sign in sign up
<<
Home , Ammiel, Books of Samuel, Giloh, Haggith, Machir, Mephibosheth

These study lessons are for individual or group study and may be freely copied or distributed for class purposes. Please do not modify the material or distribute partially. Under no circumstances are these lessons to be sold.

Comments are welcomed and may be emailed to [email protected].

The Life and of A Man After God’s Heart

Curtis Byers 2015

The Life and Psalms of David

Introduction

The life of David is highly instructive to all who seek to be a servant of God. Although we cannot relate to the kingly rule of David, we can understand his struggle to live his life under the mighty hand of God. His success in that struggle earned him the honor as “a man after God’s own heart” (Acts 13:22). The intent of David’s heart is not always apparent by simply viewing his life as recorded in the books of . It is, however, abundantly clear by reading his Psalms.

The purpose of this class will be to study the Psalms of David in the context of his life. David was a shepherd, musician, warrior, poet, friend, king, and servant. Although the events of David’s life are more dramatic than those in our lives, his battle with avoiding the wrong and seeking the right is the same as ours. Not only do his victories provide valuable lessons for us, we can also learn from his defeats. David had his flaws, but it would be a serious misunderstanding for us to justify our flaws because David had his. The lessons to learn are how David dealt with his flaws. Thus, this study is really for us – for us to understand the nature of the heart that is acceptable to God.

Each lesson will study an episode in David’s life as recorded in 1 and 2 Samuel along with a few of David’s psalms. Only limited use will be made of the material on David’s life recorded in 1 Chronicles.

The English Standard Version (ESV; Text Edition 2011) will be used as the basis of this study.

Chronology of United Kingdom [Satterthwaite, Exploring , p.139]

1032 – 1010 BC 22 years 1 Sam 13:1 1006 – 1004 BC Ishbosheth (Israel only) 2 years 2 Sam 2:10 1010 – 1003 BC David (Judah only) 7.5 years 2 Sam 5:5-6 1003 – 970 BC David 33 years 2 Sam 5:5-6 970 – 930 BC 40 years 1 Kgs 11:42

Front Cover

Rembrandt , David Playing the Harp for King Saul, 1629 Oil on Oak http://www.marysrosaries.com/collaboration/index.php?title=File:David-Playing-the-harp-for- King-Saul-001.jpg&oldid=90185 The Life and Psalms of David Course Outline

Lesson Life of David Psalms of David *

1 The Rise of David 1 Samuel 16 – 18:5 19, 23, 151 ** The Book of Samuel The Books of the Psalms

2 David Envied by Saul 1 Samuel 18:6 – 20:42 59 The Former Psalm Titles

3 David, the Fugitive (I) 1 Samuel 21 – 23 34 , 52 , 54 , 56 The Transition to David The Psalms of David (I)

4 David, the Fugitive (II) 1 Samuel 24 – 26 57 , 142 The Psalms of David (II)

5 David and the 1 Samuel 27 – 31 7, 17, 25, 35, 40, 140 The Philistines Acrostics

6 The End of the 2 Samuel 1 – 4 110

7 David, King of Israel 2 Samuel 5 – 8 60 , 15, 24, (89), (132)

8 David and 2 Samuel 9 – 12 51 , 32

9 David and 2 Samuel 13 – 19:8 3, 63 Consequences of David’s Sin

10 Reestablishment of David’s Rule 2 Samuel 19:9 – 20:26 18 , 57 , 59

11 The End of David’s Reign 2 Samuel 21 – 24 122, 124, 131, 133 Songs of Ascents

12 Solomon Appointed as Successor – 2:10 20, 21, 72 (Solomon) The Royal Psalms

* Psalms listed are ascribed to David in their titles with those printed in bold font said to relate to some specific incident in David’s life. Psalms listed in () are not ascribed to David but may relate to him.

** Although not part of the , the LXX includes this additional Psalm that is ascribed to David.

http://www.jw.org/en/publications/bible/nwt/appendix-b/map-kingdom-david-solomon/ The Life and Psalms of David

David’s Ancestry

1 Chronicles 2:1-16, :18-22 & Matthew 1:3-6 Luke 3:33 Variation

Judah (+ Tamar) | Perez … | | Hezron Hezron | | Ram Arni | | Admin | | Nashron Amminadab | | Salmon (+ Rahab) … | Boaz (+ Ruth) | Obed | | David

David’s Older Brothers David’s Sisters [1 Chr 2:16-17]

1. Eliab [1 Sam 16; 1 Chr 2] 1. Zeruiah 2. Abinadab [1 Sam 16; 1 Chr 2] Sons : Abishai 3. [1 Sam 16; Shimea, 1 Chr 2] 4. Nethanel [1 Chr 2] [2 Sam 23:24] 5. Raddai [1 Chr 2] 6. Ozem [1 Chr 2] 2. Abigal 7. ? Son : Amasa ( father : Jether the Ishmaelite) Note : 1 Samuel 16:10 says that David had 7 older brothers, but :15 lists David as the Note : Joab, the commander of 7th son of Jesse. 1 Chronicles 27:18 names Elihu David’s army, was the son of as a brother of David, so is he the missing brother? Zeruiah. Abigal’s mother’s name Or might Elihu simply be another name for one of was Nahash [2 Sam 17:25]. his other brothers?

The Life and Psalms of David

David’s Sons

Those Born While David Ruled in Hebron for 7.5 Years

2 Samuel 3:1-5 & 1 Chronicles 3:1-4 1. (mother : of Jezreel, 1 Sam 25:43) 2. (1 Chr 3:1, Daniel; mother : Abigal, widow of or Carmel, 1 Sam 25) 3. Absalom (mother : , daughter of , king of ) 4. (mother : ) 5. Shephatiah (mother : Abital) 6. Ithream (mother : Eglah)

Those Born While David Ruled in Jerusalem for 33 Years

1 Chronicles 3:5-9 & 2 Samuel 5:14-16 7. Shimea (2 Sam 5, Shammua) 8. Shobab 9. 10. Solomon 11. Ibhar 12. Elishama (2 Sam 5, Elishua) 13. Eliphelet (not listed in 2 Sam 5) 14. Nogah (not listed in 2 Sam 5) 15. Nepheg 16. Japhia 17. Elishama 18. Eliada 19. Eliphelet + Sons of concubines + Tamar, a daughter (mother : Maacha; brother of Absalom, 2 Sam 13.1

+ Jerimoth (2 Chr 11:18)

Note : David had no children with , Saul’s daughter (2 Sam 6:23).

