NATIONALHumanities ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES • VOLUME 12 • NUMBER 1 • JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991

EDUCATION:

SETTING IT RIGHT Editor's Note

Education in America

"How is it that we can so often see where we are going wrong," asks Endow­ ment Chairman Lynne V. Cheney, "and yet be unable to change direction?" In her latest report on humanities education in America, Tyrannical Machines, Cheney finds that the obstacles to improving our educational institutions are pervasive and extend from the earliest grades to the university level, from the way books are chosen to the way teachers themselves are taught. "We force prospective schoolteachers to take education courses that waste their time. We place expectations on college and university faculty members that discourage Tyrannical Machines, a report on humani­ them from devoting time to students and the classroom," she writes. "Thought­ ties education in America by NEH Chairman Lynne V. Cheney ful teachers and faculty members, as well as concerned administrators, chafe under these regimes; but the machines, larger than any individual or school, Humanities roll on." A bimonthly review published by the In this issue of Humanities, we carry an excerpt from the report's chapter on National Endowment for the Humanities higher education, examining the conflicting demands between research and teaching. Nobel laureate Roald Hoffman offers hope for a healthier balance: Chairman: Lynne V. Cheney "I am certain that I have become a better researcher, a better theoretical Publisher, Editorial Director: chemist, because I've had to teach undergraduates," he says. "... The more Marguerite Hoxie Sullivan I taught beginning classes, the more important it became to me to explain." Editor: Mary Lou Beatty Pursuing the thesis that "explaining" to beginners invigorates the class­ Assistant Editors: James S. Turner room, in another article we examine the tack this process is taking for even Ellen Marsh the very young. Michelle and Robert Wilhelm, who teach classics at Miami Editorial Assistant: Kristen Hall University in Ohio, write about summer institutes that have helped elemen­ Marketing Director: Joy Evans tary teachers use classical mythology to stretch the intellectual capacities of Editorial Board: Marjorie Berlincourt, children. In Evanston, Illinois, in Waco, Texas, and in dozens of other cities Harold Cannon, Richard Ekman, George across the country, kindergartners on up are learning history, language, art, F. Farr, Jr., Donald Gibson, Guinevere and culture through the Iliad, the Aeneid, and tales of other heroic exploits. Griest, James Herbert, Thomas Kingston, And turning to the nature of heroism, playwright Valerie Lester offers some Jerry Martin, Malcolm Richardson provocative thoughts on Achilles as the quintessential Greek hero. His coun­ Design: Hausmann Graphic Design, Inc. terpart, Odysseus, she says, has worthy points to be considered, and his taste

The opinions and conclusions expressed in for strategem should make him no less a model. She sees in George Dimock's Humanities are those of the authors and do not new textual interpretation, The Unity of the Odyssey, a welcome redressing of necessarily reflect Endowment policy. Material a hero's reputation. appearing in this publication, except for that already copyrighted, may be reproduced. —Mary Lou Beatty Please notify the editor in advance so that appropriate credit can be given. The Chairman of the Endowment has determined that the pub­ lication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this agency. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the director of the Office of Management and Bud­ get through September 1992. Send requests for subscriptions and other communications to the editor, Humanities, National Endowment for the Humanities, 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20506. Telephone 202/786-0435. Annual subscription rate: $11.00 domestic, $13.75 foreign. Two years: $22.00, $27.50. (USPS 521-090) ISSN 0018-7526. Cover credits, top row: College of Saint Scholastica; Saint Anselm College; College of Saint Scho- lastica. Second row: University of North Texas. Third Row: Gettysburg College; University of Tennessee; University of North Texas. Bottom row: Kirkwood Community College; Saint Anselm College; Dixie College. Tyrannical Machines credits, from left to right: p. 6-a. University of North Texas, b. Kirkwood Community College, c. University of Tennessee; p. 7-a. Gettysburg Col­ lege, b. University of Tennessee, c. University of North Texas; p. 8 University of North Texas; p. 9-a and b. College of Saint Scholastica, c. Saint Anselm College; p. 10-a. University of North Texas, b. Dixie College, c. Gettysburg College; p. 36-a. University of Tennessee, b. Univer­ sity of North Texas; p. 37-a. College of Saint Scholastica, b and c. Dixie College.

2 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 Contents

Education Tyrannical Machines: A Report on Educational Practices Gone 4 Wrong and Our Best Hopes for Setting Them Right by NEH Chairman Lynne V. Cheney. Excerpts from the Chairman's biennial report to Congress.

The Numbers Game by Jeffrey Thomas. A recent survey shows 33 an increase in museums and museum goers.

In Focus: Wm. Theodore de Bary. How Asian studies were 36 incorporated into Columbia University's core curriculum.

Other Features

Odysseus Redressed by Valerie Lester. A reinterpretation of 11 Homer's classic sees the hero in a new light.

Bringing the Classics to Life by Michelle P. and Robert M. 13 Wilhelm. On introducing Vergil to the elementary classroom.

A Balloon's Eye View of Ancient Sites by Maggie Riechers. A 18 novel archaeological device enables researchers to rise above it all.

Exploring America's Oral Traditions by Diana Pabst. An overview 23 of the new Encyclopedia of American Popular Beliefs and Superstitions.

Music of the Gaslight Era by Ellen Marsh. A look at the diary 26 of George Templeton Strong, a nineteenth-century American lawyer whose passion was music.

The Bill of Rights: Celebrating Two Hundred Years by Skip 30 Kaltenheuser. The Pennsylvania Humanities Council uses the occasion to foster discussion of some basic principles.

17 Noteworthy

38 Calendar

39 Letters. A controversy over Islam.

The Humanities Guide

Extending the Teacher-Scholar Program by Angela Iovino, 41. Recent NEH Grants by Discipline, 42. Deadlines, 46.

HUMANITIES 3 Tyrannical Machines

A Report on Educational Practices Gone Wrong and Our Best Hopes for Setting Them Right

BY LYNNE V. CHENEY "The institutionizing on a large scale of any natural combination of need and motive always tends to run into technicality and to develop a tyrannical Machine with unforeseen powers of exclusion and corruption." William James March 1903

IME AND AGAIN, reformers are as uncongenial to teaching as the and were then told that their con­ have pointed out the failings Mojave Desert to a clutch of Druid tracts would not be renewed." Tof American education. They priests." Almost a quarter century The emphasis on research is great­ have cited its unsuccessful practices later, historian Page Smith asserts est at research universities where 64 repeatedly—and quite often futilely. that faculties "are in full flight from percent of the faculty report spending Even when reformers have built con­ teaching. . . . In many universities, five hours or less per week on formal sensus on a matter—that we do not faculty members make no bones classroom instruction and 86 percent train our teachers properly, for exam­ about the fact that students are the report spending six or more hours ple—practice has frequently changed enemy. It is students who threaten per week on research. At liberal arts only at the margins. How is it that to take up precious time that might colleges, by contrast, only 16 percent we can so often see where we are otherwise be devoted to research." of the faculty report less than five going wrong and yet be unable to This situation has not come about hours a week in the classroom and 48 change direction? Indeed, how is it because faculty members necessarily percent report spending six or more that we get off track in the first place? prefer research. In a recent survey, hours on research. Even at liberal Philosopher William James might 71 percent reported that their inter­ arts colleges, however, the emphasis have blamed what he called "institu­ ests either leaned toward or lay pri­ on research is growing. Fifty liberal tionizing on a large scale." As James marily in teaching. But the road to arts schools have banded together described it, ways of doing things that success—or even to survival—in the under the lead of Oberlin College are well justified in the beginning tend, academic world is through publish­ and are considering calling them­ when established widely, to become ing. Anthropologist Bradd Shore selves "research colleges." Schools "tyrannical machines." Practices that notes, "If you fail at the teaching and such as Colorado College, Grinnell, begin by filling needs become detached fail at the service but still do terrific and Wellesley have reduced the num­ from their original purposes, even scholarship, you are likely to get ber of hours faculty teach so that they counterproductive to them. Having tenure," but not the other way have more time to do research. A been adopted on a large scale, how­ around. A senior literature professor, recent survey of twelve liberal arts ever, these practices take on a power of who himself publishes actively, colleges reported that faculty fre­ their own. We force prospective school­ reports that "the way one prospers is quently distinguish between teaching teachers to take education courses that by finding time away from teaching and "what they often call, signifi­ waste their time. We place expecta­ to get one's own work done." Phi­ cantly, 'my own work/" or research. tions on college and university faculty losopher Thomas Flynn relates the Faculty members often blame members that discourage them from advice he received as a young assis­ administrators for the emphasis placed devoting time to students and the tant professor trying to get tenure: on research, but administrators are classroom. Thoughtful teachers and "Beware of the students. They will responding to powerful external forces. faculty members, as well as concerned destroy you." The money that flows to their institu­ administrators, chafe under these The most dramatic examples of tions and the prestige their schools regimes; but the machines, larger than how research is valued over teaching enjoy will be largely dictated by the any individual or school, roll on. occur when faculty members who have research those institutions do. Thomas won campuswide awards for teaching Sowell points out that hundreds of RESEARCH AND TEACHING suddenly find themselves without jobs. millions of federal dollars flow into For decades critics have been saying A 1988 article in The Chronicle of Higher research at universities. "Money talks that institutions of higher education Education even raised the possibility in academia as elsewhere," Sowell do not do enough to encourage good that teaching awards, by implying that notes, "and what money says on most teaching. Classicist William Arrow- a faculty member is not as serious campuses is 'do research.'" Emory smith made this point in 1967, observ­ about research as he or she should be, University's Frank Manley observes ing that "at present, the universities are "the kiss of death" as far as achiev­ that academic reputation is estab­ ing tenure is concerned. Economist lished through the public act of pub­ This article, dealing with problems at the Thomas Sowell reports, "I personally lishing, not through the more private college and university level, is excerpted know three different professors at act of teaching. "The people who from the new NEH report released this three different institutions who have have status outside the University, past fall, Tyrannical Machines. gotten the Teacher of the Year Award who are writing and publishing, are

HUMANITIES 5 the ones who are going to get the in many instances by one-third, and faculty from other institutions is to status inside the University," says often by half to two-thirds. As the offer them reduced teaching loads. Manley. "They are the ones who are president of York College of Pennsyl­ As Lee Knefelkamp of the American looked upon with most favor by the vania, Robert Iosue, notes, it is diffi­ Association for Higher Education administrators because they are the cult to be precise about the degree to puts it, "Unfortunately, the blue chip ones who have the marquee value for which teaching responsibilities have that we play in the poker game these the University." declined because official teaching days is to offer our best scholars less The model that increasingly drives loads are often different from actual time with students. The currency of all of higher education—the tyranni­ ones, which may be reduced for such higher education has become, in fact, cal machine that reigns—was first work as service on a faculty commit­ less time with the constituency we are established in the United States at the tee. "In one bizarre case," Iosue says, supposed to serve." Professor Miller end of the nineteenth century. Derived "a professor received fifteen hours of reports that when he was a dean, fac­ from German universities, this model reduction from an official work load ulty members who visited his office emphasized the production of knowl­ of twelve hours. He was paid a three- to discuss offers they had from other edge rather than its diffusion. Both hour teaching overload yet did not institutions were almost always more Daniel Coit Gilman and G. Stanley step inside the classroom." attracted by the possibility of teach­ Hall, influential spokesmen for the The gradually shrinking academic ing less than the promise of earning new university ideal, thought that year also affects time faculty mem­ more. "Although some of these col­ the scholar's proper role lay in pro­ bers spend in the classroom. In the leagues were teaching just one or two ducing "bricks" for the rising temple late 1960s, according to an executive courses a year," Miller writes, "they of knowledge. William James was director of the American Association were being wooed by the prospect of among the first to note that such a of Collegiate Registrars and Admis­ a 50 percent reduction, even if that single-minded view threatened a sys­ sions Officers, most colleges had two translated into teaching one course tem in which there were many paths seventeen-week semesters. Now, two every other year." to excellence. It was in a 1903 essay fifteen-week semesters are more When faculty members teach less, on the Ph.D.—the degree associated typical, with some schools in session there is a financial consequence. with the new, research-oriented as few as twenty-eight weeks— or Because more people must be hired university—that James coined the half a year. Observing that students to teach, the costs of education esca­ phrase "tyrannical machine." in Missouri institutions of higher late—and so does tuition. Between education now spend a semester and 1980-81 and 1989-90, average tuition ■ Teaching Less a half less in college than students in charges rose an inflation-adjusted 50 One of the most dramatic effects of the 1940s, Governor John Ashcroft percent at public universities, 66 per­ emphasizing the production of new has asked the schools in his state to cent at private universities, and 57

knowledge— that is, research that lengthen the academic year. percent at other private four-year leads to publication—rather than the Because the prestige of an institu­ schools. Other factors, including communication of knowledge to the tion depends on whether it has a fac­ increased administrative expenses, next generation—that is, teaching— ulty well known for publishing, col­ account for some of these increases; has been a decline in how much leges and universities frequently raid but with instructional budgets typi­ faculty members teach. At four-year other institutions for their research cally comprising 40 percent of educa­ institutions, time spent by faculty in stars. "Hiring superprofessors," ob­ tional and general expenditures, the the classroom has decreased steadily. serves Lewis H. Miller of Indiana Uni­ decline in the amount of time faculty According to one estimate, teaching versity, "is a quick and easy method members spend in the classroom responsibilities at noted research uni­ of raising the value of one's academic clearly plays a role. versities have, since 1920, decreased stock." The primary way of luring Between 1977 and 1987, while the

6 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 number of full-time arts and sciences "gypsy scholars," frantically commut­ sional lives run counter to the pre­ students decreased by 14 percent, the ing between teaching assignments at vailing culture of academia. At a lib­ number of full-time arts and science different institutions and frequently eral arts college in the Midwest where faculty members increased by 16 per­ looking for other ways to supplement a new emphasis on publication has cent; but it is hard to find evidence their salaries. Michael Shenefelt, a led to a cutback in course offerings, a that instruction benefited. Instead part-timer at New York University literature professor teaches as many there are reports of students unable and Long Island University, reports courses as he possibly can to try to to get into classes or to take the that by supplementing his income as make up the shortfall. "I am permit­ courses they want. At the University an office temporary, he is able to earn ted to teach on an unlimited basis," of Texas at Austin, after the English $20,000 a year. "A New York Univer­ he says, "and I do. If I did not do this department reduced the teaching sity elevator operator begins at $20,000," many students would not be able to load by one-third, students stood in Shenefelt observes. take a literature course." All too often, long lines in Parlin Hall, waiting, as For Ph.D.- granting institutions, however, a decision to emphasize the student newspaper put it, "for an graduate students are another source teaching exacts a price. At the Uni­ English class, any English class, to of cheap labor for the classroom, one versity of Maryland, associate pro­ open." At Northwestern University, used extensively at some universities. fessor Maynard Mack, Jr., notes that a student editorial complained about A 1989 walkout of teaching assistants his own focus on teaching "is not a course offerings in history, noting at the University of California at fast track to that promotion. I should that 20 percent of the department was Berkeley is reported to have caused minimize my campus responsibilities on leave to do research and that none the cancellation of nearly 75 percent and produce a second book." of the four highly publicized, newly of classes. Like part-time instructors, Nowhere is the countertrend to hired faculty members in the depart­ graduate students are often unsuper­ academia's current culture stronger ment was teaching. vised, and while some manage to be than in community colleges. The Even though the number of arts excellent teachers without any orien­ mission of these institutions is clear. and sciences students has declined tation or opportunity to discuss their "We are a practical teaching college," markedly and the number of faculty work with experienced faculty mem­ in the words of one professor. But in members has increased significantly, bers, few find themselves rewarded a system of higher education that many institutions still find them­ for a job well done. In fact what grad­ does not place high value on teach­ selves short of teachers. They fre­ uate students learn, all too often, is ing, community colleges rank low in quently fill in the gap with what has that teaching is not worth doing well. prestige. Having less status than four- been called an "academic underclass" Says Frank Manley of Emory Univer­ year colleges, they command fewer —part-time instructors. Part-timers, sity, "I left [Johns Hopkins] with the resources. Their faculty members who in 1988 comprised 37 percent of idea that my main job was to do earn less even though they teach more.

faculty nationwide, are paid much research, write books, and neglect The overwhelming majority of com­ less than full-time faculty. A survey undergraduates, because otherwise munity college faculty spend more of English departments showed the they would take all my time.... My than eleven hours a week in the class­ typical part-time faculty member earn­ career has been in part an unlearning room; 10 percent spend more than ing $1,500 per course although there of what I learned in graduate school." twenty hours a week. Many find year- were examples of departments pay­ Jaime O'Neill of Butte College in Oro- round employment a necessity. "If ing as little as $400. Colleges and uni­ ville, California, says that it took him you don't teach," says Evelyn Edson versities often cap the number of "five years of adjustment to get over of Piedmont Virginia Community courses that a part-timer can teach so the snobbery of graduate school." College, "you work at Shoney's [a they will not have to pay fringe bene­ Across the country are thousands fast-food restaurant] in the summer. fits. Thus many part-timers become of faculty members whose profes- You get some kind of job." The result

