-Pico, S. 2015. Results on main elasmobranch species captured during the 2001–2014 Porcupine Bank (NE Atlantic) bottom trawl surveys. Working document ICES WGEF, 25 pp.

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164 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

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ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 165

Table 5.1. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Working Group estimates of landings of gulper sharks (Centrophorus granulosus and Centrophorus spp.) in tonnes. Portuguese landings (1) are assigned to Centrophorus spp. (not C. squamosus) whereas French and Irish landings (2) are assigned to C. granulosus. Estimates from 2005 onwards were revised following WKSHARKS2.

1 2 2 UK PORTUGAL SPAIN FRANCE IRELAND TOTAL 1990 1056 1056

1991 801 801

1992 958 958

1993 886 886

1994 344 344

1995 423 423

1996 242 242

1997 291 291

1998 187 187

1999 95 95

2000 54 54

2001 96 96 2002 159 8 167

2003 643 203 846 2004 481 89 n.a. 570 2005 49 n.a. 14 64

2006 100 100

2007 62 62

2008 56 + 56

2009 17 1 18

2010 7 + 7 2011 2 + 2

2012 1 1 1

2013 0 +

2014 + + 2015 + + 2016 + + 2017 2 2 + catch under 0.5 tonnes

166 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Table 5.2. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Working Group estimates of landings of birdbeak dogfish (Deania calcea). Estimates from 2005 onwards were revised following WKSHARKS2.

Ireland Spain UK (England and Wales) UK(Scotland) France Portugal Norway Total

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000 13 13

2001 1 37 38

2002 5 + 67 72

2003 n.a. + 3 72 75

2004 n.a. + 38 157 195

2005 50 146 195

2006 22 75 96

2007 37 37

2008 5 57 62

2009 2 22 25

2010 + 3 3

2011 1 1

2012 2 1 3

2013 0 + +

2014 + + 2015 0 + + 2016 + + 2017 2 + 3 + catch under 0.5 tonnes ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 167

Table 5.3. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Working Group estimates of landings of longnose velvet dogfish (Centroscymnus crepidater). Estimates from 2005 onwards were revised following WKSHARKS2.

France Ireland UK Portugal Spain Total 1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999* + + + 2000* + + 1 85 86 2001* + + 3 68 71 2002* 13 + 4 n.a. 17 2003* 10 21 2 n.a. 33 2004* 8 7 1 n.a. 16 2005 10 209 3 222 2006 4 409 7 420

2007 2 2 109 18 131

2008 4 0 33 37

2009 6 27 33

2010 40 + 40

2011

2012

2013

2014 + + 2015 + + 2016 + + + 2017 1 1 + catch under 0.5 tonnes

168 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Table 5.4. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Working Group estimates of landings of black dogfish (Centroscyllium fabricii). Estimates from 2005 onwards were revised following WKSHARKS2.

France Iceland UK Spain Total 1990

1991

1992 1

1993

1994

1995 1

1996 4

1997

1998

1999 +

2000 382 85 467

2001 395 91 486

2002 47 + n.a. 47 2003 90 + + n.a. 90 2004 49 n.a. + n.a. 49

2005 12 5 17

2006 3 3

2007 6 6

2008 136 136

2009 99 1 101

2010 85 10 95

2011 + 1 1

2012 1 3 3

2013 + 1 1

2014 9 + 9 2015 + 2 2 2016 + + + 2017 + + + catch under 0.5 tonnes ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 169

Table 5.5. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Working Group estimates of landings of velvet belly lanternshark (Etmopterus spinax).

UK UK (England Norway Denmark Spain France Total (Scotland) and Wales) 1990

1991

1992

1993 27 27

1994 + +

1995 10 10

1996 8 8

1997 32 32

1998 359 359

1999 128 128

2000 25 25

2001 52 52

2002 85 85

2003

2004

170 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Table 5.6. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Working Group estimates of landings of lanternsharks NEI (Etmopterus spp.). Estimates from 2005 onwards were revised following WKSHARKS2.