The Life and Psalms of David

The Vocabulary of 1 & 2 Samuel Ref . Richard C. White, The Vocabulary of the Church , Macmillan, 1960

Abner AB nur Ammah AM uh

Abi-albon ab i AL bahn AM i el

Abiathar uh BIGH uh thahr Ammihud uh MIGH huhd

Abiezer ab i EE zur Amnon AM nahn

Abimelech uh BIM uh lek Aphek AY fek

Abinadab uh BIN uh dab Arabah AR uh buh

Abishai AB i shigh Aram AY ram, AR uhm

Abital AB i tal uh RAW nuh

Absalom AB suh lahm, -luhm Arbathite AHR bath ight

Achish AY kish Arbite AHR bight

Adonijah ad o NIGH juh Aroer uh RO ur

Adriel AY dri el Asahel AS uh hel

Adullam uh DUHL uhm Ashkelon ASH ki lahn

Agee AY gee Ashtaroth ASH tuh rahth

Ahasbai uh HAS bigh Athach AY thak

Ahiam uh HIGH am uh ZEE kuh

Ahilud uh HIGH luhd Azmaveth az MAY veth

Ahimaaz uh HIM ay az -perazim bay uhl puh ray zim

Ahimelech uh HIM uh lek Baanah BAY uh nuh

Ahinoam uh HIN o am Bahurim buh HYOO rim

Ahio uh HIGH o Barzillai bahr ZIL ay igh, bar ZIL igh

Ahithophel uh HITH o fel bee EE rahth, BEER oth

Ahitub uh HIGH tuhb Beerothite bee EE rahth ight

Ahohi uh HOH high Benaiah bee NAY uh

Aiah ay IGH uh Berothai bi ROTH thigh

Amalekite uh MAL uh kight Betah BEE tuh

Amasa AM us suh, uh MAY suh Bethlehemite BETH li uhm ight The Life and Psalms of David