HUMANITIES 7 can be too little time to undertake the tance of new theoretical approaches fertility; marriage or adultery and reading and reflection that make for to scholarly publishing can be seen in literary sterility; deviation and/or better teaching, too little time to ex­ journal article after journal article in solitude and autobiography; prostitu­ change ideas with other faculty mem­ which scholars write about "fore­ tion and history; chastity and literary bers about issues in one's field or ways grounding," "appropriating," "inscrib­ self-ref erentiality." to improve courses and curricula. ing," and "engendering." It can be At the University of Minnesota, seen in books: A historian, for ex­ faculty in the humanities department ■ Faculty Interests and Student Needs ample, takes up such topics as "The recently proposed doing away with The increased emphasis on research Semantics of Transcendence as a Gen­ the ten courses the department offers has resulted in a surge of publica­ eral Academic Code" and "Historio­ in Western civilization and substitut­ tions. The number of books and arti- graphical Rejection of Cultural Disen- ing three new courses: "Discourse and

cles published annually on Shake­ gagement." Theory shapes the pro­ Society," "Text and Context," and speare grew by 80 percent between grams of professional gatherings. At "Knowledge, Persuasion, and Power." 1968 and 1988; the number on Vir­ the Modern Language Association's In these introductory courses, stu­ ginia Woolf by 800 percent. With so most recent convention, papers were dents will analyze "ways that certain much being written, individual given on "The Authority of Female bodies of discourse come to cohere, to researchers find themselves having Representation in the Postmodern exercise persuasive power, and to be to take up narrower and narrower Matrix," "Prosaics and Semiotic Total­ regarded as authoritative, while others topics in order to find a niche. The itarianism," and "Narrative Dismem­ are marginalized, ignored, or deni­ consequences were apparent in the berment: Psychological Digressions grated." More advanced courses are 1970s when Professor William in the Structure of Hypertexts." Mem­ also being planned, including "Music Schaefer became editor of Publications bers of the College Art Association as Discourse," for which the syllabus of the Modern Language Association. are currently being invited to present includes music video, a heavy metal Discovering a backlog of articles on papers on "Rethinking the 'Foucauld- concert, and songs sung at a work­ exceedingly specialized topics, ian' association of photography with ers' strike. Schaefer developed a new editorial the generalized 'panoptic' regime of Resistance from faculty in other policy emphasizing articles of "sig­ truth and power." departments as well as from students nificant interest"; but PMLA, despite It is not surprising that faculty has led the humanities department being one of the premier journals of would want to teach what interests to give up plans to abandon the the academic world, did not receive a them professionally, but the extent to Western civilization courses imme­ sufficient number of articles of wider which specialization and new theo­ diately. For the time being, the older interest to sustain the new plan. retical approaches have affected cur­ curriculum will continue to be Focusing on increasingly narrow ricula may well startle anyone who offered along with the newer ones. topics is one way of achieving the has not followed the collegiate course There is concern, however, about originality that publication demands. of study over the last few decades. A how long the Western civilization Another, as Gerald Graff has noted, student can fulfill core requirements courses will last since the overwhelm­ is proposing innovative interpreta­ at Harvard by studying tuberculosis ing majority of faculty members in tions. "The new wave of paracritical from 1842 to 1952, and distributive the humanities department has little and metacritical improvisation in cri­ requirements at Dartmouth with "Sex­ interest in teaching them. ticism ...," Graff wrote in 1979, "may uality and Writing," which analyzes A disgruntled student at Minne­ be a necessary spur to industrial "the use of sexuality and its ramifica­ sota observes, "This is all because growth at a time when the conven­ tions as symbols for the process of members of a department want to tional modes of professional publica­ literary creativity, with particular teach what they want to teach"— tion have worn thin." The impor- reference to. . . potency and creative which is not necessarily what under­

8 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 graduates need to learn. A recent ematics and physical science majors degree without diving into a "tidal nationwide survey conducted by the during this period: down 33 percent wave of theory." Rather than be Gallup Organization for the National and 9 percent, respectively. No doubt diverted from her goal, she ended her Endowment for the Humanities there are many explanations, but sure­ graduate studies. "I deemed it best to showed that many students manage ly one is that many students come to leave...," she writes, "and to learn to approach college graduation with college poorly prepared in the human­ what I wanted to learn on my own." alarming gaps in knowledge. About ities—and in mathematics and physi­ Research interests affect teaching 25 percent of the nation's college cal sciences as well—and once in col­ and learning at all levels of higher seniors were unable to date Colum­ lege, they do not take introductory education, and they have an impact bus's journey within the correct half- courses that fully introduce them to on schools as well. Among today's century. More than 30 percent could the challenges and pleasures of these college students are tomorrow's

not identify the Reformation. A disciplines. How could an under­ teachers; and if their curricula have majority could not link major works graduate who has never taken a mean­ been haphazard, they may well know by Plato, Dante, Shakespeare, and ingful course in history or physics less than they should about the sub­ Milton with their authors. choose to major in one of these fields? jects they will teach. If they have been "We are graduating a generation Those who do major in the human­ taught in an indifferent fashion, they that knows less and less," says Vassar ities often find that their courses are will be less likely to know how to sociology professor James Farganis. not conceived as comprehensive treat­ teach well themselves. "The under­ In the absence of required, broad- ments of important subjects but as graduate education that intending based courses in which undergradu­ preparation for graduate school. Even teachers receive is full of the same bad ates study significant events and books, though most majors in subjects like teaching that litters American high Farganis notes, "students are picking English do not go on to work on schools," a group of education school and choosing, making their own cur­ Ph.D.s, they may well spend time as deans observes. "If teachers are to riculum in a haphazard fashion." undergraduates becoming familiar know a subject so that they can teach Some students do not study American with critical theory— perhaps more it well, they need to be taught it well." or English literature at all: It is possible time than they spend reading litera­ to graduate from 45 percent of the ture. "I strongly suspect," writes Pro­ ■ Good Practices nation's colleges and universities with­ fessor Robert Alter of the University Education reform in colleges and out doing so. Similarly, some under­ of California at Berkeley, "that many universities has not yet attained the graduates do not study history: It is young people now earning under­ momentum of education reform in possible to graduate from 38 percent of graduate degrees in English or French the schools, but it is a hopeful sign the nation's colleges and universities at our most prestigious institutions that leaders on campus, as well as without doing so. At 41 percent of have read two or three pages of Lacan, critics off campus, have begun to talk colleges and universities, it is possible Derrida, Foucault, and Kristeva for about the need to restore a balance to graduate without studying math­ every page of George Eliot or Stendhal." between research and teaching. Pres­ ematics; at 33 percent, without study­ In graduate school, students pre­ idents Donald Kennedy of Stanford ing natural and physical sciences. pare to publish and survive by nar­ University, Harold Shapiro of Prince­ Between 1968 and 1988, while rowing their focus as much as possible ton University, William Chace of the number of bachelor's degrees — and by reading theory. Elizabeth Wesleyan University, and Sheldon awarded in the United States grew by Fentress, who went to graduate school Hackney of the University of Penn­ 56 percent, the number of bachelor's because she wanted to concentrate on sylvania have all spoken of the need degrees awarded in the humanities original works of literature, has writ­ to place greater value on teaching. fell by 39 percent. There have also ten about her discovery that there Faculties on various campuses have been significant declines in math- was no way to earn an advanced reported candidly on the failings of

HUMANITIES 9 undergraduate education and have tanooga, Dixie College in Utah, and lum, provides semester-long appren­ recommended remedies. The Pease Thomas Aquinas College in Califor­ ticeships for teaching assistants. Report from the University of Maryland, nia have established rigorous and Chicago also has "Mellon Instructor- for example, notes that "undergradu­ coherent curricula for undergraduates. ships" that offer new Ph.D.s the ate teaching is seriously undervalued • The Association of American Col­ opportunity to work with mentors by the present reward structure" and leges, through a grant from the Na­ teaching in the common core. recommends that departments recog­ tional Endowment for the Humanities, Crucial to all efforts to improve nize that "there are several important is making it possible for faculty at the quality of teaching is recognizing ways of serving the university and twenty-seven institutions seeking to good teaching in the tenure and pro­ many years of outstanding teaching improve their undergraduate pro­ motion process. But how, exactly, can is one." grams to work with mentors from one document good teaching in order A number of colleges and univer­ institutions with successful core to reward it? Research has a tangible sities emphasize the importance of curricula. product; it results in articles and books. teaching by bringing faculty members • Similar opportunities are being What can be cited to buttress a claim together to talk about their courses. made available to two-year colleges that someone is an accomplished Those faculty teaching in the Con­ through another grant from the NEH. teacher? temporary Civilization sequence at This project, administered by the Student evaluations are used at Columbia University meet weekly to American Association of Community many institutions; and while they have discuss course readings, examina­ and Junior Colleges, has brought fac­ value, they also have limitations: A tions, paper topics, and strategies for ulty at forty-nine two-year institu­ determination about teaching excel­ teaching. Faculty members imple­ tions together with leaders of strong lence should not rest solely with stu­ menting the new humanities program humanities programs at similar schools. dents, but who else can offer judg­ at the University of Denver have been • The American Association for the ment? Some suggest it should be col­ meeting regularly for the last three Advancement of Core Curricula, leagues. "Too often," says a report years to discuss texts, syllabi, and formed in 1989, has held meetings from the Higher Education Research teaching methods. At Brooklyn Col­ that allow faculty members from Program at the University of Pennsyl­ lege of the City University of New around the country to discuss cur­ vania, "teaching is seen as private, York, faculty members come together ricular reform. protected by academic freedom, and in summer seminars not only to dis­ Some of the nation's most presti­ conducted in the classroom behind cuss the college's curriculum, but gious universities have focused on closed doors." A study by the Great also to practice teaching parts of it— ways that graduate school practices Lakes Colleges Association makes the in front of colleagues. affect teaching: same point: "The art of teaching needs Good instruction is not just a mat­ • Yale University has taken steps to to be less private, less protected." Pro­ ter of how faculty members teach; it decrease the use of teaching assis- fessor Lewis Miller of Indiana Univer-

is also a function of what is taught. tants and simultaneously to encour­ sity suggests that campuswide fac­ Hence a substantial, coherent curricu­ age graduate students to earn Ph.D.s ulty committees be created and charged lum is central to the teaching mission. more rapidly by offering fellowships with "naturalizing what for many of In every part of the United States for them to finish their dissertations. us is the foreign and often forbidding there are projects aimed at improving As a result, undergraduates will be activity of collegial observation." the undergraduate course of study: more likely to encounter full-time Some colleges and universities are • Faculty members at institutions faculty in their classrooms. using "teaching portfolios" to make such as the University of North Texas, • The University of Chicago, in a teaching achievements demonstrable Hood College in Maryland, Saint program that pairs graduate students to those who make judgments about Anselm College in New Hampshire, with experienced faculty who are the University of Tennessee at Chat- teaching in the school's core curricu- continued on page 36

10 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 Headpiece for Alexander Pope's version of the Odyssey; by English artist William Kent (1725).

O d y sseu s R e d r e sse d BY VALERIE LESTER

F WE ARE FORTUNATE enough no more be translated into English the text, and his facility with the as children to enter the world of than rhododendron can be translated Greek language draws his readers' I Homer's heroes, we do so in the into dogwood." However, learning attention to just those rhythms and belly of the Trojan horse. We are Greek is a difficult and sometimes nuances of which they might be un­ thrilled by Odysseus' ruse. As we roll discouraging journey, and understand­ aware. He ends up driving them to a through the Skaean gate, we hold our ing the world of the Homeric hero can wider appreciation of Homer's skill, breath and are amazed at the gullibility be a daunting task to undertake by and nudging them back to closer and of the Trojans. Later, if we are lucky, oneself. But now the fortunate ones, closer examination of the text. And our stories include selections from the and not just they but newcomers to the text continues to yield, because, of wanderings of Odysseus. We develop Homer as well, have George Dimock course, the Odyssey is not just a bed­ a passion to hear more about Cyclops and his recent book, The Unity of the time adventure story for children, it and how Odysseus dupes him. We Odyssey, to guide them on their way. is an epic for all ages. never forget the images of the giant The Unity of the Odyssey is the result Dimock aside, wooden horse and the impaled giant. of Dimock's lifetime of teaching about there has been The introduction to Achilles comes and reflecting on the world of Odys­ a tendency in later, in junior high or high school. seus. He explains that his purpose in the literature on Gazing on the battlefield, watching the writing the book "is to pass along Homer for Odys­ heroes shuffling and posturing, hear­ what I take some of Homer's implica­ seus and the ing the clatter of swords and Achilles' tions to be. It has seemed to me that Odyssey to earsplitting battle cry, we find that guesses at implications confirm them­ receive short Homer has drawn us in again. selves by suggesting further guesses shrift. For The reading of mythology turns into elsewhere in the poem consistent with instance, classes in classical archaeology, and the original ones and pointing toward in Homer slowly, insidiously, into the study of the poem's unity. May it seem the and the Greek. However good the translations same to my reader, who will then con­ may be, the need is felt to enter the true tinue the process!" Dimock Greekness of the poems and under­ takes the poem as a whole stand their rhythms and their nuances. and leads his readers "The Odyssey, considered strictly as through it, book by book an aesthetic object, is to be appreci­ His patient textual ated only in Greek," acknowledges exegesis illuminates translator Robert Fitzgerald. "It can

Valerie Lester is an Annapolis, Mary­ Odysseus, as depicted on land, playwright and teaches humani­ a red-figured pelike or M useum of Fine Arts ties at the George Washington Univer­ amphora, ca. 430 B.C. Boston sity in Washington, D.C. (detail)

HUMANITIES 11 Heroic Tradition, Cedric Whitman con­ must even so be ruthlessly risked." signs the Odyssey to a final chapter, Again and again, Odysseus is the which appears like a palliative gesture ultimate risk taker, but like the eagle's, after his focus on the Iliad. Gregory his risks are deliberate and clean. Nagy in The Best of the Achaeans makes If a hero's might is salted with stra­ no bones about paying more attention tagem, does this mean that he is any to Achilles than to Odysseus. In less the hero? Because swift-footed Chapter 3, "A Conflict between Odys­ Achilles is less devious than crafty seus and Achilles," Nagy points out Odysseus, does this mean that fleet­ that "the reference in Odyssey viii 78 to ness of foot is more heroic than cun­ the quarreling Achilles and Odysseus ning? Because the Odyssey comes as the 'Best of the Achaeans' seems to after the Iliad, perhaps the assump­ be based on an epic tradition that tion can be made that the audiences contrasted the heroic worth of Odys­ of the time needed a new kind of seus with that of Achilles in terms of hero, a more complex but lighter- a contrast between metis (artifice) and hearted man. These questions preoc­ hie (might)." For Nagy, heroic might is cupy the fortunate ones, for whom preeminent, and heroic might that talking about their heroes is the very culminates in death has a religious best kind of gossip, and pondering dimension. For him, Achilles is the the nature of right and wrong in the quintessential Greek hero: "Here is a epics provides an endless realm for hero who would have been better than contemplation. Indeed, in contem­ Poseidon —better than Zeus himself— Title page of Alexander Pope's Odyssey. plating this last issue, George Dimock if either had fathered him. . . . The states that "The Odyssey is a poem hero cannot be the best of the gods, nity to win fame." These words are about right and wrong, in a sense but he will be the best of heroes. And hardly descriptive of one who is afraid that the Iliad is not. In the Iliad, Homer in the poetry that all Hellenes must to exercise hie. As George Dimock defines the only terms on which, recognize, he will be the best of the points out "... a crime [in the world given the Iliad's assumptions, human Achaeans." of Odysseus] is essentially an act or life can have meaning in the face of Now we have George Dimock to attitude to which vengeance is the vio­ the terrible fact of death. Questions redress the balance. As he moves lently desired and utterly appropriate of right and wrong fade into insignifi­ methodically through The Unity of the response," and Odysseus' cleanly cance by comparison. The Odyssey, Odyssey, we begin to see how Odys­ honed, violent revenge is the entirely on the other hand, unabashedly seus is more than a rascal, a sacker of appropriate, indeed culturally exhibits the triumph of life over death cities, and an ingenious escape artist. expected, response to the parasitic in terms of the triumph of good over He is like an eagle, striking with deadly behavior of Penelope's suitors. evil: quite simply, it suggests that accuracy when he needs to. He does While Achilles languishes in his Odysseus vindicated justice so strik­ employ artifice, time and time again, tent, Odysseus takes the hard road in ingly that his name will never die." but he is not afraid to use might when incident after incident. He leaves the Mighty Odysseus. it is appropriate, salting it with just luxury, calm, and voluptuousness of As those immersed in the Greeks the right amount of stratagem. Calypso's cave to venture back onto approach the end of their lives as George Dimock's skill is such that the dangerous sea, the domain of armchair voyagers, they reach for the he is able to convince us that, far from wrathful Poseidon, in order to make Odyssey again. It seems to them that, being gratuitous, each act of violence his way home. After being nearly after their lifetime of reading, there contributes to the perfect unity of the drowned by Poseidon in a tremen­ is no other adventure story that Odyssey and is entirely in keeping dous storm, he swims ashore at the matches it, that even comes close. with Odysseus, the Man of Pain (that land of the Phaeacians, a comfortable As George Dimock would have them is, the man who both receives and country where he is welcome to stay. do, they turn to their friends, to their inflicts pain). Part of modern readers' Instead, he chooses to press on, but children, and above all to their grand­ ability to condone Odysseus' ruthless not until he has recounted to his hosts children and say "Take a look at this!" behavior towards others is that he is the stories of his dangerous encoun­ And a new generation of fortunate ruthless towards himself. He throws ters with Cyclops, with Circe, with ones rolls through the Skaean gate. □ himself into the path of danger and is the Sirens, with Scylla, with the cattle willing to risk his own life and that of of Helios, and of his descent into Hades. In 1988, the University of Massachusetts his shipmates when he believes it will The Phaeacians listen contentedly, Press received $5,582 in outright funds further his purpose, knowing that (in but Odysseus must leave because, as from the Publication Subvention category Dimock's words) "danger, toil, and un­ Dimock points out, "if life is not to be of the Division of Research Programs to certainty are not remitted but accepted lost, it must be lived, not merely heard support the publication of The Unity of and even welcomed as an opportu­ about... life, precious though it is, the Odyssey.

12 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 ht b Mx rmet%Verl ch^ h ic n ^ ^ g la r e V % t e m ir H Max byPhoto ______| ^ ^

B rin g in g th e C la ssic s ❖to L ife ♦

BY MICHELLE P. WILHELM AND ROBERT M. WILHELM

HE DAY'S WORK was beginning for the six- to duce the children to Ovid and to integrate the humanities nine-year-olds at Chiaravalle Montessori School in into all aspects of my curriculum. We even found this TEvanston, Illinois. Roll call was in Latin: Teacher theme of gluttony in several modem poems such as 'Eat-it- Karen Laner: "Caecilia?" Cecilia: "Adsum, Magistra." all-Elaine' by Kaye Starbird Ms. Laner: "Quid agis hodie?" Cecilia: "Nee bene, nec male, and 'Hungry Mungry' by gratias tibi, Magistra." Shel Silverstein." Chiaravalle is one of a number of elementary schools Laner also undertook a across the country, private and public, city and suburban, complete storytelling of the gifted and remedial, where the strengths of classical learning Aeneid over the course of the are being used to invigorate the rest of the curriculum. year. The results, she says, At Karen Laner's school, the learning of basic Latin were remarkable. Children phrases was part of a yearlong program, "It's a Myth," who had been unable to sit in which classical mythology was incorporated into every still at "group time" were aspect of the curriculum from language arts to mathemat­ spellbound, and the whole ics and science. When teaching nutrition, for instance, class wrote about episodes Laner told the story of Erysichthon, the character in from the story. Eight-year- Ovid's Metamorphoses whose ravenous hunger finally old Marc asked Laner to made him eat himself. help him look up every one Bracey Dangerfield, a fourth-grade "This was a truly delicious way," she says, "to intro- of Juno's dirty tricks against student at Immaculate Conception School in Tulsa, Oklahoma, placed the Trojans for a story he in the top 10 percent of the students Michelle Wilhelm is assistant professor of classics and Robert was writing. Another pupil, who took part in the 1990 National Wilhelm, professor of classics, at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. Danny, wanted to know if Mythology Exam.