Danmark Norway France Spain Portugal UK total

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994 846 + 846

1995 2388 + 2388

1996 2888 + 2888

1997 2150 + 2150

1998 2043 2043

1999 + +

2000 + 38 + 38

2001 + 338 338

2002 + 99 99

2003 + +

2004 + + +

2005 16 2 + 9 27

2006 17 27 + 44

2007 9 87 8 103 2008 46 + 6 20 72

2009 1 9 9

2010 4 9 2 15 2011 4 1 1* + + 5

2012 13 + 2* + 13

2013 19 + + 19

2014 47 + 47 2015 27 1 + + 28 2016 59 + 59 2017 129 + 129 * assigned to Etmopterus pusillus ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 171

Table 5.7. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Working Group estimates of landings of “aiguillat noir”.

France total

2000 123 123 2001 165 165 2002 11 11 2003 37 37 2004 21 21 2005 5 5

172 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Table 5.8. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Working Group estimates of landings by species (1990-2004).

Species 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Gulper shark 1056 801 958 886 344 423 242 291 187 95 54 96 Birdbeak dogfish 13 38 Black dogfish 467 486 Longnose velvet dogfish 86 71 Velvet belly lanternshark 27 + 10 8 32 359 128 25 52 Lanternshark NEI 846 2388 2888 2150 2043 + 38 338 Aiguillat noir 123 165 Angular roughshark TOTAL 1127 876 1042 974 1269 2893 3238 2588 2708 303 894 1340

Table 5.8. Continued.

Species 2002 2003 2004

Gulper shark 167 203 89 Birdbeak dogfish 72 75 195 Black dogfish 47 90 49 Longnose velvet dogfish 17 33 16 Velvet belly lanternshark 85 Lanternshark nei 99 Aiguillat noir 11 37 21 Angular Roughshark 75 TOTAL 641 523 562

ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 173

Table 5.9. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Working Group estimates of landings by species since 2005, after revision following WKSHARKS2.

Species 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Gulper shark 64 100 62 56 18 7 2 1 + + + + 2 Birdbeak dogfish 195 96 37 62 25 3 1 3 + + + + 3 Longnose velvet dogfish 222 420 131 37 33 40 + + + 1 Black dogfish 17 3 6 136 101 95 1 3 1 9 2 0 0 Lanternshark NEI 27 44 103 72 9 15 5 13 19 47 28 59 129 Knifetooth dogfish 65 56 161 156 36 53 2 3 + + Arrowhead dogfish 1 + 1 2 1 + 1 Bluntnose sixgill shark 13 13 54 2 5 2 2 1 2 + 1 + 0 Mouse catshark + + 3 2 5 1 4 4 2 3 TOTAL 603 732 555 521 230 218 20 26 26 60 33 62 136

Table 5.10. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Discards of deep-water shark species (numbers) recorded by Azores observers 2005–2010.

Species Damaged Non commercial Undersized Not identified Total

Centrophorus granulosus 2 2 Dalatias licha 41 3 44 Deania calcea 6 254 1 261 Etmopterus spinax 8 6302 8 1 6319 Hexanchus griseus 2 1 2 5

174 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Table 5.11. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Frequency of occurrence (%) of deep-water sharks in the discards of the hauls sampled on board the Portuguese fisheries by gear type: crustacean bottom otter trawl - OTB_CRU; demersal fish bottom otter trawl - OTB_DEF; deep-water set longline fishery that targets black scabbardfish LLS_DWS (2004–2013). “---” indicates no occurrence; NA, information not available by species.