Beth-maacah beth MAY uh kuh Gaash GAY ash

Beth-shan BETH shan Gallim GAL im

Bichri BIK righ Gareb GAY reb

Borashan bawr ASH uhn Geba GEE buh

Carmel KAHR mel Gera GEE ruh

Cherethite KER I thight Geshur GEE

Chileab KIL i ab Geshurite GESH yu right

Chimham KIM ham GEE zur

Cushite KUHSH ight GIB I uh

Doeg DO eg Gilboa gil uh

Eglah EG luh GIGH lo

Ekron EK rahn GIGH lo

Elah EE luh Gilonite GIGH lo night

Elhanan el HAY nan Girzite GUR zight

Eliab i LIGH uhb Gittite GIT ight

Eliada i LIGH uh duh Hachilah hak uh LIGH uh

Eliahba i LIGH uh buh Hadadezer had ad EE zur

Eliam i LIGH am Haggith HAG ith

Elika i LIGH kuh, EL i kuh Hamath HAY math

Eliphelet i LIF uh lat HAY nuhn

Elishama i LISH uh mah Hararite HA ruh right

Elishua el i SHOO uh Helam HEE luhm

Endor EN dawr Helez HEE lez

Engedi en GEE di, en GED i Helkath-hazzurim hel kath HAZ yu rim

En-rogel en RO guhl Hereth HEE reth

Ephes-dammim ee fes DAM im Hezro HEZ ro

Ephrathite EF ruh thight Hiddai HID ay igh, hi DAY igh

Eshtemoa esh ti MO uh Hiram HIGH ruhm

The Life and Psalms of David

Horesh HO resh, HAWR esh Laish LAY ish

Hormah HAWR muh Lehi LEE high

Hushai HYOO shigh Lo-debar lo DEE bahr

Ibhar IB hahr Maacah MAY uh kuh

Igal IGH gal MAY kir

Ikkesh IK esh may huh NAY im

Ishbi-benob ish bigh BEE nahb Maoch MAY ahk

Ish-bosheth ish BO sheth Maon MAY ahn

Ithream ITH ri am Mebunnai mi BUHN igh

Ithrite ITH right Meholathite mi HO luh thight

Ittai IT ay igh, IT igh me FIB o sheth

Jaare-oregim jay uh ri AWR i jim Merab MEE rab

Jabesh- jay besh GIL i uhd Michal MIGH kuhl

Japhia juh FIGH uh, JAF i uh MIL o

Jashar JAY shur, JASH ur Mizpeh MIZ pe

Jashen JAY shuhn, JASH uhn Nabal NAY bal

Jattir JAT ur Naioth NAY ahth

Jedidiah jed i DIGH uh Naharai NAY huh righ

Jehoiada ji HOY uh duh Nahash NAY hash

Jehoshaphat ji HAHSH uh fat Nepheg NEE feg

Jerahmeelite ji RAY mi uhl ight Ner NUR

Jerubbesheth jer uh BEE sheth Netophah ni TO fuh

Jeshimon ji SHIGH mahn Paarai PAY uh righ

Jezreel JEZ ri el, -reel Palti PAL tigh

Josheb-basshebeth jo sheb ba SHEE beth Paltite PAL tight

Kabzeel KAB zi el Paran PAY ran

Keilah ki IGH luh Pelethite PEL uh thight

Kenite KEE night, KEN ight Philistine fi LIS tin, FIL uhs teen

The Life and Psalms of David

Pirathon PIR uh thahn Tekoa ti KO uh

Rabbah RAB uh Thebez THEE bez

Racal RAY kal, -kuhl Toi TO i

Ramah RAY muh Uzzah UHZ uh

Ramoth RAY mahth Zelek ZEE lek

Rechab REE kab Zeruiah zi ROO yuh

Rehob REE hahb Ziba ZIGH buh

Rephaim REF ay im Ziklag ZIK lag

Ribai RIGH bigh Ziph ZIF

Rimmon RIM ahn ZO buh

Rizpah RIZ pah

Rogelim RO guh lim

Secu SEE kyoo

Seraiah si RAY yuh, -RIGH uh

Shaalbonite shay al BO night

Shammah SHAM uh

Shammua SHAM yu uh

Sharar SHAY rur

Shephatiah shef uh TIGH uh

Shimeah SHIM i uh, SHIM ih uh

Shimei SHIM i igh, SHIM ih igh

Shobab SHO bab

Shobi SHO bigh

Shunem SHOO nem

Shur SHOOR

Siphmoth SIF mahth

Tahchemonite ta KEE muh night

Talmai TAL migh

The Life and Psalms of David

Lesson 1: The Rise of David 1 Samuel 16 – 18:5

Life of David The Book of Samuel 1. Compare the statement made about Saul’s selection as king in 1 Samuel 8:18 with that made about David’s in 1 and 2 Samuel comprised 1 Samuel 16:1. Why did the Lord not choose a man like a single book in the Hebrew David as the first king instead of choosing Saul? Bible; they were divided into separate books in the (LXX). Together they focus upon the life and work of Samuel, Saul and David. From the standpoint of the nation of Israel, these books document Israel’s transition from being a theocracy to a monarchy.

2. The Lord could simply have told Samuel that David was his choice. Instead, Samuel has to go through his seven older brothers first before David is brought before him. Although we are not told, why do you think this was the case?

3. The clash between David and is one of the best-known stories in , but it is really a clash between God and the gods of the Philistines. It is a story filled with contrasts. What lessons are taught by this episode? Be as specific as you can.

4. Locate , Sochoh (Socoh), Azekah, Gath, and Ekron on the map.

1-1

The Life and Psalms of David

Psalms of David The Books of the Psalms 1. David primary occupation as a young man was the tending of his father’s sheep. In his contest In the Hebrew , the with Goliath, David relies upon his experiences as Psalms are divided into the following a shepherd (17:33ff). Read Psalm 23. What is its five books: primary message? Book I Psalms 1-41

Book II Psalms 42-72 Book III Psalms 73-89

Book IV Psalms 90-106 Book V Psalms 107-150

Each book ends with a doxology 2. Imagine David tending his sheep on a still, clear (Blessed be the Lord...). Many have summer night. Read Psalm 19. What lessons are suggested that the five-fold division there in this Psalm for us? What is the key verse? mirrors the five books of the Law.

3. The Septuagint (LXX) contains one additional Psalm () that is not included in the Hebrew Bible. However, with the discovery of the , two Hebrew Psalms (called Psalm 151A and Psalm 151B) were found that clearly formed the basis of this Psalm.

Psalm 151

1 This Psalm is autobiographical. Regarding David and outside the number.

I was small among my brothers and the youngest in the house of my father; I would shepherd the sheep of my father.

2 My hands made an instrument; my fingers tuned a harp.

3 And who will report to my lord? The Lord himself; it is he who listens.

4 It was he who sent his messenger and took me from the sheep of my father and anointed me with the oil of his .

5 My brothers were handsome and tall, and the Lord did not take delight in them.

6 I went out to meet the allophyle, and he cursed me by his idols.

7 But I, having drawn the dagger from him, I beheaded him and removed the reproach from Israel’s sons.

1-2

The Life and Psalms of David

Lesson 2: David Envied By Saul 1 Samuel 18:6 – 20:42

Life of David The Former Prophets

1. The history of the relationship between Saul and We usually include the books of David is summarized in the following excerpts: , Judges, Samuel and Kings in the class of Old 16:21 “And Saul loved [David] greatly, and he Testament books that we call the became his armor-bearer.” books of history. However, the Jews called these books the 18:5 “… Saul set him over the men of war.” “former prophets.”

By listing them with the books 18:9 “And Saul eyed David from that day on.” of the prophets, the Jews testify

to their belief that God was at 18:29 “So Saul was David’s enemy continually.” work within their history. That is,

God controlled the course of their What happened that caused Saul to change from history. Christians should hold a loving David to hating David? similar view of God’s work today.

Did Saul believe that David would be that “neighbor” that Samuel prophesied would take over his kingdom (1 Sam 15:28)?

2. The narrative tells first of Saul giving his armor to David (17:38), then David taking the armor of Goliath (17:54), and finally giving his armor to David along with his robe (18:4). What significance can we place on these acts?

3. We generally assume that a narrative account is given in chronological order unless we are told otherwise. But is this necessarily the account? Consider 18:6-16. Does this section chronologically follow 18:1-5? Or is it possible that it precedes 18:1-5?

4. It had been said that whoever killed Goliath would receive, among other things, the king’s daughter in marriage (17:25), but nothing was mentioned about this immediately after the battle. Later, Saul first offers David his oldest daughter Merab (18:17), and then another daughter, Michal (18:20ff), whom David marries.

a. What was Saul’s motive in offering his daughters to David?

b. Why did David refuse to marry Merab, and how did Saul overcome this objection with regard to his offer of Michal?

5. Three times in chapter 18 (v.5, 16, and 30) we are told how the people of Israel and Judah loved David.

a. What characteristic of David is mentioned in all three accounts?

2-1

The Life and Psalms of David

b. It is interesting that three times within 1 Samuel where a distinction is made between Israel and Judah (1 Sam 11:8; 17:52; and 18:16), but this is still several years before there is political distinction between these two sections of Israel. Any ideas?

6. Five times in chapters 19 and 20 David has to flee to save himself from Saul’s wrath. a. Who assists David in each escape?

b. In one instance David flees to Ramah. Why there? Locate Ramah on the map.

Psalms of David

Psalm Titles 1. Read Psalm 59. The title to this Psalm places it at the time that Saul’s men 116 of the 150 Psalms are prefaced with a waited at the house of David in order title. The title serves various purposes: to to kill him (cf. 1 Sam 19:11ff). perhaps assigns authorship (e.g. Ps 3, 90) [to be considered in detail later], to give historical a. Are the contents of this Psalm context (e.g. Ps 18, 34), to provide the consistent with the title’s claim? worship setting (e.g. Ps 38, 100), to identify the genre (e.g. Ps 32, 120, 145) and sometimes to provide musical instructions (e.g. Ps 4, 5).

