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Role of Opposition Movements Against Bhutto and Against Zia

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Role of Opposition Movements Against Bhutto and Against Zia ROLE OF OPPOSITION MOVEMENTS AGAINST BHUTTO AND AGAINST ZIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ABID HUSSAIN ABBASI DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 2017 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD APPROVAL OF THESIS FOR SUBMISSION I hereby recommend the dissertation prepared under my supervision by Abid Hussain Abbasi entitled ROLE OF OPPOSITION MOVEMENTS AGAINST BHUTTO AND AGAINST ZIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY. Prof. Dr. Razia Sultana Supervisor Author’s Declaration I Abid Hussain Abbasihereby state that my PhD thesis titled“Role of Opposition against Bhutto and Zia: A Comparative Study”is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from this University (Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad), Or anywhere else in the country/world. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my Graduate the university has the right to withdraw my PhD degree. Name of Student:Abid Hussain Abbasi Certificate of Approval This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis, entitledRole of " Opposition against Bhutto and Zia: A Comparative Study”was conducted byMr. Abid Hussain Abbasiunder the supervisionProf. of Dr. Razia Sultana. No part of this thesis has been submitted anywhere else for any other degree. This thesis is submitted to theDepartment of History Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabadin partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Field of History. Department of:History University of:Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Student Name:Mr. Abid Hussain Abbasi (Designation & Office Address) Prof. Dr. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema Dean, Faculty of Contemporary Studies (FCS) National Defence University (NDU), E-9 Islamabad. (Designation & Office Address) Dr. Abdul Rauf Department of Political Science University of Peshawar, Peshawar. Supervisor Name:Prof. Dr. Razia Sultana Name of Dean/HOD:Dr. Rabia Umar Ali Plagiarism Undertaking I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled“Role of Opposition against Bhutto and Zia: A Comparative Study” is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the zero-tolerance policy of the HEC and UniversityQuaid-i-Azam ( University Islamabad). towards plagiarism. Therefore I as an Author of the above titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of PhD degree, the University reserves the rights to withdraw/revoke my PhD degree and that HEC and the University has the right to publish my name on the HEC/University Website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized thesis. Student /Author Signature: Name: Abid Hussain Abbasi To Allama Muztar Abbasi vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First, I thank Almighty Allah, who gave me strength and courage to complete this study successfully. It is a pleasure for me to express my feelings of gratitude for my supervisor Professor Dr. Razia Sultana Sahiba for her scholarly guidance, patience and encouragement. She has always been very kind, friendly, easy to reach and helpful. I will always be grateful to her very kind guidance. I am also indebted with the able guidance and scholarly attitude of my teachers at Quiad-i-Azam University. Particularly I pay my heartily gratitude to Professor Dr. Syed Waqar Ali Shah sahib who not only played a major role to get me admission in PhD but always guided and supported me so generously. Similarly, there are many friends, colleagues including my teacher and mentor Allama Muzter Abbasi Sahib (Late), Javed Sidiq Sahib, Hafiz Saeed Sahib, Mr. Jehangir Khan, Mr. Afzal Cheema, Mr. Jalil Asghar Satti, Zahid Zaman Qureshi and Mr. Kamran Khan for their support and guidance. Mr. Gul Hassan Librarian of PAF College Lower Topa for his generous support in provision of various books, Mr Hammad Abbasi for his valuable time for proof reading and his help in setting the draft. I also thank the library staff of Seminar Library of the Department of History, Central Library of Quiad-i-Azam University, Central Library Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, National Documentation Centre, National Assembly Library, Municipal Library Rawalpindi, Iqbal Municipal Library Murree, Resource Centre Murree, personal library of Allama Muztar Abbasi sahib and all those whom I visited for material collection during my research work. I am also grateful to all those friends who provided me the chance to share their informative company. vii Moreover, I wish to express my love and care for my beloved niece Isra who helped and supported me while preparing my draft ,and my beloved brother Baber for his consistent support and push to complete my work. I also thank my very kind and beloved sisters Asia and Aapi for their love and care during my research work. In the end I very humbly attribute the weaknesses of the dissertation to myself