HUMANITIES 13 ht b Mcal Wyke, Michael byPhoto us Tribune. Tulsa r a . g p fo lh & y g

Posters crafted by students in Cynthia Glidden's classes at B. D. Lee Elementary School, Gaffney, South Carolina, give the Greek and Roman names of three gods—Hephaestus/Vulcan, the god of fire; Hera/Juno, queen of heaven, marriage goddess, and wife of Zeus; and Zeus/Jupiter, chief of the gods.

Mercury really relayed Jupiter's message to Aeneas as sar­ to have not gone unheeded; in particular, the American castically as the teacher had made him sound, and wasn't Classical League, located at Miami University in Oxford, satisfied until they looked up the passage in the "real" ver­ Ohio, has taken a leading role in supporting the teaching of sion of Vergil's story. classics at the elementary level. In May of 1987, the fel­ The benefits, it has been found, extend to children with lows of the Aeneid Institute established the Elementary reading difficulties as well. At B. D. Lee Elementary Teachers of Classics (ETC), which has now become a School in Gaffney, South Carolina, Cynthia Glidden standing committee of the American Classical League and teaches the Aeneid in compensatory reading classes for sponsors the National Mythology Exam. The ETC offers pupils who have fallen below the thirtieth percentile on conferences and seminars for elementary teachers, fostefs the annual standardized reading tests. collegial collaboration among educators at all levels, and "They listen," Glidden says, "to rhyme more than publishes a semiannual journal, Prima. ETC also sponsors reason and to beat more than substance. They're not sure Classics Clubs— a program providing teachers four times that any of our vaunted book learning is worth its hurt a year with materials on a specific topic: e.g., teaching and trouble, and a good number of their parents agree. units with stories, study questions, line drawings and But they have relished learning about Odysseus, the research projects for study on the Greek and Roman gods, Trojan war, Aeneas, the Latin language, and classical art heroes, and heroines; maps outlining the heroic journeys and architecture." of Aeneas and Odysseus; creative writing projects on Glidden is one of the teachers who have been involved specific myths such as Heracles, Jason, Orpheus, and in projects over the past four years aimed at giving that Achilles. cultural heritage a larger place in the American classroom. The legacy of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds As the project directors of two NEH-funded institutes for should be a part of everyone's education, beginning in the elementary teachers on classical texts, we have seen a elementary grades. By reaching into the past we affirm blossoming of the teaching of the classics at the elemen­ our own humanity and our place in the world and find tary level. (The topics of the two seminars were "Vergil's the paths into the future. Through texts such as Homer's Aeneid" in 1986 and "Myth and its Transformations: Odyssey, Vergil's Aeneid and Ovid's Metamorphoses, as Ovid's Metamorphoses" in 1989, and summer study pro­ well as the plays of Euripides and Plautus, elementary grams in 1987 and 1990 under the aegis of the Vergilian students are being introduced to the history, art, and lan­ Society of America at the Villa Vergiliana in Italy.) There guage of the ancient Greeks and Romans. These young are promising signs: Last year, 3,200 elementary students students learn not only about the great heroes (mythical in grades four through eight participated in the first and real) of the past but also about ancient society: How National Mythology Exam sponsored by the Elementary did the Greeks and Romans make their clothes? How did Teachers of Classics. In our own program, involving they grow and cook their food, build their houses and eighty teachers in the institutes and the thirty in the over­ cities, construct their temples and great public buildings seas programs, nearly all are continuing to teach the Aeneid and travel from one place to another? What kind of and the Metamorphoses. feelings did they have towards one another? What values The rich world of learning and the awakening of the and ideals did they admire and aspire to advance? intellectual life of young children that these teachers attest In their reading and discussion of these ancient texts,

14 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 the students, either in individual or group activity, con­ Another Aeneid Institute fellow, Jodi Holmberg from front a kaleidoscope of human experience, emotion, and Coman Hill School in Armonk, New York, retells the action, which develops a vision of shared ideas, aspira­ Aeneid to her fourth grade from the view point of Ascanius. tions, and a sense of heritage. Furthermore, these texts "When teachers think about their students sitting around and the accompanying cultural, artistic, and societal them, settling down on the rug and turning their faces investigation excite their imaginations, challenge their towards them," she says, "every teacher is compelled to critical abilities, lead them to think about the human begin the epic from where their students live." In des­ condition, and intrigue them in a way that far surpasses cribing the famous Trojan horse in her retelling for fourth basal reader-directed programs. An overemphasis on graders, Holmberg has Ascanius say: mechanical skills and testing has driven the humanities out of many classrooms and prescribed an elementary My mother said the horse was made of wood. curriculum that has failed to nurture and to challenge the I wanted to go to it as other children did. intellectual sophistication of young students. If children I wanted to climb the gnarled sides, are given opportunities to reflect upon literature from Gripping my hands and feet in the hewn places. different critical viewpoints, their responses will be varied I called back my eyes and turned away. and will grow in depth as their perspective and analytical But just then my mother moaned. skills develop. Thrusting out over the side Sometimes, the collaboration in this process goes I saw the most hideous sight. beyond the single school. At Woolslair Elementary Gifted Two serpents, monstrous, spitting fire, Center in Pittsburgh, David Baumbach and his colleagues Slithering on scales, swam over the sea grass provide a program on the Aeneid and the Metamorphoses To Laocoon and his sons. for more than 1,100 students who attend both public and There they wrapped around and around and around; private schools for the mainstream portion of their educa­ Laocoon struggling, his sons struggling, tion. A simulation unit, created by Baumbach with four Mouths gaping, tongues slashing. other Aeneid Institute fellows, is titled "To Find a New They squeezed and squeezed and squeezed, and Troy: Dream or Destiny." Through the teaching materials I sank to the ground at my mother's feet. provided, the students despair at the fall of Troy, plan for As Laocoon poured forth his life, the long sea voyage to a new unknown land, weep at the His two sons bit the earth along with him death of Dido, search for the golden bough, visit the grotto Shriveled and curling and dying. of the Cumaean Sibyl, bravely sail across the Styx, sail up What happened to the serpents? the Tiber River, and discuss with familiarity the character and labors of Anchises, Ascanius, and Aeneas. What has happened in the classrooms of these teachers vividly illustrates the vitality of the classics in the elemen­ tary classroom. In Rebecca Ingram's kindergarten class in Sylmar, California, where many of her pupils speak only Spanish, it was Greek and Roman myths together with native American myths and Aesop's fables that excited the minds of these young students; it was the study of mythology that provided a learning environment and gave them verbal dexterity in English. The classical texts offer not just the discipline of a canon but a flexibility that comes to life in the fertile minds and creative hands of young children. "Is Ovid's Metamorphoses best used as a springboard for helping students improve writing skills? Or is it poetry and magic? Or is it a glimpse of reality, with all its pain and limitations?" asks Linda Klatt of Waco, Texas. "Or is it, as is life itself, truly all of these things with tangible and intangible joys, dangers, and transformation? I believe that Ovid is a voice from the past, providing a glimpse of the present—a creative genius that continues to speak to the hearts and minds of readers today, among the most important of whom are my sixth graders." With Ovid in hand, Klatt's students rewrote stories from the viewpoints of various characters. In one ambi­ tious exercise, the interactions between key characters were Medusa tapestry fashioned by Janeene Blank's third graders at Green expressed in poems written for two voices, patterned after Elementary School, West Bloomfield, Michigan. Paul Fleishman's book, Joyful Noise: Poems for Two Voices:

HUMANITIES 15 orey f oet M Wilhelm W M. Robert. of Courtesy PYGMALION AND GALATEA

Pygmalion A sculptor And a handsome prince Was loved by Many, but he Distrusted women. He had many statues That he had made. Pygmalion started Creating another Statue

Chisel Chisel Clink Clink Chop Chop Chunk Chunk

He created a statue A beautiful statue Named Galatea He fell in love With the statue He put riches on his statue He prayed to Aphrodite To have it come to life!

Aphrodite Sweet Aphrodite I have fallen in love with Galatea Above, Scott and Charissa with Jupiter; below, Justin with a centaur. After reading Metamorphoses, each of Judith Jeffries' students at Please East Orange School, Gresham, Oregon, taped a first-person narrative Make Galatea come to life about a mythological character and made a painted cardboard figure of I pray to thee. the character for presentation on parents' night.

He fell asleep Thinking of Galatea Dreaming of Galatea He awoke later He raced to Galatea It was still marble Slowly Very slowly The arm moved Not a lot But it did move Suddenly Very suddenly It turned completely human

Aphrodite had made Galatea come to life They married And lived happily Ever After.

— Shawn Achor and Cody Cox

More than sixty years ago in a speech to the American parents of children ourselves, we contend that our cul­ Association for the Advancement of Science, writer Walter tural legacy can be experienced and appreciated in its Lippman contended that by abandoning a curriculum highest degree through the study of the literature and cul­ focusing on the classical culture of the Western world, ture of ancient Greece and Rome. And it is Antiphon, a American schools and colleges were depriving citizens of Greek teacher of the fifth century B.C., who provides us their cultural traditions. Since that time, the American with the best reasons for beginning this study with the educational system and educators have elevated heracli- elementary grades: tean flux to a position of permanence. It is often the case that those of us assigned the awesome task of preparing The first thing, I believe, for mankind is education. Whenever our students for a lifetime of learning hurry to and fro anyone does the beginning of anything correctly, it is likely also responding to the latest theory of the marketplace and that the end will be right. As one sows, so can one expect to stopping but momentarily to speculate on the fundamental reap. If in a young body one sows a noble education, this lives questions of life: Where do we come from? What are we? and flourishes through the whole of his life, and neither rain nor Where are we going? Not only as teachers but also as drought can destroy it. □

16 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 Northern and Southern supporters, and the management kept the peace by assigning the sides separate floors. The final, and unsuccessful, peace con­ ference to avert the war was held there. NOTEWORTHY Present for the event were some of the film's narrators—among them historians Shelby Foote and Barbara Fields, and actors Julie Harris and Jason Robards—along with producer Ken Burns. Within the week the film itself was to set new viewing records for public television— 14 million peo­ ple, nearly twice that of Brideshead Revisited— and Burns and his family were invited to the White House. ht b Dvd adr Wie os Fed uem f aua History Natural of Museum Field House White Valder, David by Photo

Inventions Real and Imaginary preserved through a $724,814 NEH grant to the Research Libraries Group The papers of inventor Eli Whitney in Mountain View, California. In addi­ and of Hollywood film producer Cecil tion to Brigham Young and Yale, the B. DeMille are among those being other institutions involved are Brown microfilmed in one of the most recent University, Cornell University, Emory preservation grants made by the University, the New York Historical Endowment. Eli Whitney, who is best Society, the New York Public Library, known for the invention of the cotton the New York State Library, New gin, which changed the South, also York University, the Hoover Institu­ created the first assembly line to use President Bush congratulates Ken Burns. tion, the University of Florida, the interchangeable parts (for the produc­ University of Michigan/Bentley tion of guns)— a step that was to have Traveling the Pacific: Part II Historical Library, and the University great impact on the industrial North. of Minnesota. The Field Museum of Natural History The collection, which is at Yale Univer­ in Chicago has completed phase two sity, spans the years from 1785 to 1881. Mississippi en Fran^ais of the renovation and reinstallation of its major permanent exhibition, Classes in intermediate French will "Traveling the Pacific." The museum absorb some early Mississippi history houses one of the world's preeminent along with their language studies in a collections of Pacific culture, totaling new reader being published with the more than 55,000 items. The new support of the Mississippi Humani­ section, on "Pacific Spirits: Life, Death, ties Council. The book is to be based and the Supernatural," pulls together on documents from the seventeenth more than 600 ceremonial, ritual, and and eighteenth centuries, which art objects from Melanesia, Micro­ describe the French colonization of nesia, and Polynesia. the lower Mississippi Valley and the reaction in literary and philosophical terms. The Mississippi Council is looking into a second project involv­ ing Spanish-language documents.

A Sparkling Twenty-Fifth Cecil B. DeMille directing The Ten Commandments. The Endowment had a memorable The DeMille collection, which is at September, celebrating its twenty- Brigham Young University, contains fifth anniversary with a party and decades of scrapbooks and photo­ preview screening of The Civil War graphs, most importantly from the television series. General Motors 1910s and 1920s when DeMille pro­ Corporation, which along with the Bark cloth masks from New Britain. duced the bulk of his seventy motion Endowment had been a principal The multidisciplinary, interactive pictures. underwriter, gave a dinner in the approach includes masks, memorial The Whitney and DeMille collections ballroom of the beaux arts Willard sculptures, musical instruments, are among twenty-five endangered col­ Hotel. On the eve of the Civil War, an photographs, recorded sounds, and lections, documenting various aspects earlier Willard's Hotel on the same site video clips. of American history, that are being had been the hostelry of choice for both —Audrey M. Greene

HUMANITIES

BALLOON’S EYE VIEW OF ANCIENT SITES A BY FOR SEVENTEEN YEARS, Eleanor and J. Wilson Myers have trekked through MAGGIE Mediterranean countries photographing ancient temples, tombs, and towns dating RIECHERS from the Minoan period through late Roman times. They have photographed more than 120 sites in Greece, Crete, Sicily, Israel, Turkey, and Yugoslavia; and wherever they go, they draw crowds. Once, in Crete, the entire village rushed to their work site. "The priest, the schoolteacher, whole caravans of cars turned up. They asked Ellie and me, 'Have you seen the flying saucer? Have you seen the flying saucer?' Unfortunately, we had rolled up the balloon just five minutes before." The "flying saucer" is a tethered balloon whose line carries two cameras operated from the ground by remote control, which the Myers use to take low-altitude aerial photographs of archaeological sites. Ellie Myers is the expedition photographer, and Wilson Myers is the archaeologist. While it has long been recognized that aerial photographs are useful for the study and interpretation of archaeological sites, the Myers take it a step further in their custom-made balloon. "Our blimp-and-camera system offers advantages not found in other forms of aerial photography," says Wilson Myers, a research professor in the department of archaeology at Boston University. "Aside from the benefit of being able to inflate and fly the blimp at a given location, with negatives developed for proofing on the spot, the system can make high-resolution photographs at very low altitudes." Large mosaics, tomb complexes, individual rooms in larger structures, or details of submerged harbor works can all be recorded from heights as low as ten meters, explains Myers— impossible by plane and difficult by helicopter, which ruffles water surfaces and disturbs fragile sites. Aerial photographs taken in 1979 of the Greek island of Naxos demonstrate how well suited balloon photography is to shallow-water exploration and to the search An aerial photograph for the now-submerged ports where ancient sites have been completely or partially reveals a 6th-century covered. At Naxos, flying the balloon from a diesel fishing boat, the Myers took B.C. statue in its offshore shots from 300 meters up and 600 meters up (the equivalent of a 180-story entirety for the first building). The 35-mm slides, magnified several times, indicated evidence of massive time. The 33-foot city walls, with fainter traces of the buildings they had once protected. unfinished marble The discovery led Greek archaeologists to send divers to investigate. They veri­ figure, probably of the fied what the slides had uncovered: the existence of walls and structures never god Dionysos, lies on fully identified in previous explorations. More recently, in 1988 and 1989 in Turkey, the Myers took aerial photographs of its back in a quarry on the modern city of Iznik, the site of ancient Nicaea, where the first ecumenical the island of Naxos, council of the Christian church was convened by Constantine. There they found only partially visible patterns of ancient city walls. on the ground from the shallow steps. Maggie Riechers is a freelance writer in the Washington, D.C., area.

HUMANITIES 19 Above: Twin radio-controlled cameras hang in leveling gimbals below the thirty- three foot, four-finned blimp. The pleated dilation panel on the bottom, laced with elastic cords, allows the balloon to expand without bursting as it rises up to half a mile.