It is uncertain who affixed these titles to the

individual Psalms, but we know that they at

least preceded the LXX translation. Of course,

the titles might be original. Three psalms

occur within other OT writings and in each

case a title is given (2 Sam 22:1 = Ps 18;

Is 38:9; Hab 3:1) which might suggest that

assigning titles to psalms was commonplace.

b. What two requests does David make of the Lord?

1)

2)

c. What two characteristics of God are praised by David and are the basis of David’s hope?

1)

2)

2-2

The Life and Psalms of David

Lesson 3: David, the Fugitive (I) 1 Samuel 21 – 23

Life of David The Transition to David

1. In fleeing from Saul, David goes to Ahimelech, the Although David has already priest, who lived in Nob. David is hungry, and the been anointed, it will still be only food available is that which had been set before some time before David ascends the Lord on the table of the tabernacle (see the throne as king. Why the Lev 24:5-9). delay? Perhaps the sin of Saul is “not yet full.” Or, it may be that a. How does David convince Ahimelech to give him David must learn a few lessons the bread? before becoming king. Whatever the reason, David leads the life of a fugitive during this period of transition.

b. In arguing with the Pharisees as to the nature of the Sabbath, Jesus refers to this example of David (cf. Mt 12:1-8 // Mk 2:23-28 // Lk 6:1-5). Does Jesus imply that David was just in his eating the Bread of the Presence (cf. Lev 24:5-9)? [See excursus at end of this lesson.]

c. What consequence did David’s contact with Ahimelech have? (22:6ff) [This fulfills the Lord’s prophecy of 1 Sam 2:31-36, except Abiathar which is fulfilled later, 1 Kg 2:26-27.]

2. In fleeing from Saul, David goes to two neighboring nations.

a. What problem does David encounter with Achish, a king of the Philistines?

b. Saul’s hatred for David increased David’s appeal to what group of people?

c. Later, David goes to Mizpeh, king of , and asks him to allow his parents to remain there. Why does he go there?

3. The events recorded in chapter 23 clearly illustrate David’s fugitive life. Even the men of , who David saved from the Philistines, would turn David over to Saul. The Ziphites also seem anxious to offer their assistance to Saul. But these events also clearly illustrate God’s role in David’s life. What does God do?

4. Trace David’s flight by locating Nob, Gath, , Moab, Gibeah, Keilah, Ziph, and Mizpeh on the map.

3-1

The Life and Psalms of David

Psalms of David The Psalms of David (I) 1. The titles of Psalms 34 and 56 suggest that 73 of the 150 Psalms (85 in the LXX) these Psalms were written when David went to are ascribed in the title to David and the Philistines in Gath. What is the key are divided among the five books of characteristic of a child of God that is the Psalms as follows: highlighted in both of these Psalms? Book I 37 Psalms

Book II 18 Psalms

Book III 1 Psalm

Book IV 2 Psalms 2. The title of Psalms 52 reads: “A Miskil of David, when Doeg, the Edomite, came and told Saul, Book V 15 Psalms “David has come to the house of .” Thus, most of David’s Psalms occur

in Book I and II. a. So, who is the ‘mighty man’ of verse 1? This may explain the notation at the end of Book II: “The prayers of David the son of Jesse are ended” Psalm 72:20. Note that the Psalms are called b. Does the Psalm seem to fit this person? prayers.

In Acts 4:25, the apostles quote a portion of Psalm 2 and attributed it to David, but Psalm 2 does have a title 3. Psalm 54 is divided into four paragraphs (ESV). attributing the Psalm to David (in Summarize the thought of each paragraph. either the Hebrew Bible or the LXX). So, either the apostles knew some- v. 1-2 thing about Psalm 2 that we do not know or, since David wrote many of v. 3 the Psalms, they may have simply attributed all the Psalms to David. v. 4-5

v. 6-7

Is this a good outline of how one should interact with God concerning one’s troubles?

Ahimelech and Abiathar In :23-28 Jesus asks the Pharisees if they had heard that David “entered the house of God, in the time of Abiathar the high priest, and ate the bread of the Presence, which it is not lawful for any but the priests to eat…” This passage gives rise to two challenges. First, what is Jesus’ point in introducing David’s action in this context? Although many answers have been given, the simplest is that Jesus believed David’s need took precedence to the law. This is consistent with the second example concerning priests that is recorded in the parallel account in Matthew 12:1-7. Second, why is Abiathar mentioned since the passage in 1 Samuel 21 mentions that David received the bread from Ahimelech, Abiathar’s father? It is possible that there is a textual corruption in Mark, but there are no Greek manuscripts that name Ahimelech, although there are some that do not give the priest’s name. Others have suggested that Mark is simply using Abiathar as a reference point within 1 Samuel (sim. to Mk 12:26). Also, neither Ahimelech or Abiathar are called high priests in OT. Note that Mark does not say that David received the bread from Abiathar, but simply that it was during the time Abiathar was high priest. It is possible that Abiathar was high priest even though his father Ahimelech was still alive; not an uncommon occurrence.

3-2

The Life and Psalms of David

Lesson 4: David, the Fugitive (II) 1 Samuel 24 – 26

Life of David

1. Chapters 24 - 26 records three incidents during David’s flight from Saul.

24 - David’s encounter with Saul in the cave. 25 - David’s encounter with Nabal. 26 - David’s venture into Saul’s camp.

a. What is the primary moral lesson that David is to learn from these encounters? Note how David’s understanding of this lesson increases with each incident.

b. In the first two encounters, especially the second, there is an obvious contrast between that which is good and that which is evil . Make a list of who or what is good or evil.

c. Note also how both Nabal and Saul play the “fool” (25:25 - Nabal comes from same root word that means fool ; 26:21). What moral lesson did Saul ultimately learn?

2. The death of Samuel is told in one verse (25:1). What significance can be placed on the timing of Samuel’s death? What takes place “just” prior to his death?