Fishery YEAR 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

OTB_CRU Deania calcea 5 5 3 4 9 2 2 2 4 NA

Centrophorus granulosus ------1 --- 1 NA

Deania profundorum ------2 --- NA

Etmopterus spp. 36 24 50 22 17 8 11 23 29 7

OTB_DEF Deania calcea 1 ------NA

Etmopterus spp. 4 3 1 ------2 ------

LLS_DWS Centroscymnus crepidater ------80 67 25 17 22 17 11 ---

Centroscymnus cryptacanthus ------25 ------NA

Deania calcea ------25 17 11 --- 22 NA

Squalus spp. ------11 NA

Deep-water sharks nei ------22 ------NA

Deania profundorum ------11 NA

Etmopterus spp. --- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Scymnodon ringens --- 67 --- 67 --- 17 ------NA ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 175

Table 5.12. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Number and catch weight of anglerfish (Lophius spp.) and number of sharks by 100 m depth strata sampled from the pilot study on the trammelnet fishery targeting anglerfish in Portuguese waters (Division 9.a) (2012–2014). Lophius spp. combines Lophius piscatorius and Lophius budegassa. N = number of sam-

pled specimens; West, estimated weight (based on length–weight relationships). From Moura et al. (2015 WD).

Depth stratum (m)

Total 100– 200– 300– 400– 500– >600 Species n n n n n n n

Centroscymnus crepidater* 2 1 1

Scymnodon ringens* 3 1 2

Chlamydoselachus 8 2 1 5 anguineus* Dalatias licha* 6 1 1 4

Centrophorus granulosus* 1 1

Deania calcea* 13 3 2 9

Etmopterus spinax* 4 4

Etmopterus pusillus 3 1 2

Squaliformes NI 1 1

Mitsukurina owstoni 2 2

Galeus atlanticus 1 1

Galeus spp. 50 3 6 12 12 5 12

Scyliorhinus canicula 177 29 107 40 1 0 0

Mustelus spp. 1 1

Isurus oxyrhinchus 1 1

Prionace glauca 5 4 1

Galeorhinus galeus 3 3

Lophius spp. (n) 3229 344 2040 716 13 25 91

Lophius spp. (weight, kg) 11 711.1 1254.4 6564.7 2416.5 149.9 187.9 1137.8

No hauls 90 16 50 14 2 2 6

* sharks included in the EU deep-water shark list.

176 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Table 5.13. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Spanish discard data of deep-water shark species. In bold weight discarded (tons.) of demersal elasmobranches and below in italics. CV of estimations by fishing ground. For detailed information see Santos et al. (2010).

FISHING GROUND 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 SPECIES

Celtic Sea (Subareas 6–7) Dalatias licha 0 90.9 13.9 1.3 0 0 2.9 0.5 47.7 0.4 - 99.7 99.7 98.8 - - 99.3 99.5 99.7 99.6 Deania calcea 0 9.8 87.3 17.3 22.2 6.1 2.6 3.6 0 6.2 - 99.7 76 49.5 99.7 62.1 99.3 99.5 - 72 Etmopterus spinax 16.2 296.1 117.7 2.8 6.6 653.6 60.1 206.1 167.2 16.9 63.5 94.4 59.5 84.7 99.7 92.9 39.1 76.3 80.5 96.8 Galeus melastomus 90.1 504.4 169.5 12.8 220.7 456.6 984.6 1045.7 737.1 395.1 6.3 95.1 64.3 57.1 36.6 47.8 73.5 81.3 77 44.6 89.7 Iberian Waters (Divisions 8.c–9.a) Dalatias licha 0 0 1.3 2.6 0 0 0 3.8 0 0.1 2.0 - - 102.6 100.2 - - - 99.7 - 99.7 84.3 Deania calcea 10.8 51.4 5.5 22.8 1.8 17.9 27.6 157.4 32.4 39.5 164 54.9 81.3 61.4 84.5 69.9 96.6 53.9 62.1 43.4 49.9 47.7 Etmopterus spinax 0.5 332.1 5.6 1.8 1.7 19.5 37.9 28.8 23.3 78.5 14.7 90.5 90.8 49.5 68.5 59.4 58.9 75.6 58.6 79.5 72.7 58.1 Galeus melastomus 588.8 243.5 527.3 553.2 1063.4 225.8 903.7 1271.9 730.7 1433 749 1123 31.4 54.8 36 60.7 36.7 28.5 62.8 51.1 34.8 40.5 31.8

Table 5.14. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Summary data for Birdbeak dogfish D. calcea from Scottish deep-water survey. (N HAULS- number of hauls; N FISH- number of fishes; MEAN NPH – mean number per hour).