Below left: A low-altitude photograph discloses the architectural plan of the sanctuary of Asklepios at ancient Messene, near Sparta, built at a sacred healing spring. The camera was lowered and re-centered to show in detail the little theater at the site. 'The photos revealed the walls went Mrs. Myers can develop negatives of The balloon has come a long way out into the water of Lake Iznik, sup­ the black-and-white film on the spot, as well. The original was spherical porting the notion of some archaeolo­ enabling them to determine if they and tricky to control. The new blimp­ gists that major portions of the city are shooting from the best vantage shaped version was designed by may still be under water," says Wilson point. Before doing any filming, how­ Wilson Myers, working with engi­ Myers. The photographs proved use­ ever, they spend a good deal of time neers at the Raven Industries Balloon ful to Turkish archaeologists, who had determining the best location for the Corporation in Sioux Falls, South never had a fully drawn plan of the site. camera. "We work from a plan on the Dakota, which manufactured it. The As a result of their work, the Myers site, solving the geometric problem balloon can go as high as one-half have been deluged with requests from on the ground first," says Ellie Myers. mile while tethered to a reel attached archaeologists and scholars for copies "There is considerable measuring and to a backpack. of their photographs for teaching and calculating to be done beforehand." Generally, the Myers spend two research purposes. In an effort to make The Myers begin shooting in the months each year on site. When they their findings more widely available, early morning hours when the light return to their home in New Hamp­ they are now preparing duplicate prints can most effectively capture the site shire, considerable darkroom work of 500 selected photographs, with the and surrounding area. The wind is remains. As in the field, Ellie Myers is help of a grant from the National checked with a hand-held anemom­ the darkroom specialist. Endowment for the Humanities. One eter. The thirty-two-foot-long port­ "The person developing the photos set will be housed at the Blegen Library able balloon is inflated at the site with needs to know what she is doing," of the American School of Classic thirty cubic meters of gas. (The Myers she says. "We can't even send the Studies in Athens, and the other at use hydrogen in unpopulated areas, negatives to a university darkroom Boston University's Remote Sensing the more expensive but safer helium because it requires a knowledge of Center, an arm of the department of in towns.) The two cameras, loaded the site and what we are looking for. archaeology that provides facilities for with the day's new film, are attached "Often on the negative, the excava­ analyzing aerial photographs. to the balloon line with a gimbal to tion is light and the surrounding The prime importance of the work, hold them vertical. country dark," she explains. She says Wilson Myers, is that a record Once the balloon rises, a ground compensates for the contrasts in the of a site can be made as soon as it is crew led by Wilson Myers carries the negative by dodging, or selectively excavated, or before changes occur, reel of line attached to the balloon shading, the lightest parts and "burn­ either through natural erosion or man- and follows its movements—in effect, ing in" the darker parts during the made construction. "walking" the balloon— while Ellie developing process to make the "Some sites have never been accur­ Myers, with a crew of her own, moves archaeological data come clear in the ately drawn," he adds, "and through to successive points to trigger the final print. At present, the Myers are this method we are able to present cameras from a ground transmitter giving up time in the field to pore a picture of rapidly changing infor­ using FM radio signals. over the more than 8,000 shots they mation." The method also provides a view of ancient sites in relation to the sur­ rounding region, which can be inval­ uable for determining where to exca­ vate. Myers reports that one archaeolo­ gist, looking at an aerial photo, said, "We're digging in the wrong place." 'The aerial view has been described as the difference between a cat look­ ing at a pattern in the rug and a per­ son standing six feet tall looking down Wil and Ellie at the pattern," says Myers. Myers with The photography is handled by aerial cameras Ellie Myers, a child-development spe­ on the island cialist by education and now a photo­ of Ithaca. graphic expert and a research fellow at Boston University. She uses a Both the control system and the have already taken, and to select and Hasselblad medium format radio- balloon have evolved over the years. print the duplicate sets for Boston controlled automatic camera linked The early remote mechanism was AM University and the Blegen Library. to a 35-mm Canon, alternately using and could be triggered accidentally The Myers became interested in bal­ black-and-white film in one camera by a passing plane or other interfer­ loon photography in 1973 when they and color in the other. The Hassel­ ence. Wilson Myers recalls the time were working at an excavation in blad triggers the Canon to take a simul­ the wiring came loose and he went to Greece and met another archaeologist taneous picture through a device a nearby farmhouse, heated a nail in who was doing balloon photography. rigged up by Wilson Myers. the farmer's oven, and used the hot "We saw the potential of some­ The Myers work from a van that nail to solder the transmitter wires thing that might be of value," says includes a portable darkroom where back together. Wilson Myers, who before joining

HUMANITIES When the Romans made Gortyn their capital on Crete, they built a small theater or odeum, now excavated to the original ground level. The section with the modern roof shelters wall panels, carefully preserved by the Romans, where the found­ ing Greeks had inscribed in stone the laws governing their city.

Boston University in 1985 had been a "Although the results were both tinuous, systematic recording of sites. professor of humanities at Michigan useful and impressive," says Wilson For the Myers, one of the satis­ State University for twenty years. Myers, "the balloon proved too diffi­ factions of their work has been the "The idea of making a record of a cult to manage in the eddying winds warmth shown them by the people of site as soon as it was excavated and of the Megiddo plain and the method the Mediterranean countries. While before it became eroded seemed was abandoned for over thirty years photographing in Iznik, they found significant." after a gust of wind dashed the appa­ that, as they walked through town The possibilities were apparent, he ratus to the ground." with the balloon, volunteers of every says, from the early days of flying. Today, while the technology has age came to help. Local schoolteach­ Myers, a pilot himself, says pilots greatly improved, the equipment is ers stopped to practice their English, could look down at the fields of expensive and still easily lost. Nam­ and often in small shops when the England and France, and see the ing no names, Myers mentions a team Myers called the waiter to pay their outlines of Roman villas in the grass. of archaeologists who tied their bill for tea, they would find someone In World War I, military pilots in the balloon to a fence while they went to had already picked up the check. Middle East spotted the outlines of lunch, only to find the balloon gone "It's like bringing a circus to town," entire lost cities under the deserts. when they returned. says Myers. "It's a festive atmos­ The person who gets credit for "The cord can break and up goes phere. And the people also appreci­ adapting balloons to archaeology is the balloon and camera," says Myers. ate the fact that their local antiquities Philip Guy, the field director for He credits the fact that he and his wife are being recorded." □ James Breasted's 1930 expedition to are sailors with their never having lost excavate the fortress of Megiddo in a balloon. "The first thing every­ To support the archival printing and cat­ Israel, from which the biblical Arma­ body is required to do is tie a bow­ aloguing of 500 aerial images of archaeo­ geddon takes its name. Guy hung a line," adds Ellie Myers. While some logical sites, Boston University in 1987 camera below an unmanned tethered single-site photography is occasion­ received $64,350 in outright funds from balloon to make the first such system­ ally done from weather balloons, the the Reference Materials program of the atic record of an ongoing excavation. Myers are the only team doing con­ Division of Research Programs.

22 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 EXPLORING AMERICA'S ORAL TRADITIONS The Encyclopedia of American Popular Beliefs and Superstitions BY DIANA PABST

N THE EARLY 2,400 entries are not simply listings of Tylor's evolutionary theory, animism nineteenth century, folk beliefs but interpretive articles of gave rise first to a universal belief in when Jacob and approximately 2,000 words each, writ­ spiritual beings, then to the worship of Wilhelm Grimm of ten by 188 scholars of folklore and divinities, and ultimately to the mono­ Germany gathered related fields. theistic religion of higher civilization. the stories that be­ Donald J. Ward, a professor of By the late nineteenth century, the came Grimm's Fairy German and folklore at the Univer­ concept of animism dominated eth­ Tales, they did not foresee that their sity of California, Los Angeles, is nographic theory and practice, and method would become the basis for editor in chief of the encyclopedia at field ethnographers began finding the modern study of folklore. Instead UCLA's Center for the Study of Com­ evidence of this allegedly primitive of extravagant tales spun by their parative Folklore and Mythology. form of religion among "savages" romantic-era contemporaries, the "The encyclopedia will be an up-to- the world over. Other scholars have Grimms sought stories that conveyed date compendium of materials and since countered Tylor's theory with the imagination and beliefs of people knowledge about American beliefs contrary observations, yet his thesis through the centuries. At the heart and superstitions woven through leg­ still retains a compelling explanatory of all such lore, they realized, was a ends, songs, customs, and traditional power in the disciplines of anthropol­ desire to answer basic questions about wisdom passed down by generations," ogy and religious studies. human existence or to transcend the says Ward. "It will be a source of infor­ "I am amazed sometimes at how mundane world. Eventually, their mation, both familiar and curious, profoundly meaningful the treatment collection of 200 tales was widely that reflects the complex web of human of a topic can be for our understand­ distributed and became a model for needs and desires across the ages." ing of the human condition," Ward similar studies in other countries. For centuries, Ward points out, peo­ says. An example is the entry on In the United States, the study of ple have devised myths to explain "backwards," by Jay Mechling of the folklore is expected to gain new im­ natural and human phenomena. Even University of California at Davis, petus with the NEH-supported Ency­ scholars devise theories that, while which goes beyond the well-known clopedia of American Popular Beliefs and hypothetical, assume mythical dimen­ fact that many customs, rituals, and Superstitions, a projected seven-volume sions and become paradigmatic in a popular beliefs are expressions of a work to be published by the Univer­ given discipline. universal desire to control fate or gain sity of California Press. The first vol­ For example, in the entry on "ani­ psychic reassurance against hostile ume, scheduled for publication in 1991, mism," written by Ward himself, one forces in life, to a discussion of episte- will contain nearly 300 entries from reads about the theory of the English mology. After citing the popular be­ "A" to "Buzzard," with the subse­ anthropologist Edward B. Tylor (1832- liefs that good luck is more likely if quent volumes ranging from "Cabala" 1917), who proposed that the "deeper one walks backwards while crossing to "Zoo." The encyclopedia's planned motive" underlying all religions is ani­ railroad tracks, that a bride and groom mism— the ancient belief that imma­ can improve their chances of having a Diana Pabst is a freelance writer in terial spirit permeates the physical good marriage if they do not look back­ Washington, D. C. world. Over the ages, according to wards upon leaving the church after

HUMANITIES Comparative materials have been culled from the standard collections of folk beliefs from around the world. So while the geographical focus of the encyclopedia is North America, arti­ cles will examine the foreign roots and note the mythological counter­ parts of many contemporary Ameri­ can customs and beliefs. For example, the entry on "abduc­ tion," by Bill Ellis of Pennsylvania State University at Hazleton, explores the dread of being kidnaped by a sinister creature— for centuries a central theme of tales and legends from around the world. In North America, legends of such occurrences have been recorded among residents of Appalachia, the Ozarks, the Piedmont, and the Georgia islands. Parents are urged never to leave an unbaptized child alone or to let it sleep in a room with a window facing north, presumably the spirits' favored means of entry. The article traces this abduction terror to the prevalent European belief that an unbaptized infant is especially attractive to fairies and other spirits, who will try to steal it and leave a changeling in its place. Parallels are drawn to Bolivia, where local demons are blamed for carrying off the souls of children, and to Haiti, where a wolf-like abductor, the "loup garou," is said to kidnap adults and render them speechless once they are returned. Also cited are tales from Central and South America, which describe hairy, manlike beings who carry away women as mates; and tales from China and Africa, in which the kidnapers appear as monkeys or apes— cousins perhaps to our own King Kong.

HERE ARE SEVERAL pub­ lished collections of North Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (1785-1873 and 1786-1859), German philologists and folklorists, American regional folk beliefs, are credited with founding the discipline of folklore. The folk tales they recorded became the says Ward, but the present project is model for similar studies in other countries. distinctive because of its interpretive approach. The only comparable pub­ the wedding ceremony, and that a and uncertainty. Doing things back­ lication in the field is the ten-volume good crop of watermelons can be wards is so common a formula for Handworterbuch des deutschen Aber- assured if a farmer gets up before sun­ counteracting bad luck or for enhanc­ glaubens, published in Berlin between rise on the first day of May, walks back­ ing good luck, that popular beliefs 1927 and 1942. "Germany has been a wards into the field, and plants the lend convincing evidence to the theo­ center for folklore studies since the seed, the article concludes: "The reticians' view that binary opposition Brothers Grimm," Ward says. As appearances and uses of things done is a fundamental cognitive process evidence of that pervasive German backwards are prevalent enough in in humans." influence, Ward notes, many early popular beliefs and customs that it is Through this project, beliefs and folklore programs at American univer­ safe to infer that inversion is univer­ superstitions will for the first time be sities were contained within German sally considered as a powerful tool in organized into one collection, cross- departments. He adds that although human beings' coping with danger referenced, and fully documented. the Handworterbuch is an important

24 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 research tool, its usefulness is limited Society Antiquarian American because scholarship has advanced appreciably since its publication and because the primary material in it pertains mainly to the German tradition. The primary data base for the American encyclopedia consists of some 1.6 million individual items of popular belief from all over the world in the UCLA Archive of American Popular Beliefs and Superstitions. This monumental undertaking was begun more than forty years ago by folklorist Wayland D. Hand, founder of the encyclopedia and its original editor until his death in 1986. Hand had encouraged his students, Ward among them, to collect folklore items of all kinds, and as he began sorting and cataloguing the data he observed that a large portion of them entailed belief and superstition. He began separating these materials into an archive that grew rapidly. Items were culled from widely scattered publications, contributed by regional

American folklore collections, and i Spring. — Far from over I he tea, the »tork rriarn’tl with glee: translated from European sources so on the roof, the point of a I team ood, at if ahtori’d in a dream. that American popular beliefs could be compared with international variations. Through decades of painstaking effort by Hand and his skeleton staff I tabic* »li of mainly students and volunteers, the voluminous amount of material was classified by an elaborate thema­ tic system and cross-referenced— all recorded on index cards. The Angel of the Eon, result was the most comprehensive archive of its kind, with five catego­ ries: Category I (the human body; physical and medical aspects of birth, Illustration from a nineteenth-century children's book. Popular accounts of where babies come infancy, and childhood; dreams and from include rosebushes, cabbage patches, and cauliflower blooms. Various agents deliver the wishes; and folk medicine), Category babies—fairies, angels, and that popular fellow, the stork. 2 (love, courtship, and marriage; death and funeral customs; social and superstitions. Popular belief, currently fills the slot to be occupied aspects of birth, infancy, and child­ Ward explains, implies an element of by the encyclopedia once it is com­ hood; domestic pursuits; intimate faith in the efficacy of a given notion. pleted," says Barbara Frankel, an possessions; and clothing); Category On the other hand, a notion that has anthropologist in the social relations 3 (economic and business life; sports lost any grounding it may have had department at Lehigh University. "This and recreations; religious life; and in popular belief, but that is still would make the encyclopedia a rare war and calamity); Category 4 (farm widely cited, such as the notion that achievement when completed, a work life; animals; plants; weather; cosmic breaking a mirror means seven years both serious and entertaining, one phenomena; hunting and fishing; and of bad luck, is usefully referred to as that is at once useful to scholars and natural surroundings); and Category superstition. enjoyable to more casual readers." □ 5 (witchcraft and magic; devil and Although the project will not be ghost lore; divination; and amulets completed for several years, scholars Since 1967, UCLA has received $358,480 in and fetishes). who have reviewed some of the early outright funds and $52,926 in matching When Ward and his colleagues work say that the encyclopedia is a funds from the Reference Materials program took over the project, they decided to unique resource that will be of vast of the Division of Research Programs to sup­ include in the title both of Hand's interest to scholars and the general port the Encyclopedia of American Popu­ designated categories: popular beliefs public alike. "There is nothing that lar Beliefs and Superstitions.

HUMANITIES 25 The interior of Metropolitan Hall, the foremost concert hall in New York City from 1850 until 1854, when it was destroyed by fire.

MUSIC OF George Templeton Strong, ca. 1857 THE GASLIGHT ERA BY ELLEN MARSH he crack piece, though, was formances, and eventually became viewing the polka at a ball, a rather the last, Beethoven's Sinfonia president of the New-York Philhar­ puritanical twenty-five-year-old J L in C minor. It was generally monic Society. Strong wrote: "It's a kind of insane unintelligible to me, except the When the edited version of Strong's Tartar jig, performed to disagreeable Andante," wrote twenty-one-year- diary was published in 1952, most of music of an uncivilized character.") old George Templeton Strong in his the music references were omitted. There were burlesque operas in black­ diary. Apparently others in the aud­ Enough were included, however, to face that used the melodies from the ience were equally unimpressed: interest Lawrence when she was writ­ tony grand operas — for instance, Henry C. Watson, a critic for the Even­ ing a book for the U.S. bicentennial Lucia di Lammermoor became Lucy Did ing Signal, noted that many people left on political and patriotic music. Law­ Sham Amour. before the symphony was over. In rence recalls, "I vaguely remembered And there was Phineas T. Barnum, short, what is believed to have been the having seen the words of an 1840 cam­ showman and humbugger par excel­ first complete performance in America paign song in the diary, and pulled the lence. His establishment, the American of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, on first volume down from my bookshelf. Museum, displayed freaks and won­ February 11,1841, was greeted with Glancing through the editor's pref­ ders and the talents of a variety of less than ecstatic applause. ace, I was struck by the fateful words, musical performers: "Ethiopian" This episode is part of the long- '... an interesting volume of musical minstrels, "Swiss" bell ringers, child forgotten story of music in nineteenth- comment could—and someday will— prodigies, and performers on unusual century America, which is now being be compiled from the diary.'" Lawrence ongress C of Library recounted by Vera Brodsky Lawrence decided she would write the volume. in the volumes of Strong on Music: Since 1976 Lawrence has been en­ The New York Music Scene in the Days grossed in what she calls the "wild, of George Templeton Strong, 1836-1875. wicked, and wonderful world" of A former concert pianist turned music music in nineteenth-century New historian, Lawrence is rediscovering a York. Resonances, 1836-1850, the first colorful era of prima donnas, violin volume of Strong on Music, was pub­ virtuosos, harmonica and bones play­ lished in 1988, and two more are ers, brass bands, and symphony being prepared for publication, cov­ orchestras. Once again we visit opera ering the years 1851 through 1875. houses and music halls brilliantly All three volumes have been sup­ illuminated by gas chandeliers (and ported by grants from NEH. destroyed by fire with distressing fre­ Lawrence has uncovered a daunt­ quency). Dandies wearing white kid ing mass of musical information in gloves flirt with elegant ladies at the newspapers of the period and other Astor Place Opera House, and rough­ primary sources. She decided to neck Bowery Boys, girlfriends on organize this material by means of their arms, promenade to polka tunes twin chapters for each year, the first, at Vauxhall Garden. entitled "GTS," consisting of Strong's Photograph of Jenny Lind (1820-1887), The music entries in the diary of diary entries and explanatory infor­ by Mathew Brady, ca. 1850. George Templeton Strong (1820-1875) mation, and the second, called provide the point of departure for "Obbligato," dealing with musical instruments; but surely his masterpiece Lawrence's work. In 1835, when he matters not mentioned by Strong. was his introduction of Jenny Lind, the was a fifteen-year-old sophomore at The evolving and lively New York Swedish Nightingale, to America. Columbia College, Strong began the musical scene of the period included New York was the port of entry for journal which he faithfully kept until everything from grand opera to black­ European performers, who began just before his death in 1875. Con­ face minstrel shows. Of the latter, the arriving in numbers with the estab­ taining an estimated 4.5 million words, most famous was Christy's Minstrels, lishment of steamship runs in 1843. the diary records Strong's activities which performed night after night, For nearly a year before Jenny Lind's and thoughts, gossip, current events, year after year, to packed houses. In arrival in New York in 1850, Barnum politics, even the weather. 1848 minstrel troupes were so numer­ manipulated the press and the public Strong had a distinguished career. ous, Lawrence says, that the Mirror to a frenzy of anticipation, teasing He was a Wall Street lawyer, a trustee declared they were running out of them with rumors and counterrumors of Columbia College and Trinity names! about the terms of her contract, until Church, and treasurer of the U.S. Sani­ Among the many other musical he finally disclosed the fabulously tary Commission during the Civil delights were singing families, whose generous amount of money and per­ War. Although the law was his pro­ young members specialized in home- quisites Lind would receive from fession, Strong's passion was music, spun harmonies, sometimes with abo­ him. Lind, Barnum avowed, shrewdly especially sacred and symphonic litionist or temperance themes, and aware of his audience, was not just music—he played the organ and the semi-draped "model artistes" who another beautiful voice: She was pure piano, regularly attended musical per- arranged themselves in classical or as an angel and as generous as a historic tableaux while a band played saint; her charities were legendary. Ellen Marsh is an assistant editor of "descriptive" music. The daring The patrician Strong was not Humanities. polka was all the rage. (Upon first unaware of Barnum's hyperbole,