and the strengths to all those who guided and supported me. Abid Hussain Abbasi viii ABBREVIATIONS AIML All India Muslim League AKMC Azad Kashmir Muslim Conference AL Awami League ANP Awami National Party APC All Parties Conference APMSO All Pakistan Mohajir Students Organization APP Associated Press of Pakistan APWA All Pakistan Women Association AZO Al-Zulfikar Organization BD Basic Democrat BNP Baluchistan National Party CAS Chief of air Staff CBR Central Board of Revenue CCI Council of Common Interest CEC Central Executive Committee CEC Chief Election Commissioner CENTO Central Treaty Organization CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIA Criminal Investigation Agency CJCSC Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee CM Chief Minister CMLA Chief Martial Law Administrator CNC Commander-In-Chief ix Con ML Council Muslim League CONS Chief of Naval Staff Conv ML Convention Muslim League COP Combined Opposition Parties COAS Chief of Army Staff CONS Chief Of Naval Staff CPNE Council of Pakistan Newspapers Editors CSP Civil Service of Pakistan CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty DAC Democratic Action Committee DG Director General DMG District Management Group DPR Defense of Pakistan Rules DSP Deputy Superintendent of police DWA Democratic Women Association EBDO Elective Bodies Disqualification Order EC Election Commission FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FIA Federal Investigation Agency FSC Federal Shariyat Court FSF Federal Security Force GDA Grand Democratic Alliance GHQ General Head Quarters HRCP Human Rights Commission of Pakistan IB Intelligence Bureau x IJI Islami Jamhoori Itehad IJT Islami Jamiyat-i-Tuleba ISI Inter-Services Intelligence Agency JCSC Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee JI Jam’at-i-Islami JUI Jamiyat Ulema-i-Islam JUI-F Jamiyat Ulema-i-Islam ( Fazalu Rehman) JUI-H Jamiyat Ulema-i-Islam ( Hazarvi) JUP Jamiyat Ulema-i-Pakistan KPK Khyber Pakhtun Khawa LFO Legal Framework Order MD Managing Director MLR Martial Law Regulation MNA Member National Assembly MPA Member Provincial Assembly MRD Movement for the Restoration of Democracy MUF Mutaheda Ulema Forum NAP National Awami Party NAP (B) National Awami Party (Bhashani) NAP(W) National Awami Party (Wali Khan) NDA National Democratic Alliance NDF National Democratic Front NDP National Democratic Party NFC National Finance Commission NPP National Peoples’ Party xi NPT National Press Trust NSF National Student Federation NWFP North Western Frontier Province OIC Organization of Islamic countries PBUH Peace Be Upon Him PCO Provisional Constitutional Order PDF Pakistan Democratic Fund PDM Pakistan Democratic Movement PDP Pakistan Democratic Party PFUJ Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists PIA Pakistan International Airlines PKMAP Pakhtun Khwa Mili Awami Party PLF Pakistan Lawyers Forum PM Prime Minister PML Pakistan Muslim League PML(N) Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) PML(P) Pakistan Muslim League (Pagara) PNA Pakistan National Alliance PODA Public Office Disqualification Order POW Prisoners of War PPO Pakistan Press Ordinance PPP Pakistan Peoples’ Party PSF Peoples’ Student Organization PTV Pakistan Television PYO Peoples Youth Organization xii RCO Revival of Constitutional Order (1973) SAT Sind Awami Tehreek SAW Swal Allaho waalehey Wasalam SEATO South East Asian Treaty Organization TI Tehreek-i-Istaklaal UAE United Arab Emirates UNO United Nations Organization USA United States of America USM United Students Movement USSR Union Soviet Socialist Republics WAF Women Action Forum xiii GLOSARY Ammal A journal started by PPP from London Bradari Clan, tribe, broader family Jihad Fighting against infidels , striving against wrong Madrassa Muslims religious educational institutions Nizam-i-Mustafa The System of the Prophet (SAW) Shikargah Hunting land Batai Lease amount of agricultural land Gherao To besiege (building) for demands Azaan Call for prayer (in Islam) Mureeds Followers Murshid Mentor Wadera Feudal lord Deobandi A sect in Islam attributed to Deoband a city in India where a renowned Islamic religious school is located Ramadan The fasting month in Islamic calendar Minar-i-Pakistan Parliament ( Islamic assembly for consultation) Quaid-i-Azam Great Leader Hari Peasant ( in Sind) Jeeay Bhutto Long live Bhutto Gundas Goons Danda Stick, to use for hunting Wadera Feudal lord xiv ABSTRACT The dissertation entitled “Role of Opposition against Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and against Ziaul Haq: a comparative study” provides a comprehensive account of the role of two opposition movements; first against Bhutto and the second against Gen. Zia. In Bhutto’s ascendency to power establishment played a mixed role as it had to bring him in power in the wake of military disaster of 1971. But after assuming power he could hardly maneuver between the civil and military leadership to steer the ship of democracy on a sustainable track. Eventually he met a tragic end at the hands of same forces that earlier brought him into power.
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