Year N hauls N fish Mean NpH proportion of positive hauls

1998 19 28 0.7 0.63 2000 31 134 2.2 0.9 2002 27 79 1.6 0.84 2004 24 73 1.7 0.63 2005 18 35 1.0 0.47 2006 28 109 2.1 0.68 2007 18 59 1.7 0.47 2008 25 41 1.0 0.26 2009 31 19 0.7 0.42 2011 21 14 0.6 0.37 2012 21 34 1.8 0.58 2013 23 109 5.0 0.63 ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 177

Table 5.15. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic Summary data for velvet belly lanternshark Etmopterus spinax from Scottish deep-water survey. (N HAULS- number of hauls; N FISH- number of fishes; MEAN NPH – mean number per hour).

Year N hauls N fish Mean NpH proportion of positive hauls

1998 18 319 8.5 0.39 2000 22 360 8.4 0.36 2002 20 137 3.8 0.55 2004 19 137 4.1 0.32 2005 13 98 3.8 0.31 2006 21 201 5 0.33 2007 12 221 9.4 0.42 2008 17 257 8.7 0.53 2009 24 91 4.6 0.13 2011 13 66 5 0.38 2012 27 176 7.6 0.52 2013 37 367 10.5 0.46

Table 5.16. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Summary data for greater lanternshark Etmpterus princeps from Scottish deep-water survey. (N HAULS- number of hauls; N FISH- number of fishes; MEAN NPH – mean number per hour).

Year N hauls N fish Mean NpH proportion of positive hauls

2000 20 148 3.70 0.63 2002 16 247 8.33 0.81 2004 14 123 4.48 0.54 2005 14 77 2.75 0.58 2006 19 102 3.97 0.56 2007 15 163 5.62 0.69 2008 22 57 1.74 0.55 2009 29 149 5.62 0.48 2011 21 68 2.96 0.61 2012 22 74 3.46 0.36 2013 23 118 5.2 0.52

178 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Table 5.17. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Summary data for bluntnose six-gill shark Hexanchus griseus from Scottish deep-water survey. (N HAULS- number of hauls; N FISH- number of fishes; MEAN NPH – mean number per hour).

Year N hauls N fish Mean NpH proportion of positive hauls 1998 18 1 0.03 0.06 2000 16 0 0 0 2002 13 3 0.13 0.15 2004 14 0 0 0 2005 7 2 0.14 0.14 2006 11 1 0.05 0.09 2007 6 8 0.68 0.33 2008 8 15 1.09 0.25 2009 8 1 0.14 0.13 2011 8 0 0 0 2012 8 1 0.14 0.13

2013 11 3 0.31 0.18

Table 5.18. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Summary data for black dogfish Centroscymnus fabricii from Scottish deep-water survey. (N HAULS- number of hauls; N FISH- number of fishes; MEAN NPH – mean number per hour).

Year N hauls N fish Mean NpH proportion of positive hauls

2000 20 372 9.3 0.75 2002 15 107 3.8 0.53 2004 13 104 4.0 0.46 2005 12 158 6.6 0.58 2006 17 180 5.6 0.53 2007 12 109 4.6 0.5 2008 19 175 5.7 0.58 2009 25 138 6.4 0.56 2011 14 214 14.1 0.64 2012 14 119 9.9 0.64 2013 13 71 5.4 0.62 ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 179

Table 5.19. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Summary data for long-nosed velvet dogfish Centroscymnus crepidater from Scottish deep-water survey. (N HAULS- number of hauls; N FISH- number of fishes; MEAN NPH – mean number per hour).