HUMANITIES 27 return to England. Barnum was now president of the Crystal Palace, far out in the hinterlands of 42nd Street, and was willing to stake $20,000 on a Jullien concert series there. George Templeton Strong, who had already heard several of Jullien's con­ certs, attended the crowning event at the Crystal Palace: June 18,1854 ... The conjunction of Barnum and Jullien at the so-called Crys­ tal Palace, Thursday evening [June 15J, in a so-called "Musical Congress with 1500 performers" naturally produced one of the grandest humbugs on record .... The crowd was enormous; it is estimated at 15,000 by some and 40,000 by others. I've no opinion at all as to the accuracy of either estimate, but for some time after taking our seats I was seriously exercised Above: "The Second Deluge: First Appearance of Jenny Lind in America" (1850): P. T. about the possibilities of falling galleries Barnum, in a tree, thumbs his nose at the animal audience thronging to Castle Garden to hear and panic-stricken multitudes and was Lind sing. Below: As the bird catcher Papageno, Barnum holds the "Swedish Nightingale." tempted to evacuate the building at once. The impresarios and performers liancy and precision, and sing with more could not have attracted audiences with­ effect than any other living performer. out—one is tempted to say "the con­ Furthermore, she is a good, amiable, benev­ nivance of"— the press. There were olent woman, fully equal, I dare say, to approximately forty newspapers and the average of our New York girls; and periodicals in mid-nineteenth-century having in her vocal apparatus a fortune New York City, most of them publish­ of millions, she devotes a liberal share of ing puff notices and reviews of musical it to works of charity. But if the greatest performances. Some of the critics' man that has lived for the last ten cen­ names are instantly recognizable: Mar­ turies were here in her place, the uproar garet Fuller, Walt Whitman, Charles A. and excitement could not be much greater Dana; while others, although influen­ and would probably be much less. tial in their day, mean little to us— "Lind and Barnum eventually had a Richard Grant White, A. D. Paterson, falling out," Lawrence notes. "Lind's Henry C. Watson,among others. The socially elevated friends told her that critics feuded enthusiastically, accusing Barnum was common." But Lind's each other of unjustified partiality to­ attempts to manage her concert tour ward certain performers and of accept­ herself were not successful: "Her career ing "Black Mail" (bribes)—which many took a toboggan slide and eventually of them indeed did. They rarely agreed she left America, weeping in the rain as on anything, except possibly on an her ship pulled out of the harbor." antipathy to American musicians and PAPAGENO . Prince of IRANISTAN A few years later, Barnum joined music— a prejudice, Lawrence remarks, forces with the spectacular French that unhappily persisted well into the although he regarded it coolly. On orchestra conductor Louis Jullien, a twentieth century. September 2,1850, his diary reads: musical star of first magnitude who Lawrence has concentrated on . . . Jenny Lind has arrived and was is all but forgotten today. Lawrence studying the American musical past received with such a spontaneous out­ describes him as "an improbable blend since her retirement from the concert break of rushing and crowding, and hur­ of Pied Piper, consummate showman, stage more than twenty years ago. rahing, and serenading as this city has dream merchant, resplendent dandy, She compiled the collected piano never seen before. The streets round the superlative orchestra conductor, and works of Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Irving House blocked up with a mob dedicated musical missionary." the great nineteenth-century com­ night and day; horses hardly permitted Jullien arrived in America in 1853, poser and pianist; she identified and to carry her through the streets, so vehe­ accompanied by twenty-five orches­ collected the compositions in The mently did the mob thirst for the honor of tra virtuosos and eleven tons of lug­ Wa-Wan Press, the early twentieth- drawing her carriage, and so on. Really, gage. His concerts in New York and century music periodical devoted it's very strange—Miss Jenny is a young other cities were glittering successes, to American composers; she wrote lady of very great musical taste, and pos­ but the apogee of Jullien's American Music for Patriots, Politicians, and sessed of a larynx so delicately organized tour came when he signed a contract Presidents, about political and patri­ that she can go up to A in alt with a bril­ with Barnum shortly before he was to otic songs from the eighteenth cen-

28 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 orey f e-ok itrcl Society Historical New-York of Courtesy

"National Quadrille: Yankee Doodle— 999th time." Jullien thrilled New York with his American Quadrille, a rousing medley of patriotic tunes that ended with a bravura rendition of "Yankee Doodle." This caricature and those below appeared in Harper's Monthly Magazine, June 1854. tury to 1876. Anyone who has seen The Sting can thank Lawrence for the ragtime score— her republication of Scott Joplin's work in the early 1970s played a large part in the worldwide revival of his music. Lawrence's research on Strong on Music has turned up so many interest­ ing and hitherto forgotten subjects that she finds it difficult to choose the high­ lights. She cites the history of the New- York Philharmonic, formed as a musi­ cians' cooperative in 1842 during a financial panic, when many musicians were out of work; the development of the opera as a social phenomenon; and some interesting personalities who have faded from public knowledge, such as William Henry Fry, a problem­ atical and eccentric composer who was also editor of the New York Tribune. "I like to immerse myself in the research of one year at a time and then to write about it while it is fresh in my mind," says Lawrence. "Right now I am living in 1856." She laughs. "It's a lot nicer than New York in 1990." □

Work on the three-volume Strong on Music has been supported by $184,800 in outright funds from the Interpretive Research program of the Division of Research Programs.

HUMANITIES 29 Celebrating Two Hundred Years

BY SKIP KALTENHEUSER NOTHER BICENTENNIAL IS almost upon us— this one the ratification of A the Bill of Rights. Work on the celebration has already begun in Pennsylvania, where the state humanities council is using the occasion to stimulate discussion of the basic prin­ ciples of American government, connecting past to present. That connection at times has seemed tehuous. A Hearst Corporation survey done in 1987 found that 59 percent of adults did not know what the Bill of Rights was, and only 49 percent correctly identified it as the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Twenty-seven percent thought it was a preamble to the Constitution. A fifth of the people identified the Bill of Rights as any bill involving personal rights that passes through Congress.

As the two-hundreth anniversary approaches, the Pennsylvania Humanities ouncil C Humanities Pennsylvania of Courtesy Council and executive director Craig Eisendrath are making an effort at histor­ ical clarification. To help trigger interest, the Pennsylvania council is producing 7,000 copies of a special exhibit, with the hope that each will be seen by 5,000 people. The exhibit consists of a set of twelve posters with related materials. The posters cover the ten original amendments and the Civil War amendments— the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth—which ended slavery and extended rights to African Americans.

Dissent is a recurring theme. In an accompanying set of essays for the exhibit, one describes the turmoil that brought the Bill of Rights into being. In the debate over the drafting of the U.S. Constitution, Antifederalists objected strenuously to the lack of explicit limitations on federal power, fearing a central government so powerful it might destroy both the states and the rights of the people. In return for political support for ratification of the Constitution itself, participants agreed that Congress, when it convened, would consider adding a bill of rights. When the Congress did meet, James Madison chaired the committee that con­ solidated 186 proposals, involving eighty-seven substantive issues, into a viable number of amendments. Debate in the House pared them to nineteen, which were sent to the Senate. Twelve went to President George Washington; two failed to gain ratification. In contrast to the Constitution, which spelled out the powers of the national government, these ten amendments specified things the government shall not do and procedures it must follow in the exercise of authority. The Pennsylvania Humanities Council's anniversary exhibit on the Bill of Rights, “... A bill of rights is what the people which began with an NEH planning grant, is made up of twelve lightweight panels, are entitled to against every govern­ each 24" by 37", mounted on three freestanding kiosks. Each panel explores a ment on earth... & what no just particular set of rights and illustrates it with the text of relevant amendments, government should refuse, or (let) captioned photographs, and quotations by key statesmen and jurists. The exhibit rest on inference.” comes with an eighty-four page user's guide, featuring essays, lesson plans for —Thomas Jefferson secondary school teachers, a bibliography, a filmography, and suggestions for librarians. Three thousand sets have already been placed around the country in every state. Project director Joan R. Challinor, who previously coordinated a poster project for the bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution as part of Project '87, says she realized she was up against the tendency to view the Bill of Rights simply as a historic document, which has an effect of distancing it from relevance today. 'This can be overcome by the assets of posters—clarity, simplicity, and durability —that project creativity and modem form. Graphics are the way people learn these days."

Skip Kaltenheuser is a lawyer and writer in Washington, D.C.

HUMANITIES 31 A way to reach young people had been a particular concern, adds Eisendrath. "Their sense of democracy is passive." He sees a need for institutions, including schools, to inform and motivate young people to accept an equation involving both liberty and responsibility. Associate director Joseph J. Kelly blames some of the ignorance on "the intimidation the subject matter inspires. People regard it as lost in the territory of lawyers." The rudiments are not as complex as people assume, Kelly con­ tends. "People have opinions about whether the police should stop them at roadblocks to test for drunk driving, or whether there should be prayer in the schools. And they know that these are areas in which we have to weigh compet­ ing values. Certainly all Americans can understand the basic ideas behind the Bill of Rights." Despite the many hotly contested issues surrounding the Bill of Rights, so far the only protest about the exhibit has been from a lawyer in Maryland who was displeased by the portrayal of the second amendment as the protection of the state militias', rather than the individual's, right to bear arms. In advance of the bicentennial itself—December 15, the date in 1791 that Virginia became the final state to ratify—the Pennsylvania Humanities Council is moving on other fronts as well. One project is a joint effort with the Phila­ delphia Inquirer to produce a thirty-two-page newspaper supplement on the Bill of Rights that will be available for reprint by newspapers across the country in the fall. Another is the development of a speakers bureau. There will also be a program of reading and discussion in libraries, com­ posed of six two-hour sessions. The program, which will also be offered as an in-service course for teachers, is beginning with a pilot series in ten libraries, and has won an NEH Exemplary Project Award. Readings will be from a spe­ cially produced anthology and Peter Irons's The Courage of Their Convictions: Sixteen Americans Who Fought Their Way to the Supreme Court, which fleshes out cases involving religion, race, protest, and privacy by putting them in the context of the times and then letting the individuals tell their own stories. One subject is Mary Beth Tinker, who was suspended from her Des Moines school in 1965 at the age of thirteen when she wore a black armband to protest American bombing in Vietnam. In the view of Challinor, our founding documents are our best exports (although she'd also like to see discussion of a "bill of responsibilities"). Accord­ “(The Founders believed) that the ingly, efforts are under way to take the exhibition to U.S. embassies and military final end of the State was to make bases. The exhibit has been presented to Vaclav Havel, the playwright who is men free to develop their faculties... president of Czechoslovakia. In the fall of 1991 there will be a forum in Pitts­ that freedom to think as you will and burgh that examines the effect of the Bill of Rights on the other countries around to speak as you think are means the world. indispensable to the discovery and The Pennsylvania Humanities Council wants the Bill of Rights program to remind spread of political truth... that the greatest menace to freedom is an citizens that the humanities are at the heart of our best political traditions. As Kelly inert people; that public discussion sees it, 'The idea that the people must protect themselves against the government, is a political duty___” even good constitutional government; that democracy can lead to a tyranny of the —Louis Dembitz Brandeis majority; that minority opinions should not only be protected but even encouraged —these are lessons from history and political philosophy that Americans must continually learn and relearn." □

POSTERS The poster exhibit is available for $150 ($100 unmounted), which includes shipping. Those seeking to acquire or donate the exhibit should contact the Pennsylvania Humanities Council, 320 Walnut Street, Suite 305, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3892.

32 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 THE NUMBERS GAME BY JEFFREY THOMAS All About Museums

S OF 1989, there were an estimated 8,179 muse­ ums in the United States. More than half of these Ainstitutions are history museums and historic sites (Figure 1). Of these history museums and historic sites, 90 percent have small operating budgets (under $350,000) (Figure 2). The number of new museums has skyrocketed since 1960, with nearly two-thirds of all museums having been established in the last thirty years. In the decade of the 1970s alone, more than 2,300 new museums came into being. The Southeast has the largest number of museums, with 1,787; New England has the smallest number, with 569 (Figure 3).

Jeffrey Thomas is the assistant director for humanities studies in the Office of Planning and Budget.

Figure 2 ALL U.S. MUSEUMS BY TYPE & BUDGET SIZE

Type Large Medium Small Totals

Aquarium 5 4 11 20 26.0% 19.7% 54.2% 100%

Arboretum/ 23 84 211 318 Botanical Garden 7.3% 26.5% 66.2% 100%

Art 183 215 816 1,214 15.1% 17.7% 67.2% 100%

Children's 7 21 36 64 11.3% 32.2% 56.6% 100%

General 80 124 500 704 11.3% 17.7% 71.0% 100%

Historic House/Site 63 159 1,861 2,083 3.0% 7.6% 89.3% 100%

History 57 154 2,190 2,401 2.4% 6.4% 91.2% 100%

Natural History 52 63 137 252 20.6% 24.9% 54.5% 100%

Nature Center 2 65 230 297 0.8% 21.9% 77.3% 100%

Planetarium 1 12 26 39 3.0% 29.9% 67.0% 100%

Science 17 24 143 184 9.1% 12.8% 78.1% 100%

Specialized 67 28 375 470 14.2% 6.1% 79.8% 100%

Zoo 38 40 55 133 28.4% 30.1% 41.5% 100%

Totals by Size 595 993 6,591 8,179 Percent by Size 7.3% 12.1% 80.6% 100%

HUMANITIES Attendance Museum attendance exceeded 600 mil­ lion in 1988. Historic sites, the most popular type of museum, drew 150 million visitors, and art and history museums attracted more than 70 mil­ lion visitors each (Figure 4).

Museums as Research Institutions Museums serve not only as exhibitors of collections, but also as centers for scholarly research. More than 50 percent of all museums reported that their collections were used by outsid­ ers for research. Use of collections by outside researchers was reported at 1,102 history museums, 557 historical sites, and 424 art museums.

Volume of Exhibitions The average number of exhibitions held in 1988 varied considerably from one type of museum to the next. Art museums averaged the largest num­ ber of exhibitions (some ten per muse­ um), followed by general museums (an average of 7.7 exhibitions per museum) and history museums (7.0 per museum).

Employment at Museums Two and one-half times as many vol­ unteers as paid employees worked in museums in 1988: Augmenting the 92,000 full-time and 56,000 part-time paid staff were 376,000 volunteers. Historic sites involved the greatest number of people, followed by his­ tory museums and art museums (Figure 5). □ This article, part of a series deriving from statistical studies supported by NEH, highlights preliminary findings from the American Association of Museums' 1989 museum survey. More than 1,000 muse­ ums were included in the survey sample, from which national estimates were derived. For the purposes of the survey, museums were defined as those public and nonprofit organizations that care for tangible objects, both animate and inani­ mate, and that regularly exhibit such objects. The organization must also have at least one professional staff member and be open to the public on a regular basis.

34 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 orey f m Tedr d Bary de Theodore Wm. of Courtesy IN FOCUS Wm. Theodore de Bary Asian Studies in the Core Curriculum

OOKING BACK OVER a forty- When de Bary began teaching in year teaching career at Colum­ 1949, he faced great obstacles. "When Lbia University in the forefront I first started," he says, "the imposi­ of Asian studies, Wm. Theodore de tion of Western categories on Asian Bary recalls that his life's direction history and cultures led to a great came to him quite by accident. deal of distortion and misconception." Arriving at Columbia as a fresh­ Since then, de Bary's scholarship has man in 1937, de Bary already had a played a key role in setting much of youthful interest in Mao Zedong, the record straight. Along with whose movement for social reform in coauthoring important pedagogical China bespoke the altruistic spirit of tools in the field, including A Guide to many in de Bary's generation. But Oriental Classics (3rd ed., 1988) and his interest in Asia became focused Approaches to the Asian Classics (1990), when he took the required Contem­ de Bary has written Neo-Confucian works they pose alternative answers porary Civilizations course, which Orthodoxy and the Learning of the Mind to these problems and present grounds covered only the West. His professor, and Heart (1981), The Liberal Tradition for rejecting certain views and adopt­ a teacher of broad educational vision, in China (1983), East Asian Civiliza­ ing others. Rather than have the advo­ lamented the lack of Asian materials tions: A Dialogue in Five Stages (1987), cates of contemporary political move­ in the Contemporary Civilizations and The Message of the Mind in Neo- ments decide what should be thrown program and exhorted anyone who Confucianism (1988). But perhaps his out, students should have the oppor­ would listen to prepare for the task of most seminal contribution was the tunity to explore the classics and incorporating Asia in Columbia's core groundwork he helped lay in the 1950s exercise their own judgment." curriculum. "I didn't have any clear and 1960s by translating and editing Officially professor emeritus as well idea of what I wanted to do," recalls many of the primary materials that as provost emeritus, de Bary contin­ de Bary, "so I decided to start Chi­ still serve as the basic English texts ues to serve Columbia full-time, with nese my sophomore year." in Japanese, Chinese, Indian, and no salary, as a Special Service Profes­ When Mao lined up with Stalin in Buddhist traditions. sor. Since 1981, he has directed the Hitler-Stalin Pact of 1939, de Bary's A product of a Columbia education Columbia's Heyman Center for the interest in China survived his disillu­ with its emphasis on reading and Humanities, which he founded when sionment with Mao, and he became discussing the great books early in he was provost from 1971 to 1978, convinced that in order to understand the college experience, de Bary is a conceiving of it as a center for inter­ what was happening in China and believer in the great books approach disciplinary discussion among elsewhere in the East, the United States to the study of any culture, East or younger scholars who bear the brunt needed the same kind of in-depth West. "In any major tradition, the of the most demanding undergradu­ knowledge of Asian history and basic discourse, the primary frame of ate teaching. De Bary's latest thrust is thought that we have of cultures in reference, is the way that the great a senior scholars program, designed the West. books, the great thinkers, talk to each to encourage professors emeriti to After four years in the navy during other over time," says de Bary. "The teach voluntarily in general education the war, de Bary returned to Colum­ great books are commentaries on alongside younger scholars. "By bia to devote himself to studying East what went before and can't be read in emphasizing the importance of teach­ Asian languages and cultures and to ignorance of what has gone before. ing in general education, we run translating their basic texts. With the Nor can you read these books simply counter to the trend toward special­ help of other scholars, he added two for comparison or contrast to the West. ization and departmentalization in major elective courses to Columbia's "Some recent advocates of multi­ American university life," says de general education progam— Oriental cultural education want to substitute Bary. "The Center is dedicated to Civilizations, a study of contempo­ modem writers for the classics. I don't closing the breach between teaching rary problems in Asia in historial per­ oppose the reading of modern clas­ and research. Both ought to reflect spective, and Oriental Humanities, sics, nor would I exclude contempo­ scholars' awareness of their responsi­ based on discussion of Asia's great rary issues from the discussion. Stu­ bility for educational leadership in books— as parallel extensions of dents should recognize that any great serving the needs of students, not just Columbia's two required courses on book, classic or recent, is part of a con­ in advancing their own specialized Western culture— Contemporary Civ­ tinuing discourse on the perennial interest." □ ilizations and Western Humanities. problems of human life. As pivotal —James S. Turner