3. Note the play on the phrase “cut off” . In 24:4, David cuts off a corner of Saul’s garment. Saul understands the significance of David’s act and, in 24:21, pleads for David to swear that he will not cut off his descendants (i.e., kill them). Compare an earlier instance involving a robe and Saul’s rejection as king in 1 Samuel 15:24ff. How does Saul know that David will be the next king?

4. Abner, the commander of Saul’s army, is a relative of Saul’s. How is he related? (cf. 1 Sam 14:50f).

4-1

The Life and Psalms of David

Psalms of David The Psalms of David (II) Both Psalms 57 and 142 are said to have been The English preposition “ of ” used written in the context of David’s encounter with Saul by most translations of the Psalm in the cave. titles, (e.g. “ of David ”) has about the same range of meanings that the 1. In Psalm 59 (see Lesson 2), the mercy of God is Hebrew preposition has. The Hebrew coupled with his power. What does David term could mean any of the associate with God’s mercy in Psalm 57? following:

1) ‘for’ David , 2) ‘to’ David ,

3) ‘about’ David , 4) ‘for the use of’ David , or

5) ‘by’ (i.e. authored by) David .

Some have argued that it cannot

mean ‘ by’ , but that clearly is the

sense that Peter in Acts 2 understood

when he quotes both Psalm 16 and

Psalm 110 when he says that “David

says…”

2. Note the expressions in these Psalms which are consistent with the lesson that David learned from his encounters with Saul and Nabal.

4-2

The Life and Psalms of David

Lesson 5: David and the Philistines 1 Samuel 27 – 31

Life of David The Philistines 1. David again flees to Achish, the Philistine king of The Philistines were descendants of Gath. David first flight to Gath led to despair Ham (Gen 10:14) and it is generally and fear for his life (cf. 1 Sam 21:10f). Why thought that they came to the region would he expect this time to be different? of , along with other “Sea

Peoples”, from the Aegean area.

Both Abraham and Isaac had contacts with the Philistines (cf. Abimelech). By the time of Exodus, 2. David used his base in Ziklag to attack the they were well-known for their Geshurites, the Girzites, and the Amalekites. warring nature (cf. Ex 13:17). Who did Achish think David was attacking? Why The power of the Philistines was the deceit? How did David keep his actions from concentrated in five cities (Gaza, coming to the attention of Achish? Ashkelon, , Ekron, and Gath);

each city governed by its own “ lord ”.

Throughout the time of the judges, God used the Philistines and other Canaanites to chastise the 3. In 1 Samuel 28:3, the writer parenthetically (cf. Judges 2, 3). But it was David introduces the next set of events by restating who was able to effectively break the that Samuel had died (cf. 1 Sam 25:1) and that power of the Philistines. The conquest Saul had put the mediums and spiritists out of of the Philistines by Nebuchadnezzar the land, although we do not know when he did in 604 BC ended the history of that. How is this restatement relevant to the Philistine people. The term succeeding events? was derived from the name Philistine.

4. Does this episode involving the medium at En Dor give evidence that mediums in that day had the ability to communicate with the dead? Why, or why not? Did Saul learn anything that he did not already know?

5. In chapter 29, the “lords of the Philistines” refuse to let David fight with them. Had these lords approved, would David have fought against Saul and the Israelites?

6. Upon returning to Ziklag, David and his men discover that the town had been destroyed and their wives and children taken captive by the Amalekites. During this crisis and the ensuing pursuit of the Amalekites, what worthy attributes does David display?

5-1

The Life and Psalms of David

7. Locate Ziklag, En Dor, Mt. Gilboa, and Jezreel on the map. How far did David and his men travel in three days upon leaving the Philistine army in Aphek and returning to Ziklag?

8. In a single sentence, sum up the life of Saul.

Psalms of David Acrostics Of the many themes found in the Psalms of David, one recurring theme is a call for God’s protection from his One literary device used by the enemies. Read Psalms 7, 17, 25, 35, 40, and 140. Hebrew poets is to form an acrostic with the first word of Compare these Psalms and make note of their each stanza. That is, each stanza similarities. starts with a consecutive letter of the Hebrew alphabet (which contains 22 letters). Psalms 111, 112, and 119 are complete acrostics. Modern versions usually attempt to highlight the acrostic form. Psalm 25, which is studied in this lesson, is an irregular acrostic Psalm because one letter is missing, two letters repeat, and two letters are used in the Questions to consider: same verse.

° How does David describe his enemies?

° What is David’s plea?

° How does David view himself?

° How does David view God?

5-2

The Life and Psalms of David

Lesson 6: The End of the House of Saul 2 Samuel 1 – 4

Life of David Hebron 1. How does the account of Saul’s death in 2 Samuel 1 differ from that recorded in The city of Hebron has a long 1 Samuel 31? Is the Amalakite telling the truth? history with God’s people. Abraham lived in Hebron at various times during his life (Gen 13:18) and the cave of Machpelah in Hebron is where all the patriarchs and their wives (except ) were buried (Gen 23). After the sojourn in Egypt, the 2. David’s lamentation of Saul and Jonathan was spies visited Hebron (Num 13:22, 33) recorded in the book of Jasher (2 Sam 1:18). and, later, Joshua conquered Hebron This book is also referred to in Joshua 10:13. (Josh 10, 11). It became a city of the From these two accounts, what can we conclude Levites and a city of refuge (Josh about the book of Jasher? 20:7; 21:13). David reigned there for 7.5 years (2 Sam 2:1-11).

Because of its association with Abraham, the site of Hebron is one of the most revered of Islam.

3. The death of Saul (2 Sam 1) and Abner (2 Sam 3) provides two examples of how people mourned the death of leaders. Compare these two cases and note the things in common.

4. Why would David be so willing to make a covenant with Abner, and grief so much at his death?

5. Saul’s commander of his army, Abner, was also his cousin. Joab, who becomes David’s commander, is related to David. What is the relationship? (cf. 1 Chr 2:16)

6. In 1 Samuel 4, we are introduced to Mephibosheth in the midst of the narrative that tells of the death of Isbosheth and, thus, the end of any claimants to the throne in the lineage of Saul. What was another name for Mephibosheth? (see 1 Chr 8:34; 9:40; 2 Sam 9:12) Anything interesting about that?