Year N hauls N fish Mean Nph proportion of positive hauls

1998 18 1054 27.2 0.78 2000 28 524 9.6 0.75 2002 23 276 6.6 0.74 2004 20 341 9.3 0.7 2005 17 248 7.3 0.71 2006 25 271 5.8 0.72 2007 15 213 7.1 0.67 2008 18 499 16.2 0.72 2009 25 192 9.1 0.64 2011 17 183 10.1 0.47 2012 16 103 7.3 0.56 2013 21 223 11.0 0.48

Table 5.20. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Summary data for mouse catshark Galeus murinus from Scottish deep-water survey. (N HAULS- number of hauls; N FISH- number of fishes; MEAN NPH – mean number per hour).

Year N hauls N fish Mean NpH proportion of positive hauls

1998 7 16 0.984615 0.57 2000 15 38 1.271612 0.6 2002 10 56 3.146067 0.6 2004 8 18 1.142857 0.5 2005 8 2 0.125 0.12 2006 10 30 1.578947 0.6 2007 6 33 2.8125 0.83 2008 9 12 0.75 0.56 2009 16 38 3.064516 0.75 2011 7 4 0.541761 0.43 2012 8 12 1.773399 0.75 2013 9 10 1.149425 0.22

180 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Table 5.21. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Summary data for pale catshark Apristurus aphyodes from Scottish deep-water survey. .(N HAULS- number of hauls; N FISH- number of fishes; MEAN NPH – mean number per hour)

YEAR N HAULS N FISH MEAN NPH PROPORTION OF POSITIVE HAULS 2000 20 43 1.08 0.2 2002 16 49 1.55 0.44 2004 14 81 2.89 0.57 2005 14 96 3.43 0.54 2006 19 174 5.03 0.61 2007 15 89 2.94 0.46 2008 22 100 3.16 0.6 2009 29 64 2.22 0.3 2011 21 178 7.80 0.56 2012 26 105 4.32 0.58

2013 18 88 5.0 0.39

Table 5.22. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Total number of deep- water skates caught in the Scottish deep-water survey across all depths by year (blue pygmy skate Neoraja caerulea, Mid-Atlantic skate Rajella kukujevi, round skate Rajella fyllae, deep-water skate Rajella bathyphila, Bigelow's skate Rajella bigelowi, Richardson's skate Bathyraja richardsoni, Jensen's skate Amblyraja jenseni and Krefft's skate Malacoraja kreffti).

YEAR

B. KREFTI

FYLLAE JENSENI

CAERULEA BIGELOWI

R. KUKUKUJEVI BATHYPHILA M.

A. R. N. RICHARDSONI R. R.

1998 1 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 2000 1 0 6 2 2 0 0 0 2002 4 1 9 4 0 0 1 1 2004 0 1 7 1 0 0 0 0 2005 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2006 0 0 7 2 1 0 0 0 2007 1 0 4 1 1 0 6 2 2008 0 0 6 0 0 0 3 0 2009 0 0 8 0 2 2 1 1 2011 0 4 4 0 1 0 1 0 2012 5 0 6 0 1 2 6 0 2013 0 0 1 0 3 10 6 2 Total 12 6 71 10 12 14 24 6 ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 181

25 Undeterminate Female 20 Male adult Male Immature 15

Number of individuals observed n=116

0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

Total length (cm)

Figure 5.1. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Length–frequency distribution of Dipturus nidarosiensis observed in the 2012–2014 French landing and coming from ICES subareas 6–7.

Biomass 25

1 20  15 haul 90 %  10 kg

5 10 % 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year Number

6 1  90 %

haul 4 

Ind 2 10 % 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year

Figure 5.2. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Deania spp. ,mainly Birdbeak dogfish Deania calcea biomass index (Kg haul–1) from the Spannish Porcupine survey (SppGFS-WIBTS-Q4) time-series (2001–2016). Boxes show parametric standard error of the stratified biomass index. Lines mark bootstrap confidence intervals (a = 0.80, bootstrap iterations = 1000). From Ruiz-Pico et al. (2018 WD).