HUMANITIES TYRANNICAL MACHINES should, of course, continue to encour­ sity. "The more I taught beginning continued from page 10 age and recognize serious and thought­ classes, the more important it became ful research—as should private and to me to explain." The classroom can tenure and promotion. Such a port­ public foundations. Scholars pre­ benefit research and be benefited by folio might include syllabi, examina­ serve the record of human accom­ it. Observes University of Chicago tions, graded papers, statements from plishment and make it accessible in professor Leon Kass, "Teaching a text colleagues and students— even a vid­ many ways: through authoritative requires understanding it; and that eotape of the faculty member teach­ editions of the papers and writings often involves one in a great deal of ing. Peter Seldin, a professor of man­ of George Washington, Frederick scholarly work, including translation, agement at Pace University who has Douglass, Mark Twain, Jane Addams, philology, and reading in secondary been developing the portfolio con- and Martin Luther King, Jr., for exam- sources."

cept, says that a teaching portfolio pie, or through research tools such Particularly if, as Ernest Boyer has should "suggest the scope and qual­ as The Encyclopedia of Islam, The Great suggested, we change the way we ity of a professor's teaching perfor­ Dictionary of the Yiddish Language, think about scholarship so that it mance. It is to teaching what lists of and a dictionary of Sioux languages includes activities besides those that publications, grants and honors are to spoken in the Great Plains region— lead to publication, then the connec­ research and scholarship." all projects supported by the National tion between the study and the class­ A program recently established Endowment for the Humanities. room is clear. A program of reading by the National Endowment for the Scholars explore our own and other that moves across centuries and dis­ Humanities encourages colleges and cultures, sometimes quite literally, ciplines can be a scholarly activity, universities to recognize teaching with as in NEH-funded archaeological whether or not it leads to an article or one of the highest honors: an endowed excavations at sites ranging from a book; and for the teacher of broadly professorship. Grants of up to $300,000, seventeenth-century English colony conceived undergraduate courses, which are to be matched by nonfed- at St. Mary's City in Maryland, such reading can be a source of eral monies on a three-to-one basis, through a Maya complex in the immense enrichment. help colleges and universities estab­ Petexbatun region of Guatemala, to The goal is not to displace research lish a prestigious senior rank for an ancient site in Gordion, Turkey, with teaching but to create an envi­ teaching. At Ohio University in where there are Hittite and Phrygian ronment in which both thrive. The Athens, Ohio, and at the College of ruins. Some scholars write with such aim is what William Arrowsmith Saint Scholastica in Duluth, Minne­ breadth and liveliness that their books once called "an Emersonian univer­ sota, at Gettysburg College in Gettys­ — such as James M. McPherson's sity," a place of learning "where the burg, Pennsylvania, and at Colby Battle Cry of Freedom or Simon Schama's great teacher has equal honor with College in Waterville, Maine, public Citizens—are widely read on campus the great scholar." funds support Distinguished Teach­ and beyond. With care and learning, ing Professorships. Through such researchers engage in a variety of ■ Informed Choice honors, excellent teachers can begin activities that help us better under­ Good teaching would be strongly to enjoy the national recognition that stand ourselves and the world. encouraged if parents and students usually goes to their colleagues who Indeed, research and teaching do chose colleges and universities on the have focused on research. Through not stand in opposition. "I am certain basis of instructional quality. As it is, such a use of public funds, the federal that I have become a better researcher, people consider such factors as "rep­ government can indicate that the a better theoretical chemist, because utation" and "environment" more transmission of knowledge, as well as I've had to teach undergraduates ...," often than they do good teaching. its extension, is a national priority. says Roald Hoffman, Nobel Prize- Some evaluate colleges and universi­ Institutions of higher learning winning chemist at Cornell Univer- ties on the basis of price tag, believing

36 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 that the more expensive an institu­ ulty salaries; and the percentage of done by teaching assistants and part- tion, the better. A recent Gallup poll full-time faculty members with doc­ time instructors who do not have showed that 38 percent of high school torates. But neither low student- doctorates. students think the more a school costs, faculty ratios nor high faculty salaries How can students and their par­ the better education it offers. A 1988 necessarily indicates good teaching. ents judge how much a college or article in New England Monthly If many faculty members have mini­ university values teaching? A place reported on Mount Holyoke College's mal or no teaching responsibilities, to start is with the institution's catalog: discovery that the higher a tuition introductory classes will still be very • Are there requirements? Do they hike, the more applications the school large; and an instructional budget reflect the institution's having grap­ could expect. Putting this finding inflated by high salaries for famous pled with the question of what its into play has become known as the professors who teach graduate stu- graduates should know? Is it possible

"Chivas Regal strategy." It leads a to earn a bachelor's degree without school to charge at least as much as having explored major areas of other schools in the same league— knowledge? in order to prove that it is as good. • Are there outward and visible It may be that consumers do not signs that a college or university emphasize quality of instruction Single copies of values teaching? Ideally one would because information about it is not know how much teaching matters in Tyrannical Machines: readily available. There are dozens of the tenure and promotion process, A Report on guidebooks to colleges and universi­ but such information is hard to come ties on the market. With their help a Educational Practices by and harder to evaluate. Parents person can find out how big a given Gone Wrong and students can determine if there institution is, the size of its stadium, and Our Best Hopes are substantial rewards for teaching and the most popular night spots. for Setting Them Right —not only recognition at commence­ One can discover the most frequently are available free from ments and annual prizes but also chosen majors, learn whether or not the Office of Publications chairs and professorships conferred there is a choral group or rugby team and Public Affairs for excellence in teaching. Regular on campus, and find out who the National Endowment meetings in which faculty members school's recent speakers have been. for the Humanities take up issues of teaching and curric­ The guidebooks offer a wealth of 1100 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. ulum also indicate a campus where information— except when it comes undergraduate education is a subject Washington, D.C. 20506. to the single thing most important to of concern. know when choosing a school: the A college education is an enor­ quality of undergraduate education. mous investment. At an elite private Even guides that purport to assess school, it can cost almost as much as the quality of undergraduate instruc­ a median-priced house; and surely tion typically do not. One aspect of that is cause to choose carefully. But the "Best Colleges" rating issued by even more important is the intellec­ U.S. News & World Report each fall is dents when they teach at all does noth­ tual experience one stands to gain by "instructional quality." The factors ing to improve the lot of the under­ a well-considered choice: the oppor­ used to assess this attribute in the 1990 graduate. Nor is it of much use to tunity to be in the company of out­ ratings were full-time student to full­ know the percentage of full-time fac­ standing teachers and to explore with time faculty ratios; the per-student ulty who have Ph.D.s if much under­ them the great deeds and ideas that instructional budget, reflecting fac- graduate teaching at an institution is have shaped the world. □

HUMANITIES 37 CALENDAR January ♦ February

"After the Crash," part of The Thomas Cole's The Course of Empire (1836) can be seen in the newly American Experience series, docu­ installed Luman Reed Gallery at the New-York Historical Society. ments America during the Depression; it airs January 7 on PBS.

"Christendom and its Discon­ tents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion from 1000 to 1500" will be examined at a conference at the University of California, Los Angeles, January 24-26.

The work of Bohemian composer Antonin Dvorak is the topic of an international research con­ ference February 14-20 at the University of New Orleans.

This fishhook from Papua New Guinea is part of the exhibition "In Pursuit of the Spiritual: Oceanic Art," at the Brooklyn Museum in New York through February. Also opening in Feb­ Russian maps like the one above helped convince the Spanish to ruary, "Albert Bierstadt: Art & undertake a maritime exploration of the northwest coast of America Enterprise." in 1774; the map is part of an exhibition opening February 13 at the Oregon Historical Society in Portland. —Kristen Hall

38 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 Is There a Place for Islam in the History of Religions?

Humanities welcomes letters from readers. They should be sent to Humanities, National Endowment for the Humanities, 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20506. Letters will be subject to space limitations.

Arthur Shippee's article, 'Islam and the same: "Islam lacks some of the to reframe the premise that Adams the History of Religions," in the May/ most significant features of other great introduced regarding the study of June 1990 issue of Humanities sug­ traditions. It had no infancy, and no Islam: It is not so much that method­ gested that the methodology and cate­ real growth, but sprang up Minerva- ologies and categories of the social gories used by historians of religions like full-blown with the life of one sciences cannot be used for the study of need to be reconfigured if Islam is to man." Like Kroeber, Shippee attri­ Islam, and are therefore in need of revi­ find voice in the discipline. In this, butes the uniqueness of Islam to the sion, as much as it is that they have not he concurs with the oft-quoted assess­ fact that it was a "rationalized" reli­ been used. ment Charles Adams made some gion from the beginning; the absence Rather than reconfiguring disci­ twenty years ago concerning Islam and of a formative period as a "traditional" plines to suit our image of Islam, we the History of Religions at the Univer­ religion accounts for the inability of may do better in drawing on these sity of Chicago. Much has transpired the History of Religions to inform disciplines to reassess the images that since then, requiring that a different Islamic scholarship. Thus rendered common wisdom has afforded the analysis be brought to determining a unique phenomema in human his­ study of this tradition. The History how best to redress the lacuna between tory, Islam is thought to require meth­ of Religions has long represented this the disciplines. odologies and categories different hermeneutical concern in the acad­ It is common wisdom that leads from those appropriate for the study emy. Once the discipline is drawn on Shippee to state, "For practical pur­ of other religions. to rethink the interpretive strategies poses, Islam was born and matured A view from Islamic studies, as traditionally brought to the study of in the full light of history." Studies in noted, requires that the uniqueness Islam, it may well afford us a perspec­ early Islam lead to a quite different of Islam be framed in quite different tive from which to understand this assessment which recognizes the rise terms; and current discussions in the tradition as, in the words of al-Azmeh, of Islam to be shadowed by the ambi­ History of Religions at Chicago would "something other than the series of guities that characterize the begin­ ask Shippee to reconsider the dichot­ absences and inadequacies which ning of most every religious tradition. omy of "traditional" and "rational­ much modern scholarship makes of Islamic history as recounted by the ized" religion that he uses in classify­ it: absence of reason except under first generation of Muslims is lost to ing religious traditions. What Ship­ siege, absence of form, absence of modern scholarship except inasmuch pee's statement reveals is more the creativity, absence of spirituality." as these oral histories were standard­ isolation of Islamic Studies in the aca­ Sheryl L. Burkhalter ized at a much later period and com­ demy than the isolation he attributes Graduate student in the History of Religions piled in the written form in which to Islam in its beginnings. University of Chicago they have come down to us. Similar The silence of Islam extends much critiques might be brought to Ship­ further than the History of Religions, as Any discussion of how the study of pee's claim that "Within less than two noted by Byron Turner when he writes, Islam has fit into the study of History decades, Islam burst forth in full bloom, "An examination of any sociology of of Religions should be welcome, espe­ quite independent of a prolonged religion textbook published in the last cially when appearing in an authori­ period of influence from other tradi­ fifty years will show the recurring and tative publication such as Humanities, tions." It was centuries, rather than depressing fact that sociologists are directed at humanists at large. As decades, before Islam witnessed a either not interested in Islam or have scholars of Islamic literature, religion, flowering of "the elaborate body of nothing to contribute to Islamic scholar­ history, and culture, however, we systematic theology" to which Shippee ship." Rather than placing the onus on were taken aback, to say the least, by refers in classifying the tradition; more­ the categories and methodolgies of a your comments on the final page of over, both the Qur'an and the earliest specific discipline, we may do better in your article in the recent issue of histories indicate that Muslims were accounting for it in terms of the isola­ Humanities 11, 3 (1990) 28-30. in conversation with other traditions, tion of Orientalist scholarship in gen­ Whatever the reasons for the "con­ particularly as represented by biblical eral where, as al-Azmeh has noted, spicuous" absence of discussion of communities, from the start. "the advances of the social sciences in Islam by Eliade or other religious Shippee is surely not the first to lend the past half-century are totally alien studies scholars, and these are indeed this reading to Islam's beginnings. territory." The excellence of al-Azmeh's worth inquiring into given the signi­ Alfred Kroeber, an anthropologist of scholarship exemplifies well the possi­ ficant, often monumental, contribu­ considerable repute, had stated much bilities that might be tapped were we tions to the study of religion by such

HUMANITIES 39 Islamicists as Ignaz Goldziher, Louis rently in print in paperback American myself among those whom you refer Massignon, Geo Widengren, Henry editions). And this would have been to as "dehistoricizing Islam." Corbin, Marshall Hodgson, Anne- a useful point of discussion in your But perhaps more to the point is marie Schimmel, and Fazlur Rahman article. This is no excuse, however, your objection to my use of Max (himself late of Chicago), it is simply for promoting a portrayal of Islam, Weber's distinction between "ratio­ erroneous to state that "Orthodox and its study, that is historically nal" and "traditional" religious tradi­ Islam is not rich in myth, symbolic false, conceptually indefensible, and tions. (Again I would point out to you expressions, rites, and rituals." (The humanistically invalid. that I did not refer to Islam as "a com­ use of the term "orthodox" when Peter Heath pletely rationalized religion.") There discussing Islam is of questionable Assistant Professor of Arabic Language can be absolutely no question but that, value, by the way.) It is also simply and Literature during its long history and contact wrong to declare that "Islam was Engin Akarli with peoples of widely divergent cul­ born and matured in the full light of Associate Professor of Middle East History tural backgrounds, Islam has been day in an isolated island of sand," or Cornell Fleischer enormously enriched as it relates to that Islam is a completely "rational­ Professor of Islamic History and absorbs elements of those cultures. ized" religion. If, as you suggest, the Ahmet T. Karamustafa And just as certainly has Islam devel­ History of Religions today cannot Assistant Professor of Islamic Thought oped interpretations of its faith along comprehend the study of Islam, the Fateme Keshavarz traditional lines. I would mention error lies neither in its methodology Visiting Assistant Professor of Persian I. Goldziher's study of Muslim saint­ per se, nor in the putative material or Language and Literature hood as well as that of Frederick M. conceptual "poverty" of Islam as a The Center for the Study of Islamic Denny, O. Grabar's monumental work historical phenomenon. It lies rather Societies and Cultures along with that of Creswell in Islamic with those who would dehistoricize Washington University art and architecture, Seyyed Hossein Islam, and thereby banish it from the St. Louis, Missouri Nasr's and C. Pad wick's work in arena of humanistic study, and so jus­ Islamic spirituality and devotions, as tify the willful failure to pursue nor­ Arthur Shippee replies: well as numerous area studies in Islam. mal rigorous inquiry. I appreciate the several points of con­ When I referred to the rational dimen­ Islam, like all world religions, is a structive criticism which you made sion of Islam I had in mind the glori­ historical phenomenon. It did not in reaction to my article in the M ay/ ous efforts of the mu'takallimun and spring forth fully developed, as any June issue of Humanities. other philosophers of the Abbasid glance at Fazlur Rahman's Islam, I believe the first point which you period. There can be no question but Marshall Hodgson's Venture of Islam, made concerned my use of the term such as ibn Arabi, ibn Sina, al Farabi, or any other of the numerous schol­ "orthodox." My use of it is much after ibn Rushd, al Ghazali, and so many arly surveys of the development of that of A. J. Wensinck, The Muslim more created monumental systems of Islam and Islamic civilization makes Creed, p. 1: "Creeds . .. owe their ori­ rational thought. I see these systems eminently clear. During its 1,400- gins to the necessity, felt by the ortho­ as eventually synthesizing into ortho­ year history, various currents within dox community, of vindicating the dox Islam and serving as the super­ Islam have developed in diverse direc­ truth in the face of sects and heretics, structure upon which Islam built and tions. These currents range from the and it is only when the theoretical continues to build. folk beliefs verging on animism that foundations of the faith have been Finally, I would simply repeat my are characteristic of popular Islam, prepared by discussions and contro­ point, which is also that of Charles J. to the dry, if often heated, debates of versy that theologians begin to write Adams, that those major figures in the scholastic theologians; and from stri­ treatises in which they expound the History of Religions such as G. van der dent discourse of premodern and creed of the community, exposing the Leeuw, J. Wach, M. Eliade, U. Biancho, modern movements of reform and roots of scripture, tradition or reason­ and others have directed neither their revival, to sublime peaks of mystical ing, which underlie it." I believe that attention nor methodology to the expression and experience. This is a similar usage can be found in D. B. study of Islam. (I would point out, where we, as partial or full-time his­ Macdonald, W. Montgomery Watt, however, that Prof. Adams has in a torians of religion, can and do look Cantwell Smith, and others. recent publication [1985] somewhat for our materials. And it has been our Secondly, I believe you misquoted modified his position.) I expect my common experience that the study of me in the following: "Islam was questions remain—Is this due to a Islam suffers from an overabundance, born and matured in the full light of deficiency in that methodology? Or rather than a paucity, of such areas of day...." My exact words were "Islam is it rather that Islam represents a tra­ investigation. We do not know the was bom and matured in the full light dition for which the present method­ sources upon which you yourself of history. . .." The historical devel­ ology is inappropriate? Or is it more base your statements. If Islamicists opment of Islam, certainly up to the simply the case that those trained in have not been active or forthcoming fifteenth century but even beyond, the History of Religions, with few enough in communicating the results reflects the development of an extra­ exceptions, notably Fazlur Rahman, of their research to colleagues who ordinary culture and is richly docu­ have not focused their attention on specialize in the study of other reli­ mented by primary sources of theolo­ Islamic studies? gions, they may indeed be faulted gians, philosophers, historians, as Arthur W. Shippee (although the studies of most of the well as by men of letters, science, math, Department of Philosophy scholars I have mentioned are cur­ etc. I certainly would not consider University of Hartford

40 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 HUMANmES GUIDE FOR THOSE WHO ARE THINKING OF APPLYING FOR AN NEH GRANT