6-1

The Life and Psalms of David

Psalms of David

The most quoted Psalm in the is Psalm 110, a particular favorite of the author of Hebrews. It is an interesting study to see how various parts of this Psalm are used by the New Testament writers. What is the argument that the writer is making in each of the following passages and how does Psalm 110 help make that argument?

Matthew 22:41-46 // Mark 12:35-37 // Luke 20:41-44

Acts 2:32-36 (Note in v.30 David is called “ a ”)

1 Corinthians 15:24-26

Hebrews 1:13

5:5-10

7:15-19

7:20-22

10:11-14

6-2

The Life and Psalms of David

Lesson 7: David, King of Israel 2 Samuel 5 – 8

Life of David Jerusalem 1. Upon the request of all the tribes, David is anointed The earliest inhabitants of King of Israel (5:3). How many times has David been Jerusalem probably selected the anointed? site because of its proximity to the spring Gihon. However, for defensive purposes, the spring could not be enclosed within the 2. In becoming king, David makes a covenant with the city walls. Thus, in order to people (5:3). What, do you suppose, would be the have access to the spring during nature of that covenant? (consider 1 Sam 8:10f) times of war, an underground tunnel was constructed.

At the time of the conquest of 3. David was 30 years old when he became king (5:4) Canaan, the occupied and he reigned 40 years. the city and the Israelites did not attempt to overtake the city a. Was he 30 years old at the time he earlier (Jdg 1:21). became King of Judah at Hebron or now when he However, David, in his becomes King of all Israel? attempt to find a neutral capital, attacks and conquers the city. Apparently, he could do so by going through the tunnel leading to the Gihon spring b. Note the following instances where the age of 30 (2 Sam 5:8). is the time of leadership responsibilities: Genesis 41:46; Numbers 4:3; Luke 3:23.

c. And note the common reign of 40 years in the time of the judges and kings: Judges 3:11; 5:31; 8:28; 1 Samuel 4:18; 1 Kings 11:42.

d. Any thoughts as to the significance of these numbers?

4. Upon becoming king of all Israel, David’s first task is to capture the city of Jerusalem. Why?

5. Who was right: David or Michal? That is, was David acting appropriately in his worship or was Michal correct in her criticism?

7-1

The Life and Psalms of David

6. In chapter 7, David seeks to build a house for the Lord. Why does he now want to build this house?

7. Consider Nathan’s prophecy to David in 2 Samuel 7:1-17.

a. What does the Lord think about David’s plan to build him a house? What had David failed to consider? (think carefully about the implications of 2 Sam 7:7)

b. Who does the “offspring” refer to in verse 12? (Careful! cf. 1 Kgs 8:20, Heb 1:5)

c. Is God’s promise that he will build for David a “house” conditional or unconditional? In other words, does the promise depend upon David’s or his descendants’ faithfulness? (Ps 89:30-37; Jer 33:20-22)

8. List the members of David’s administration (8:15f).

Psalms of David

1. According to the title, was written by David during the wars following his rise to king of all Israel. What is the mood of this Psalm? Is there anything recorded within the text of Samuel to justify this mood?

2. Psalm 15 is not dated in the title, but it seems appropriate for this time period because of David’s desire to build the Lord a house. What does the Psalm manifest about David’s attitude toward the house of God? ( is similar.)

3. Psalms 89 and 132 are not Psalms composed by David; rather, they are Psalms about David.

a. In , what event is the Psalmist remembering?

b. In , what desire of David is the Psalmist extolling?

7-2

The Life and Psalms of David

Lesson 8: David and Bathsheba 2 Samuel 9 – 12

Life of David

1. What were the terms of the covenant that David had made with Jonathan? (cf. 1 Sam 20:12f)

Did David meet or exceed the terms of this covenant in his dealings with Mephibosheth?

Are there any indications as to how much time has transpired since David made the covenant with Jonathan? (There are no direct references, but what can be learned from what we are told about Mephibosheth?)

2. Locate Ammon, its capital city Rabbah, and Syria on the map.

3. We are not told in Scriptures when Nahash, king of Ammon, was kind to David. Which is more probable: the kindness was shown before or after David was king of all Israel?

4. Hittites were not members of God’s covenant family, so how is it that served in David’s army? Are there any indications given in the text as to his loyalty to David?

5. After David’s sin is exposed by Nathan, what punishments does Nathan say will come upon David?

6. What lessons can we learn from David’s actions/comments concerning the child he had with Bathsheba that the Lord struck with a sickness?

7. Summarize which of the surrounding nations that David was able to subdue up to this point in time?

8-1

The Life and Psalms of David

Psalms of David

1. According to the title, was written by David in the context of Nathan confronting David with his sin.

a. What is the perspective of this Psalm? Is it presenting David as when he first went to the Lord and asked forgiveness, or does it give another perspective?

b. Several theological issues are raised in this Psalm.

1) How is it that David had only sinned against God? (v.4)

2) Is the concept of original sin supported in v.5: “Behold, I was brought forth in iniquity, and in sin did my mother conceive me.”

3) Is it God’s doing alone to create a “clean heart” within us? (v.10)

4) What is David concerned about when he asks God to “take not (his) Holy Spirit” from him? (v.11)

5) Does God really not delight in sacrifice and burnt offerings? (v.16-17)

2. In Psalm 32, David is also confessing his sin, but we are not told if it is the sin with Bathsheba or not.

a. David speaks both of his state before confessing his sin and his state after. Summarize the difference.

b. For what purpose does Paul quote v.1-2 in Romans 4:7-8?