182 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Standard hauls (70-500 m) 0.5

0.4 1  0.3 haul 

kg 0.2

0.1

0.0 9010 % 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year

Additional deep hauls (>500 m) 14 12 10 1  8 6 kg · haul · kg 4 2 0

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year Figure 5.3. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Evolution of Deania calcea and Deania profundorum stratified biomass index in standard hauls and in additional deep hauls during the North Spanish shelf bottom trawl survey time series. Boxes mark parametric standard error of the stratified biomass index. Lines mark bootstrap confidence intervals (α= 0.80, bootstrap iterations = 1000). From Fernández-Zapico et al. (2018 WD). ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 183

Figure 5.4. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Results of GAM analysis of catches of birdbeak dogfish Deania calcea in Scottish deep-water trawl survey from Neat et al. (2015) showing (a) Box-whisker plot of numbers per hour for each year. (b) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across years. (c) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across depths. (d) Distribution of abundance across the survey area graded from large red dots that indicate hauls of high abundance in close proximity to other hauls of high abundance to small blue dots that indicate hauls of low abundance in close proximity to other hauls of low abundance.

184 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Biomass

10 1  8

haul 6  4 kg 90 %

2 10 % 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year Number

4 1  3 haul  2 90 % Ind

1 10 % 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year

Figure 5.5. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Knifetooth dogfish Scymnodon ringens biomass index (top, kg·haul–1) and abundance index (bottom, numbers. Haul in the Spanish Porcupine survey (SppGFS-WIBTS-Q4) time-series (2001–2017). Boxes mark parametric standard error of the stratified biomass index. Lines mark bootstrap confidence intervals (a = 0.80, bootstrap iterations = 1000). From Ruiz-Pico et al. (2018 WD).

ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 185

Standard hauls (70-500 m) 0.10

0.08 1

 0.06 haul 

kg 0.04

0.02

0.00 9010 % 1983 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year

Additional deep hauls (>500 m) 8 6 1  4 kg · haul · kg 2 0

1989 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year

Figure 5.6. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Evolution of Scym- nodom ringens stratified biomass index in standard hauls and in additional deep hauls during the North Spanish shelf bottom trawl survey time series. Boxes mark parametric standard error of the stratified biomass index. Lines mark bootstrap confidence intervals (α= 0.80, bootstrap iterations = 1000). From Fernández-Zapico et al. (2018 WD).

Biomass 14 12 1

 10 8 haul

 6

kg 4 2 90 % 10 % 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year Number 60 50 1  40

haul 30 

Ind 20 10 90 % 10 % 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year

Figure 5.7. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Etmopterus spinax biomass index (top, kg·haul–1) and abundance index (bottom, numbers. haul–1) during Porcupine survey time-series (2001–2017). Boxes mark parametric standard error of the stratified biomass index. Lines mark bootstrap confidence intervals (a = 0.80, bootstrap iterations = 1000). From Ruiz- Pico et al. (2018 WD).

186 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Standard hauls (70-500 m)

90 % 0.6 1 

haul 0.4  kg

0.2

10 %

0.0 1983 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year

Additional deep hauls (>500 m) 25 20 1 15  10 kg · haul · kg 5 0

1983 1984 1988 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year

Figure 5.8. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Evolution of Etmopterus spinax stratified biomass index in standard hauls and in additional deep hauls during the North Spanish shelf bottom trawl survey time series covered by the survey. Boxes mark parametric standard error of the stratified biomass index. Lines mark bootstrap confidence intervals (α= 0.80, bootstrap iterations = 1000). From Fernández-Zapico et al. (2018 WD).

ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 187

Figure 5.9. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Results of GAM analysis of catches of velvet belly Etmopterus spinax in Scottish deep-water trawl survey from Neat et al. (2015) showing (a) Box-whisker plot of numbers per hour for each year. (b) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across years. (c) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across depths. (d) Distribution of abundance across the survey area graded from large red dots that indicate hauls of high abundance in close proximity to other hauls of high abundance to small blue dots that indicate hauls of low abundance in close proximity to other hauls of low abundance.