Extending the Teacher-Scholar Program BY ANGELA IOVINO N1992, elementary and secondary Reports from elementary and secon­ venerable marble archives of Spain's school teachers will continue to have dary school teachers who received the National Library in Madrid, a teacher Ithe opportunity to devote an aca­ 1989 NEH/Reader's Digest Teacher- of Spanish from Florida relates: "The demic year of full-time independent Scholar awards demonstrate that their scholar aiding me in my academic- study to topics in the fields of history, self-directed study in the humanities year study encouraged me to present literature, foreign languages, and other will produce long-term benefits. research on novelist Ana Maria Matute humanities disciplines, based on the Enriched both personally and profes­ at a scholarly conference in California, success of the pioneering NEH/Reader's sionally by their sabbatical year, teach­ where the aged author herself would DigestTeacher-Scholar Program. ers have returned to the classroom eager be honored. I met informally with the The original program, conceived as to teach. A history teacher from Ten­ author and gained insight into her a three-year project beginning in 1989, nessee who studied the origins and leg­ artistic development. Since then I was supported jointly by the NEH and acies of the Vietnam War writes: "I con­ have offered workshops for teachers a fund established at the New York sider this award the outstanding achieve­ preparing their students for the Ad­ Community Trust by Reader's Digest ment of my teaching career. Upon re­ vanced Placement Spanish Literature founder DeWitt Wallace. It was turning to the classroom, I found my Examination." designed to provide a sabbatical year students eager to share my discoveries From Oklahoma, a middle school for one elementary or secondary school and enthusiastic to learn more about language arts teacher says: "My pre­ teacher from each of the fifty states, the genesis of the Vietnam War in Amer­ paration for teaching literature was the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, ican history. This national program of minimal. I yearned to study poetry and and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The impe­ independent study will no doubt to teach it effectively to my students. tus for this program came from a 1987 encourage precollegiate educators in With poet Lance Henson, my mentor, NEH report on the state of the humani­ all disciplines to maintain the balance I studied the poems of Bishop, Dickin­ ties in American public schools, Ameri­ between 'teacher' and 'scholar.'" son, Frost, Longfellow, and Walcott, can Memory, in which Endowment A West Virginia teacher of Latin later recreating my experience with Chairman Lynne V. Cheney recog­ writes: "I knew that Aeschylus, Soph­ students, fellow teachers, and school nized that teachers have too few oppor­ ocles, and Euripides were innovative administrators. The sabbatical year tunities to explore in depth the sub­ in their presentation of stories, but has provided me with a new founda­ jects they are required to teach. during my sabbatical year I delighted tion and new principles from which to Beginning in 1992, the modified in Aristophanes' sharp wit as he des­ teach. This year of intense study has Teacher-Scholar Program will be sup­ cribes his wicked, comic, and ribald revitalized me for many more years ported entirely by NEH, with recipients Greek contemporaries. Another dis­ and thousands of hours devoted to being selected in a single nationwide covery involved Menander, whom we guiding the intellectual and personal competition. An award is intended to know about only through Plautus and development of children." replace the recipient's academic-year Terence. I realize now how tenuous Topics being studied by 1990 teacher- salary or to supplement other grants and our grasp of literary history is when scholars include "Lafcadio Hearn and sabbatical pay up to the amount of the our knowledge of Menander is limited Japanese Myths"; "Faulkner and academic-year salary. The stipend may to fragments and one play, discovered France"; "Russian and Chinese Myths"; not exceed $30,000. Each teacher- as late as 1959." "Saint Blaise"; "Augustan Age Latin scholar award offers a $500 honorarium The teacher concludes: "I found that Poets"; "Contemporary Native Ameri­

for a mentor, should the recipient elect this year released the child in me in can Literature"; and "Rhetoric, Science, GUIDE to work with an expert in the field of that when I became curious about a and Medicine in Ancient Greece." Guide­ his or her study. The next application reference or unusual detail, I could fer­ lines and further information about the deadline is May 1,1991, for awards ret it out in libraries. Teachers are so NEH Teacher-Scholar Program can be beginning September 1, 1992. bound by the clock. I don't think I obtained from the Division of Education will ever let myself become that tem­ Programs, Room 302, 1100 Pennsylva­ Angela lovino is a program officer in porally bound again." nia Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. the Division of Education Programs. After a month of reading within the 20506, 202/786-0377. □

HUMANITIES 41 RECENT NEH GRANTS

Grant amounts in each listing are designated as control system and renovation of the building's rise of opera in 17th-century Venice. RP FM (Federal Match) and OR (Outright Funds). structure to correct drainage problems that U. of California Press, Berkeley; Lynne E. Division and program are designated by the two threaten the museum's holdings. PS Withey: $7,000. Publication of a five-volume letter code at the end of each listing. U. of Illinois Press, Urbana-Champaign; collection of illustrated articles on all aspects of Elizabeth G. Dulany: $7,000. Publication of a dance. RP Division of Education Programs study of the art and world view of the ancient U. of Dayton, OH; Richard P. Benedum: EH Higher Education in the Humanities peoples of North Asia. RP $200,414. An institute on the operas of Mozart ES Elementary and Secondary Education U. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia; Robert for 30 precollegiate humanities teachers, librar­ in the Humanities H. Dyson, Jr.: $7,000. Publication of the reissue ians, and administrators, to be held in Vienna, Division of Public Programs of a rare 1903 study of Peruvian archaeology sup­ Austria. ES GN Humanities Projects in Media plemented by a substantial new introduction. RP U. of Illinois Press, Urbana-Champaign; Judith GM Humanities Projects in Museums and U. of Texas Press, Austin; Theresa J. May: M. McCulloh: $7,000. Publication of a study of Historical Organizations $14,000. Publication of a two-volume work on foreign traveling opera companies in the ante­ GP Public Humanities Projects the development of Sumerian writing from clay bellum U.S. RP GL Humanities Programs in Libraries and counting tokens. RP U. of Kansas, Lawrence; Chu-tsing Li: $167,000. Archives An institute for 25 participants on the cultural background and development of art in China Office of Preservation from the 19th century to the present. EH PS Preservation Arts-History and U. of Maryland, College Park; Adele Seeff: PS U.S. Newspaper Program Criticism $20,000. Planning of a study and participation Division of Research Programs program for high school students on how written RO Interpretive Research Projects American Film Institute, Washington, DC; drama is transformed into live theater. GP RX Conferences Patricia King Hanson: $1 50,000 OR; $125,000 U. of Southern California, Los Angeles; Leonard RH Humanities, Science and Technology FM. Production of the AFI Catalog o f Films, D. Stein: $27,000 OR; $12,000 FM. An inter­ RP Publication Subvention 1941-1950. RC national, interdisciplinary conference on com­ RA Centers for Advanced Study Arizona State U., Tempe; Gerald R. Kleinfeld: poser Arnold Schoenberg's place in 20th- Rl International Research $1 50,000. A summer institute for 30 faculty century culture. RX RT Tools members on the intellectual and cultural back­ Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN; Deborah RE Editions ground of the age of Beethoven. EH Karasov: $53,000. Five lecture series, radio RL Translations Harvard U. Press, Cambridge, MA; Margaretta broadcasts, audio tapes, and publications on RC Access L. Fulton: $7,000. Publication of a collection of themes in 20th-century art. GP essays on Wagner and his influence in histor­ Washington Drama Society, Inc./Arena Stage, ical, cultural, literary, and musical contexts. RP Washington, DC; Laurence Maslon: $40,000 OR; Huntington Theatre Company, Boston, MA; $20,000 FM. Postperformance discussions, arti­ Archaeology Pamela Hill: $44,600 OR; $35,000 FM. A series cles in programs, and articles in America's Arena of seminars for high school youth on eras of on plays developed at a regional theater. GP and Anthropology theater history in conjunction with the produc­ Westfield Center for Early Keyboard Studies, tions mounted at a regional theater. GP Easthampton, MA; Lynn B. Edwards: $140,650 American Museum of Natural History, NYC; Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC; John K. OR; $35,000 FM. A series of symposia, lectures, Paul F. Beelitz: $492,389. A new compact McDonald: $300,000. An exhibition and edu­ and publications about Mozart on the bicenten­ storage system for the museum's North Ameri­ cational programs on the art of Mexico from the nial of his death. GP can ethnology collection. PS pre-Columbian era to the mid-20th century. GM Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI; Roger C. Rose: New York Center for Visual History, NYC; $512,005. Preparation, consolidation, and mov­ Lawrence Pitkethly: $300,000 OR; $75,000 FM. Classics ing of the museum's anthropology collections Production of one program in a ten-part series into a compact storage system in a newly con­ on the history of American feature films since College of Notre Dame, Baltimore, MD; structed building. PS 1927. GN Therese M. Dougherty: $173,194. Two insti­ Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pitts­ New York Foundation for the Arts, NYC; tutes in consecutive summers for 30 middle and burgh, PA; James E. King: $548,225. Installation Roberts. Levi: $100,350. Completion of a one- high school Latin teachers on Latin language of a climate control system to protect the muse­ hour film on Duke Ellington's career as a com­ and literature, Roman history, and classical um's collection. PS poser and orchestra leader. GN culture. ES Educational Broadcasting Corporation, NYC; Oberlin College, OH; Thomas F. Kelly: $20,000. U. of Arizona, Tucson; Albert Leonard, Jr.: Rhoda S. Grauer: $400,328 OR; $50,000 FM. Development of seven courses in music as it $1 36,000. A summer institute for 25 partici­ Production of "Dance at Court," the third pro­ was performed historically. EH pants on culture and society in Athens in the gram in an eight-part documentary film series on PAJ Publications, NYC; Bonnie G. Marranca: 5th century B.C. EH the function and aesthetics of dance in world $7,000. Publication of a study of French sym­ Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, culture. GN bolist theater at the turn of the century. RP Blacksburg; Christopher A. Faraone: $1 7,487. Putnam Museum, Davenport, IA; Janice A. Hall: Princeton U., NJ; Hildred S. Geertz: $40,438 An international, interdisciplinary conference on $3,725. Purchase of steel storage equipment for OR; $10,000 FM. An international, interdisci­ Dionysus and Greek religion. RX the museum's Middle Woodland/Hopewell col­ plinary conference on the use of art in Bali as a lection of archaeological materials. PS form of social communication. RX Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, CA; Southern Methodist U., Dallas, TX; Anne History-Non-U.S. John R. Johnson: $279,980. Purchase and instal­ Henderson: $1,150 OR; $10,000 FM. A sym­ lation of storage cabinets for the museum's an­ posium on the role in Hispanic culture of retablo American Library Association, Chicago, IL; thropological collections. PS paintings (religious subjects on tin). GP Deborah Robertson: $275,000. Reading and U. of Alaska, Fairbanks; Wallace A. Steffan: U. of California Press, Berkeley; Lynne E. discussion programs on the Columbian Quin­ $59,516. Installation of an improved climate Withey: $7,000. Publication of a study of the centenary in libraries nationwide. GL

42 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 American Library Association, Chicago, IL; American period. RP gutter problems that threaten the museum's David M. Epstein: $7,000. Publication of a U. of Oregon, Eugene; David J. Curland: collection. PS guide to research materials relating to interna­ $1 39,1 79. An institute on the literature and his­ Shoshone Episcopal Mission, Ft. Washakie, WY; tional, regional, and local exhibitions housed at tory of fin de siecle Austria for 26 high school Sharon M. Kahin: $16,200. Development of the Smithsonian Institution libraries. RP social studies and German teachers. ES two photographic exhibitions and interpretive Catholic U. of America Press, Washington, DC; U. of Texas, Austin; William W. Kibler: $ 1 8,886. catalogues on the boarding school experience at David J. McGonagle: $7,000. Publication of a A conference on the 1 3th-century Lancelot-Grail, Wind River and the changes in Shoshone cul­ volume in a series on the influence of ancient or Vulgate, cycle of Arthurian romances. RX ture resulting from the reservation system. GP Roman and Greek writers on medieval and early U. of Toronto Press, Canada; Prudence Tracy: Syracuse U. Press, NY; Charles Backus: $7,000. modern European thought. RP $7,000. Publication of a study of the relation­ Publication of the executive documents of the Cornell U. Press, Ithaca, NY; John G. Ackerman: ship of Chaucer's lyric poetry to the verse of the British governor of colonial New York, including $7,000. Publication of a study of the "Battle of major 14th-century French poets. RP documents originally written in Dutch and the Books," the 18th-century debate over the re­ French. RP lationship of classical learning to modern life. RP U. of Illinois Press, Urbana-Champaign; Eliza­ Dallas Civic Opera Co., Inc., TX; Jon T. White: History-U.S. beth G. Dulany: $7,000. Publication of a col­ $11,150 OR; $10,000 FM. A symposium on lection of letters written during the Civil War by 12th- and 19th-century Russian cultural life in Baltimore Museum of Industry, MD; Dennis M. a member of a well-connected, powerful border conjunction with the premiere of Prince Igor, a Zembala: $21 3,000. Installation of climate con­ state family. RP 19th-century Russian opera set in 12th-century trol units and related renovation, structural, and U. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill; Lewis Kiev. GP electrical work to protect the museum's A. Bateman: $7,000. Publication of a volume Duke U., Durham, NC; Marcel Tetel: $190,000. collection. PS in the Black Abolitionist Papers that covers the A summer institute for 25 college and university Boston Athenaeum, MA; Donald C. Kelley: movement in the United States from 1 830 to faculty members on Marguerite of Navarre, $14,605. Planning for four exhibitions, an inter­ 1847. RP Rabelais, and the cultural climate of the French pretive catalogue, bibliographies, and outreach U. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; Catherine Renaissance. EH programs on the abolitionist movement in W. Horne: $199,578. Rehousing of the Fordham U., Bronx, NY; Bernice G. Rosenthal: Massachusetts from 1 835 to 1 865. GL McKissick Museum's collections and renovation $24,080 OR; $5,000 FM. An international, inter­ Catholic U. of America Press, Washington, DC; of the museum's air-conditioning system. PS disciplinary conference on the influence of David J. McGonagle: $7,000. Publication of a U. of Texas, El Paso; Sherry L. Smith: $26,395. occult beliefs and doctrines on modern Russian guide to the published literature and unpub­ Faculty study of the history of interactions among and Soviet culture. RX lished manuscript collections relating to Irish native Americans, Europeans, and Africans in Harvard U., Cambridge, MA; Edward L. Keenan: immigrants and their descendants in the U.S. RP the Americas, and preparation for campus and $197,153. A two-year project on the Cold War, Cornell U. Press, Ithaca, NY; Peter A. Agree: community programs to commemorate the with 15 high school teachers from New England $7,000. Publication of a study of Fourierism as Columbian Quincentenary. EH and New Mexico and 15 Soviet teachers partic­ an alternative vision of American society in the Virginia Historical Society, Richmond; James C. ipating in summer institutes at Harvard and in 1840s. RP Kelly: $82,000 OR; $25,000 FM. An exhibi­ Moscow. ES Film Odyssey, Inc., Washington, DC; Karen tion, traveling panel exhibition, interpretive Indiana U. Press, Bloomington; Robert J. Sloan: Thomas: $467,000. Production of a one-hour guide, and other educational materials on the $7,000. Publication of a translation of the five television documentary surveying the 300-year effect of World War II on Virginia. GL romances of Chretien de Troyes and Guillaume history of Fourth Amendment rights. GN WGBH Educational Foundation, Boston, MA; d'Angleterre, a disputed text attributed to Hanford Mills Museum, East Meredith, NY; Carol Greenwald: $251,100 OR; $80,000 FM. Chretien. RP Keith E. Bott: $24,306. Installation of fire and Production of a half-hour film on the 1899 New National Humanities Center, Research Triangle security systems to protect the museum's York City newsboys' strike, and writing of two Park, NC; Richard R. Schramm: $93,117 OR; holdings. PS additional scripts for a children's series on issues $19,954 FM. An institute for 20 high school Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; Sally S. and events in the 20th century. GN social studies teachers on the history of Latin Schwager: $162,570. An institute for 25 high WGBH Educational Foundation, Boston, MA; America, India, and Africa. ES school U.S. history and social studies teachers Peter S. McGhee: $30,000. Production of a New York U., NYC; Leslie C. Berlowitz: on the history of American women from the one-hour documentary film on Charles $100,350 OR; $40,000 FM. Symposia, lectures, 1 7th century to the present. ES Lindbergh. GN and a film on the world of 1492 and the trans­ Howard County Library, Columbia, MD; Winterthur Museum, DE; Charles F. Hummel: formation set in motion by the Columbian Patricia L. Bates: $99,170. Scholar-led library $595,500. Installation of a new climate control voyages. GP reading and discussion programs about ethics system to protect the museum's holdings. PS Oglethorpe U., Atlanta, GA; Victoria L. Weiss: and literature, U.S. history, and literature of the Yale U. Press, New Haven, CT; Judith Calvert: $97,587. Faculty study to introduce major texts 1920s and 1930s. GL $7,000. Publication of a volume in The Papers and issues into Western civilization courses and Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, MA; of Benjamin Franklin. RP to design new courses for the core curriculum.EH Barbara J. Mangum: $411,226. Double-glazing Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, a skylight, insulating windows, and installing Toronto, Canada; Ronald B. Thomson: $7,000. ultraviolet-light filters and a climate control Interdisciplinary Publication of a calendar of the official letters of system to protect the museum's collection. PS Arnaud Aubert, finance minister to Pope Urban V. Mind Matters, Inc., NYC; Virginia Yans- American Association of Community & Junior RP McLaughlin: $650,700. Production of a 90- Colleges, Washington, DC; James F. Gollatts- Princeton U. Press, NJ; Margaret H. Case: minute film on anthropologist Margaret Mead's check: $367,795. To improve humanities in­ $7,000. Publication of a history of reading in life and work in the context of 20th-century struction through five regional workshops, each 19th- and 20th-century France. RP American history. GN for 12 colleges; mentoring services to other col­ Stanford U. Press, CA; Grant Barnes: $7,000. New England Foundation for the Humanities, leges; and a newsletter for the entire network. EH Publication of a study of rural society and state- Boston, MA; Julia Walkling: $110,600 OR; American Dance Festival, Inc., Durham, NC; society relations in the Lower Yangzi region over $20,000 FM. A panel exhibition on early New Gerald E. Myers: $130,000. A summer institute three centuries. RP England maps with an interpretive videotape on African-American music, theater, and dance U. of Cincinnati, OH; Hilda L. Smith: $1 70,259. and a four-part reading and discussion program for 25 college faculty members. EH A summer institute for 25 college and university that will travel to 48 sites in New England. GP American Library Association, Chicago, IL; faculty members on women's writings from the New Rochelle Public Library, NY; Patricia A. Deborah Robertson: $275,000. Reading and dis­ 1 7th to the 20th centuries on social and political Anderson: $32,182. To support book discus­ cussion programs in libraries throughout the na­ issues. EH sions, lectures, a symposium, and bibliographies tion, using themes and selected readings devel­ U. of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kathryn L. on Thomas Paine, his writings, and his influence oped for the Columbian Quincentenary. GL Reyerson: $20,815 OR; $10,000 FM. A confer­ on the American and French revolutions. GL Asia Society, Inc., NYC; Anthony J. Kane: ence on civic and religious ceremonies and Newark Museum, NJ; Ulysses G. Dietz: $100,350. A series of public programs on the rituals in medieval European cities. RX $478,625. Installation of a climate control history and culture of China and India. GP U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Gilbert M. system to protect the museum's collection. PS Association of Public Library Administrators, Joseph: $23,366 OR; $6,000 FM. An interna­ Outagamie County Historical Society, Inc., Columbia, SC; Frances L. Ashburn: $122,500. tional conference on the Mexican Revolution Appleton, Wl; Donald R. Hoke: $137, 925. Scholar-led reading and discussion groups about and the relationship between the state and civil Purchase of storage cabinets and materials and women's autobiography, working, and South society. RX hiring of staff to move the museum's collections Carolina history and literature. GL U. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill; Lewis into proper storage. PS Assumption College, Worcester, MA; John F. A. Bateman: $7,000. Publication of a study of Public Museum of Grand Rapids, Ml; Marilyn McClymer: $70,000. A one-year project for 18 republicanism from classical Greece to the early K. Merdzinski: $162,000. Repairing of roof and faculty members, involving small workshops