8-2

The Life and Psalms of David

Lesson 9: David and Absalom 2 Samuel 13 – 19:8

Life of David Consequences of David Sin 1. Who was David’s older son, Amnon or Absalom? (cf. 2 Sam 3:2). The Lord had told David that because of his sin concerning Uriah and Bathsheba that the sword would not depart from his house (2 Sam 12:9-10). The [Note: David’s second son, Chileab (or, Daniel, 1 Chr Lord’s promise first finds 3:1), is not mentioned again in the Biblical fulfillment in a conflict between narratives.] the sons of David, Amnon and Absalom, and then is fulfilled by 2. Could the sin of Amnon with his half-sister Tamar treason on the part of Absalom. been avoided by Amnon taking Tamar as his wife? (compare 13:2, 13; Lev 18:9; Dt 27:22)

3. The Scriptures say that David was “very angry” (13:21) when he heard of Amnon dealings with Tamar. Why did he not intervene?

[Note: Using the LXX, the Revised English Bible adds at the end of verse 21: “but he would not hurt Amnon because he was his eldest son and he loved him.” (NRSV sim.)]

4. Was it permissible for Absalom to avenge the defilement of his sister by killing Amnon?

Why would Absalom flee to Geshur instead of some other place? Locate Geshur on the map.

5. Joab makes for an interesting case study. Recall some of the earlier incidents involving Joab and compare them with those recorded in this section. Is Joab ethical in all his dealings? Is he loyal to David? Does he have any fear of David?

9-1

The Life and Psalms of David

6. As David flees Jerusalem, two incidents are recorded.

a. What does Ziba imply about his master Mephibosheth? (16:1ff) [Later, we will hear Mephibosheth’s side.]

b. Is David’s view toward Shimei proper? (16:5ff)

7. In summary, how do you view David’s actions during this sequence of events involving Absalom?

8. This section of Scripture is filled with one-sentence sermons. Reflect on the following:

13:3 “But Amnon had a friend...”

13:15 “...so that the hatred with which he hated her was greater than the love with which he loved her.”

14:25 “Now in all Israel there was no one so much to be praised for his handsome appearance as Absalom.”

15:6 “So Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel.”

Psalms of David

1. The title of places it at the time that David fled from Absalom. What is the single lesson of this Psalm?

2. Psalm 63 could either be placed during the time David was fleeing from Saul or Absalom.

a. What is the implication of the phrase “in a dry and weary land where there is no water” in the context of verse 1?

b. Why should one “ praise ” and “ bless ” the Lord?

c. In verse 11, of whom does the expression “mouths of liars” refer? (Consider the parallelism of the last two phrases.)

9-2

The Life and Psalms of David

Lesson 10: Reestablishment of David’s Rule 2 Samuel 19:9 – 20:26

Life of David

1. Where was David’s location at the end of Chapter 18 when he learns of Absalom’s death?

How far must David travel to return to Jerusalem?

2. After the death of Amnon and Absalom, who is David’s oldest living son? Who is the second oldest?

3. Three men came to David before he crossed the Jordan River. How did each of these men (present or past) show their allegiance to David?

1)

2)

3)

4. Sheba, the son of Bichri, is the next rival of David. He is not a son of David, so what could be is motive against David?

Why do the people of Israel follow him instead of David?

Any way to explain the fickleness of the people in their quickness to change allegiance?

5. In 2 Samuel 19:13, David replaces Joab as commander of the army with Amasa. Why?

Joab kills Amasa and pursues Sheba. Which is stranger? Joab continuing to fight for David, or David apparently not punishing Joab (Joab regains his place as commander of the army; 2 Sam 20:23; 24:2; 1 Kgs 1:19)?

10-1

The Life and Psalms of David

Psalms of David

1. is a third Psalm David composed in the context of Saul seeking to kill him; Psalms 57 and 59 are the others. But what is different about Psalm 18 as compared to the two others?

2. Notice the language of David to describe the nature of the Lord’s response to his cry for help in v.6b-15. Reflections?

3. Reflect carefully on v.20-30. The theme of this section of the Psalm is summarized by the opening sentence in v.20: “The Lord has dealt with me according to my righteousness.”

a. Does this expression in v.20 seem surprising? Should it be?

b. Compare with Psalms 15 and 24.

4. In v. 31-48, list the specific things the Lord does for David.

10-2

The Life and Psalms of David

sLesson 11: The End of David’s Reign 2 Samuel 21 – 24

Life of David

1. The text begins with the telling of a three-year famine in Israel during David’s reign. The famine is from the hand of God. Why?

Who are the Gibeonites and what was the covenant between them and Israel? (cf. Josh 9)

What is the atonement required by the Gibeonites? Any concerns about this?

2. Although David conquers all the neighboring people, he is unable to conquer the Philistines; he must battle them his entire life. Any ideas as to why that is the case?

3. :1-7 are purported to be the “ last words ” of David. These do not seem to literally be his very last words, so what are we to understand?

Of all the things that David might have chosen to include in his “ last words ”, what did he emphasize?

4. 2 Samuel 23:8-39 lists the mighty men of David and recounts some of their mighty deeds.

a. Top of the list is Josheb-basshebeth. There a couple of translation difficulties in verse 8. First, according to the ESV, he is “ chief of the three ”, but the root word translated “ three ” could also be translated “ captains ” (so, KJV, NASU). Further, the expression translated by the ESV “ wielded his spear ” could be translated “ was called Adino the Eznite ” (NASU; yes, Hebrew is a strange language!). The KJV resolved this last dilemma by including both possibilities: “ the same was Adino the Eznite: he lift up his spear against… ”!

b. Note any of these mighty men that are of interest to you.

c. Who is not in the list that you would expect to be in the list?

5. When the Israelites came out of Egypt, the Lord told to take a of all the people (Ex 30:12; Num 1:2). So why was it wrong for David to take a census of the people at this time? Wasn’t he just doing what the Lord told him to do?

11-1

The Life and Psalms of David

The text says that the Lord “ incited David ” against Israel (24:1). Why? To confuse the matter more, the parallel text in :1 says that it was who incited David. Any thoughts?

As punishment, what are the three choices that the Lord gives David?

1)

2)

3)

Did David choose well? Which would you have chosen?

What had to be done to avert further punishment to Israel?