188 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Figure 5.10. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Results of GAM analysis of catches of greater lantern shark Etmopterus princeps in Scottish deep-water trawl survey from Neat et al. (2015) showing (a) Box-whisker plot of numbers per hour for each year. (b) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across years. (c) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across depths. (d) Distribution of abundance across the survey area graded from large red dots that indicate hauls of high abundance in close proximity to other hauls of high abundance to small blue dots that indicate hauls of low abundance in close proximity to other hauls of low abundance. ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 189

Hexanchus griseus Biomass 4

3 1 1  

haul 2 hl   kg k 90 %

10 %

0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year

Number 2.0

1.5 1 1  

haul 1.0  Ind

0.5

90 %

10 % 0.0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year

Figure 5.11. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Changes in bluntnose six-gill shark Hexanchus griseus biomass index (Kg haul–1) during Porcupine survey (SppGFS-WI- BTS-Q4) time-series (2001–2017). Boxes mark parametric standard error of the stratified biomass index. Lines mark bootstrap confidence intervals (a = 0.80, bootstrap iterations = 1000). From Ruiz- Pico et al. (2018 WD).

190 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Standard hauls (70-500 m) 0.5

0.4 1  0.3 haul 

kg 0.2

0.1 90 %

0.0 10 % 1983 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year

Additional deep hauls (>500 m) 12 10 1 8  6 kg · haul · kg 4 2

2009 2010 2012 2013 2015

Year Figure 5.12. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Evolution of Hexan- chus griseus stratified biomass index in standard hauls and in additional deep hauls during the North Spanish shelf bottom trawl survey time series. Boxes mark parametric standard error of the stratified biomass index. Lines mark bootstrap confidence intervals (α= 0.80, bootstrap iterations = 1000). From Fernández-Zapico et al. (2018 WD). ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 191

Figure 5.13. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Results of GAM analysis of catches of black dogfish Centroscymnus fabricii in Scottish deep-water trawl survey from Neat et al. (2015) showing (a) Box-whisker plot of numbers per hour for each year. (b) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across years. (c) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across depths. (d) Distribution of abundance across the survey area graded from large red dots that indicate hauls of high abundance in close proximity to other hauls of high abundance to small blue dots that indicate hauls of low abundance in close proximity to other hauls of low abundance.

192 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Figure 5.14. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Results of GAM analysis of catches of Centroscymnus crepidater in Scottish deep-water trawl survey from Neat et al. (2015) showing (a) Box-whisker plot of numbers per hour for each year. (b) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across years. (c) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across depths. (d) Distribution of abundance across the survey area graded from large red dots that indicate hauls of high abundance in close proximity to other hauls of high abundance to small blue dots that indicate hauls of low abundance in close proximity to other hauls of low abundance. ICES WGEF REPORT 2018 | 193

Figure 5.15. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Results of GAM analysis of catches of Apristurus microps in Scottish deep-water trawl survey from Neat et al. (2015) showing (a) Box-whisker plot of numbers per hour for each year. (b) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across years. (c) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across depths. (d) Dis- tribution of abundance across the survey area graded from large red dots that indicate hauls of high abundance in close proximity to other hauls of high abundance to small blue dots that indicate hauls of low abundance in close proximity to other hauls of low abundance.

194 | ICES WGEF REPORT 2018

Figure 5.16. Other deep-water sharks and skates from the Northeast Atlantic. Results of GAM analysis of catches of Apristurus aphyodes in Scottish deep-water trawl survey from Neat et al. (2015) showing (a) Box-whisker plot of numbers per hour for each year. (b) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across years. (c) Smoothed function of relative abundance of across depths. (d) Dis- tribution of abundance across the survey area graded from large red dots that indicate hauls of high abundance in close proximity to other hauls of high abundance to small blue dots that indicate hauls of low abundance in close proximity to other hauls of low abundance.