Psalms of David Songs of Ascents David wrote four of the Songs of Ascents : Psalms 122, 124, 131, and 133. If these Psalms were sung by the Fifteen Psalms (120-134) have Israelites as they travelled to Jerusalem for worship, the phrase “ Song of Ascents ” in survey their contents and note whether their content their title. There have been several reflects that occasion. theories proposed as to the meaning of this expression; the Psalm 122 three most prevalent are: 1. They were sung by Israelites travelling to Jerusalem to celebrate the great feasts.

2. They were sung by exiles Psalm 124 returning to the land of Israel (probably after the ). 3. According to a Jewish tradition there were 15 steps that led from the Court of the Women to Psalm 131 the Court of Israel in the Temple complex. Upon each step, the Levites would sing one of these Psalms.

Psalm 133

11-2

The Life and Psalms of David

Lesson 12: Solomon Appointed as Successor 1 Kings 1 – 2:10

Life of David

1. Why would Adonijah think the kingship should be his?

What does it mean that David had “ never at any time displeased him by asking, ‘Why have you done thus and so?’ ” (1:6)? Does this seem to be typical of David’s attitude toward his sons?

What split did this cause in David’s servants?

Who did Adonijah see as his chief rival?

2. Although we do not have the record of David’s previous promise to Bathsheba, David apparently did tell her that Solomon would rule in his place (see v.30). We also have the record of David earlier (it appears) instructing Solomon with regard to construction of the Temple (1 Chr 22) which implies his intent to place Solomon on the throne. Did others know of David’s intent? (cf. 1 Chr 22:17f)

But if David had already said that Solomon would succeed him, why did Nathan feel compelled to orchestrate his and Bathsheba’s actions to gain David’s favor?

And if others knew of David’s intent, then why would Joab and Abiathar support Adonijah?

3. Abonijah’s premature seizing of the kingship is seen in how quickly he realizes his tenuous position upon learning of Solomon being anointed. Had he not anticipated this possibility?

12-1

The Life and Psalms of David

Psalms of David The Royal Psalms 1. Psalms 20 and 21 are representative of the Royal Psalms, both said to be “ A Psalm of David .” Read One interesting category of the these Psalms and note the characteristic of the king Psalms is the Royal Psalms. These that is addressed. Psalms only have in common the fact that each makes reference to the king. Narrowly defined the Royal Psalms are those that make explicit reference to the king (or, a synonym like “anointed”): Psalms Why is this emphasis on the king be appropriate in 2, 18 , 20 , 21 , 45, 72, 110 , 132, and the Psalms which generally are designed to praise 144 (although Psalm 101 is also God? usually included in this short list) . Six of the ten Royal Psalms (the ones in italics ) were ascribed to David in their title, but Psalms 2 may also have been written by David (see Lesson 3).

2. Psalm 72 is said to be “ Of Solomon .” Other Psalms appear to speak of the king that do not explicitly refer a. Does Solomon seemed to be the author of this to the king, and some scholars Psalm? would include them within the category of the Royal Psalms.

b. If not, who might be the author?

12-2

References

General References

Arnold, Bill T. and H.G.M. Williamson, eds. Dictionary of the Old Testament . InterVarsity Press, 2005.

Bar, Shaul. God’s First King: The Story of Saul. Cascade Books, 2013.

Craigie, Peter C. The Old Testament: Its Background, Growth, & Content. Abingdon, 1986.

Crockett, William Day. A Harmony of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles: The Books of the Kings of Judah and Israel. Baker, 1951 (15 th Printing 1979).

Dick, Michael B. Reading of the Old Testament: An Inductive Introduction. Hendrickson Publishers, 2008.

Gunn, David M. The Fate of King Saul: An Interpretation of a Biblical Story , Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 14. JSOT Press, 1984 (1980).

Harrison, Roland Kenneth. Introduction to the Old Testament. Eerdmans, 1969.

Hamilton, Victor P. Handbook on the Historical Books. Baker, 2001.

La Sor, William Sanford, David Allen Hubbard, and Frederic William Bush. Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. Eerdmans, 1982.

Lucas, Ernest C. Exploring the Old Testament: A Guide to the Psalms & , Vol 3. InterVarsity Press, 2003.

Malamat, Abraham. The History of Biblical Israel: Major Problems and Minor Issues. Brill Academic Publishers, 2004 (2001).

Provan, Iain, V. Philips Long, and Temper Longman III. A Biblical History of Israel , 2 nd Ed. Westminster John Knox Press, 2015.

Walton, John H. and Andrew E. Hill. Old Testament Today: A Journey from Original Meaning to Contemporary Significance. Zondervan, 2004.

Wood, Leon. A Survey of Israel’s History. Zondervan, 1970.

Young, Edward J. An Introduction to the Old Testament. Eerdmans, 1964.

Life of David

Arnold, Bill T. 1 & 2 Samuel , The NIV Application Commentary. Zondervan, 2003.

Baden, Joel. The Historical David: The Real Life of an Invented Hero. HarperCollins, 2013.

Baldwin, Joyce G. 1 & 2 Samuel , Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. InterVarsity Press, 1988.

Birch, Bruce C. The First and Second , The New Interpreter’s Bible, Vol. 2. Abingdon, 1998.

R-1

Firth, David G. 1 & 2 Samuel , Apollos Old Testament Commentary. InterVarsity Press, 2009.

Halpern, Baruch. David’s Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King. Eerdmans, 2001.

Klein, Ralph W. 1 Samuel, Word Biblical Commentary, Vol. 10. Word, Inc., 1983.

Psalms of David

Allen, Leslie C. Psalms 101-150 , Word Biblical Commentary, Vol. 21. Word Books, 1983.

Broyles, Craig C. Psalms , New International Biblical Commentary. Hendrickson Publishers, 1999.

Craigie, Peter C. and Marvin E. Tate. Psalms 1-50 , 2 nd Ed. Word Biblical Commentary, Vol. 19. Thomas Nelson, 2004.

Firth, David and Philip S. Johnston. Interpreting the Psalms: Issues and Approaches. InterVarsity Press, 2005.

Longman, Temper, III. How to Read the Psalms. InterVarsity Press, 1988.

Tate, Marvin E. Psalms 51-100. Word Biblical Commentary, Vol. 20. Word Books, 1990.

R-2