HUMANITIES 43 and colloquium presentations, on major classics a colonial commercial triangle: Newport, Rl; Hooper: $9,245 OR; $4,635 FM. An interna­ in Western culture. EH Charleston, SC; and the Virgin Islands. GL tional conference on writers and artists of the Auburn U., AL; Carol F. Daron: $47,789. Fac­ North Idaho College, Coeur d'Alene; Judith A. historical avant-garde in the period from 1908 ulty study to enhance the core of courses relat­ Sylte: $86,373 OR; $10,000 FM. A one-year to 1939. RX ing to Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man by project to coordinate humanities courses, enrich U. of Tennessee Press, Knoxville; Carol W. Orr: adding classic humanities texts. EH their contents, and provide opportunities for $7,000. Publication of a study of the landscape City Lore, NYC; Eric D. Burns: $75,000. Produc­ faculty study of world classics. EH and material culture in a Massachusetts county tion of a one-hour documentary film on the his- Pennsylvania State U., Hershey Medical Center, in the Connecticut River valley between 1770 toryof Coney Island and its significance as a sym­ PA; David Barnard: $77,000. A series of semi­ and 1860. RP bol of changing cultural and social values. GN nars to help medical faculty incorporate human­ Vance-Granville Community College, Hender­ College of Saint Francis, Joliet, IL; Mary M. ities perspectives and works in their teaching.EH son, NC; John J. Beck: $75,273. Development Smith: $28,358. Planning for four core courses Philadelphia College of Pharmacy & Science, of two new interdisciplinary courses and prepar­ on the Western intellectual tradition. EH PA; William T. Walker: $25,026. Preparation of ation of faculty members to teach them. EH Community Television of Southern California, a required two-semester interdisciplinary course Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts & Letters, Los Angeles; Richard G. Heus: $29,000 OR; on intellectual history. EH Madison; Lawrence R. Hott: $250,550. Comple­ $50,000 FM. Production of a two-hour drama­ Prince George's Community College, Largo, MD; tion of a one-hour film on the influence of tic television portrait of Clarence Darrow. GN Lyle Linville: $111,350. A regional project for Khmer Buddhism and culture on the lives of Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; Dale F. 25 community college teachers on the history, Cambodian refugees in the United States. GN Eickelman: $22,949 OR; $5,000 FM. A confer­ literature, and philosophy of classical Greece.EH ence on Soviet and American perspectives Public Library of Steubenville/Jefferson County, on Muslim and Middle Eastern societies and OH; Nancy N. Connor: $59,547. Book and politics. RX video discussions, lectures, a scholars' handbook, Language and Duke U., Durham, NC; William H. Chafe: and a programmers' manual on the history of the Linguistics $170,000. An institute for 30 participants com­ Ohio River and historical methodology. GL bining research and teaching about African- Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Savage, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam­ American life in the Jim Crow South. EH MD; Jonathan Sisk: $7,000. Publication of a bridge; Janet H. Murray: $90,000. Production of Duke U., Durham, NC; William H. Chafe: study of the role played by imagination in the an interactive video software package for use in $34,780 OR; $5,000 FM. A conference on the Western intellectual tradition. RP teaching French. EH African-American experience in the Jim Crow Southwest Texas State U., San Marcos; Richard U. of California, Berkeley; James A. Matisoff: South. RX A. Holland: $1 5,000. Planning for a traveling $1 74,118. Preparation of an etymological dic­ Educational Broadcasting Corporation, NYC; exhibition, a conference, and outreach programs tionary and thesaurus of the Sino-Tibetan lan­ John Sharnik: $450,000 OR; $50,000 FM. Pro­ about the history and literature of the Southwest guages, which include hundreds of languages in duction of a one-hour documentary on the Soviet from 1 555 to the present. GL China, India, and Southeast Asia. RT Union's reexamination of its revolution. GN Stanford U. Press, CA; Grant Barnes: $7,000. U. of Chicago, IL; Samuel P. Jaffe: $1 6,122 OR; Essex Community College, Baltimore, MD; Peter Publication of a study of all of Mikhail Bakhtin's $10,000 FM. An international conference on D. Adams: $101,650. Development of the third major works and concepts. RP the history of rhetorical theory and practice. RX course in a three-course humanities sequence and U.of California, Los Angeles; Norman J. Thrower: Ways of Knowing, Inc., NYC; Gene Searchinger: preparation of 30 faculty members to teach it. EH $156,574. An institute for 25 participants on $400,350. Production of a series of four one- Festival of Indonesia Foundation, NYC; Maureen the political, scientific, and economic back­ hour films on the nature of human language— Aung-Thwin: $50,350 OR; $40,000 FM. Inter­ ground and consequences of the Columbian what it is and how it works—and some of the pretive programs on the arts and culture of Indo­ voyages. EH recent discoveries in the field of linguistics. GN nesia, to be held in conjunction with a two-year U. of Illinois, Urbana; Diane P. Koenker: Yale U., New Haven, CT; Giuseppe F. Mazzotta: series of performances and exhibitions. GP $102,000 OR; $10,000 FM. A three-year series $168,000. A summer institute for 24 college Film Odyssey, Inc., Washington, DC; Robin of workshops on the literature and culture of and university faculty members on Boccaccio's Cutler Maw: $ 100,000. Writing of two scripts Eastern Europe and selected ethnic communities art and its role in developing the literary tradi­ and research for the remaining programs in a within the USSR. EH tion that inspired Chaucer. EH ten-part documentary series on American Indian U. of Kentucky, Lexington; Louis J. Swift: history and culture from 1492 to the present. GN $146,458. A project to enable 40 faculty mem­ Independent Broadcasting Associates, Inc., bers from 12 community colleges in the state sys­ Literature Littleton, MA; Julian Crandall Hollick: $75,000. tem to develop paired two-semester sequences Production of a pilot and two treatments in a of courses in American studies and Western American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, MA; series of eight one-hour radio programs on Euro­ traditions. EH Nancy H. Burkett: $15,000 FM. Continued cat­ pean ideas of America since 1492. GN U. of Louisville, KY; Carl G. Ryant: $44,700. A aloguing of works of fiction, school books, reli­ John Carter Brown Library, Providence, Rl; public conference on the history, folklore, and gious tracts, and picture books published in Norman Fiering: $260,000. Two summer insti­ contemporary influence of the Ohio River and America for children, 1821-1876. RC tutes for 20 participants on the age of European its six-state region. GP College of Saint Scholastica, Duluth, MN; John expansion, 1450 to 1820. EH U. of Massachusetts Press, Boston; Paul M. P. Schifsky: $125,556. An institute for 40 ele­ Lincoln U., PA; Emery Wimbish, Jr.: $1 5,000. Wright: $7,000. Publication of an edition of the mentary school teachers on the theme of initi­ Planning for three symposia, an exhibition, and sermons and addresses of Alexander Crummell, ation in short fiction. ES discussion programs on the life and work of the leading spokesman for Pan-Africanism in Columbia U., NYC; David S. Kastan: $197,108. Langston Hughes, using dramatic, musical, and 19th-century America. RP An institute on Shakespeare and his times for 35 film productions and books by and about him.GL U. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill; Lewis high school English teachers. ES Metropolitan Indianapolis Public Broadcasting, A. Bateman: $7,000. Publication of a book on Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, DC; IN; Gustavo Sagastume: $36,445. Scripting of a a form of popular entertainment in late 19th- Louisa F. Newlin: $20,000. Two seminars for one-hour documentary based on The Way to century America. RP high school students on Shakespearean dramas Rainy Mountain by M. Scott Momaday. GN U. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill; Lewis as they move from page to stage. GP Museum of the City of New York, NYC; Rick A. Bateman: $7,000. Publication of a book on Great Plains Chautauqua Society, Inc., Bismarck, Beard: $20,350. Planning for activities on the the development of the national capital as ND; George H. Frein: $1 55,200 OR; $70,000 FM. life, work, cultural context, and legacy of 19th- depicted in essays, travel accounts, and illustra­ A series of summer scholar-in-residence programs century American poet Walt Whitman. GP tions from the early years of the republic to the on 19th-century American Romanticism. GP New England Foundation for the Humanities, present. RP James Agee Film Project, Johnson City, TN; Ross Boston, MA; Sarah Getty: $120,000 OR; $25,000 U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; C. Townsend H. Spears: $20,000. Planning of a two-part series FM. Reading and discussion programs and a Ludington: $145,000. An institute for 25 faculty on southern literature since the 1920s. GN slide-illustrated lecture at 45 sites about myth­ members on interactions among social, political, KCET-TV, Los Angeles, CA; Ricki Franklin: ology and reality in images of the New England and economic phenomena and their cultural $50,000. Scripting of a 90-minute television pro­ town. GL expressions in America at the turn of the gram on the literary legacy of African-American Newberry Library, Chicago, IL; Frederick E. century. EH women writers. GN Hoxie: $160,000 OR; $75,000 FM. An exhi­ U. of Oregon, Eugene; Esther Jacobson :$110,993 KCET-TV, Los Angeles, CA; Ricki Franklin: bition with a catalogue, lecture series, teacher OR; $20,000 FM. A seminar and workshops $400,000. Production of a five-part dramatic workshops, and educational materials about the enabling 16 faculty members to compare pri­ adaptation of William Dean Howells' A Hazard diversity of Indian cultures in 1492. GL mary texts from the Western and the Asian tradi­ of New Fortunes. GN Newport Public Library, Rl; Eileen H. Warburton: tions and then revise the general education KCRW Foundation, Santa Monica, CA; Marjorie $40,000. Planning of lectures, discussions, and courses. EH R. Leet: $80,000. Production, promotion, and a panel exhibition on the history and heritage of U. of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA; Kent W. distribution of 13 half-hour radio programs in

44 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 a continuing series in which contemporary the completion of a one-hour film on Marcel $30,440 OR; $3,000 FM. A conference on Con­ authors read their short stories and comment on Proust, 1871-1922. GN fucianism in Korea during the late Choson period their creative processes. GN Yale U., New Haven, CT; Duncan Robinson: (1 7th to 19th centuries). RX Mississippi Authority for Educational TV, $140,000. A summer institute on culture and Jackson; Sarah E. Dutton: $48,942. Scripting of society in Victorian Britain for 25 college and a one-hour documentary on African-American university faculty members. EH Social Science author Richard Wright (1908-60). GN Newberry Library, Chicago, IL; Lawana L. Trout: CUNY Research Foundation/Brooklyn College, $161,294. A national institute and regional work­ Religion NYC; Madeleine Grumet: $110,000 OR; $30,000 shops on native American literature and culture, FM. A three-year faculty development project to drawing on the American Indian resources of the U. of Chicago, IL; Lewis Freedman: $25,000. restructure the childhood and elementary educa­ D'Arcy McNickle Center. ES Development of scripts forseven radio documen­ tion major by integrating it with the study of the Northwestern State U. of Louisiana, Natchi­ tary programs on the historical and philosoph­ humanities. EH toches; Ada D. Jarred: $75,360. A series of read­ ical foundations of global fundamentalism. GN SUNY Research Foundation/Albany, NY; George ing and discussion programs on Kate Chopin. GL U. of Chicago Press, IL; Penelope J. Kaiserlian: V. Santoni: $1 39,983. A summer institute for 20 Ohio State U. Press, Columbus; Alex Holzman: $14,000. Publication of a translation from the teachers of French language, literature, and civ­ $7,000. Publication of a study of the topical con­ French of an illustrated reference work on world ilization on how French writers and filmmakers tent of approximately 150 works of the leading mythologies. RP have interpreted urban and rural ways of life Victorian novelists from the 1830s through the U. of Illinois, Urbana; JaHyun K. Haboush: since 1852. EH 1880s. RP Pennsylvania State U. Press, University Park; Philip Winsor: $7,000. Publication of a study of the impact of exile on ten 19th- and 20th-century writers from diverse geographical areas. RP Pennsylvania State U. Press, University Park; Philip Winsor: $7,000. Publication of a new edi­ tion of Italian Hours, a collection of essays writ­ ten by Henry James between 1872 and 1909. RP San Diego State U., CA; Paul Espinosa:$777,464. Production of a dramatic adaptation of the novel Y No Se Lo Trago la Tierra (And the Earth Did Not Swallow Him) (1971) by Tomas Rivera. GN Society of Biblical Literature, Decatur, GA; David J. Lull: $7,000. Publication of a volume of letters written by people in all levels of an­ cient Egyptian society dating from the Old, Mid­ dle, and New Kingdoms. RP Southern Oregon State College, Ashland; Alan R. Armstrong: $85,738. An institute for 25 high school English teachers on four Shakespearean plays. ES Southern Voices Productions, NYC; Rachel McPherson: $120,000. Scripting of Witherspoon by Lance Jeffers and A Good Man Is Hard To Find by Flannery O'Connor for an anthology of southern literature from 1920 to the present. GN Stanford U. Press, CA; Grant Barnes: $7,000. Publication of the third volume in a four-volume edition of the poetry of Robinson Jeffers. RP U. of Chicago Press, IL; Alan G.Thomas: $7,000. Publication of a study of first love, a central myth of modern fiction devised to counter the ironic tone found in modern literature. RP U.of Maryland, College Park; BlancheT. Ebeling- Koning: $135,000. A conference, exhibition with catalogue, traveling exhibition, lecture and discussion, film screenings, and videotape on Katherine Anne Porter. GL U. of Maryland, College Park; Adele Seeff: $222,61 7. An institute for high school teachers of English and Japanese on Shakespearean drama and classic Japanese Kabuki theater, followed by a study tour of Japan. ES U. of Missouri Press, Columbia; Susan M. Denny: $7,000. Publication of a volume in an edition of the sermons of Ralph Waldo Emerson. RP U. of Missouri Press,Columbia; Susan M.Denny: Please enter my subscription to Humanities: 6 issues for $11. $7,000. Publication of a volume in the Vari­ orum edition of the poetry of John Donne. RP U. of Wisconsin Press, Madison; Barbara J. Hanrahan: $7,000. Publication of a study of Company or personal name d Check payable to the Superintendent of Documents Chaucer's understanding of history as a cultural context affecting human action. RP Additional address/Attention line EH G P O Deposit Account Vesterheim, Norwegian-American Museum, Decorah, IA; Vivian L. Sorvall: $201,100 OR; EH VISA or MasterCard Account $300,000 FM. Production of a film adaptation Street address of the novel Giants in the Earth (1927) by O. E. Rolvaag. GN Wedgestone Press, Winfield, KS; Philip Kelley: City, State, ZIP Code Credit card expiration date $14,000. Publication of two volumes in an edi­ tion of the complete correspondence of Robert Daytime phone, including area code Signature 1/91 and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. RP Wolfe-Carter Productions, Inc., Birmingham, MAIL TO: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office • Washington, D.C. 20402-9371 AL; William C. Carter: $21,000. Planning for

HUMANITIES 45

- Area code for all telephone numbers is 202. Deadline For projects beginning

Division of Education Program s -lam esc. Herbert, Director 786-0373

Higher Education in the Humanities - Lyn Maxwell White 786-0380 April 1, 1991 October 1991

Institutes for College and University Faculty - Barbara A. Ashbrook 786-0380 April 1, 1991 October 1991

Core Curriculum Projects - Frank Frankfort 786-0380 April 1, 1991 October 1991

Two-Year Colleges - Judith Jeffrey Howard 786-0380 April 1, 1991 October 1991

Elementary and Secondary Education in the Humanities - F. Bruce Robinson 786-0377 March 15,1991 December 1991

Special Opportunity in Foreign Language Education - F. Bruce Robinson 786-0377 March 15, 1991 October 1991

Division of Fellowships and Seminars - Guinevere L. Griest, Director 786-0458

Fellowships for University Teachers - Maben D. Herring 786-0466 June 1,1991 January 1, 1992

Fellowships for College Teachers and Independent Scholars - Joseph B. Neville 786-0466 June 1,1991 January 1, 1992

Fellowships on the Foundations of American Society - Maben D. Herring 786-0466 June 1,1991 January 1, 1992

Summer Stipends - Joseph B. Neville 786-0466 October 1,1991 May 1, 1992

Travel to Collections - Kathleen Mitchell 786-0463 July 15,1991 December 1, 1991

Faculty Graduate Study Program for Historically Black Colleges and Universities - Maben D. Herring 786-0466 March 15, 1991 September 1, 1992 Younger Scholars - Leon Bramson 786-0463 November 1,1991 May 1, 1992

Summer Seminars for College Teachers - Stephen Ross 786-0463

Participants March 1, 1991 Summer 1991

Directors March 1, 1991 Summer 1992

Summer Seminars for School Teachers - Michael Hall 786-0463

Participants March 1, 1991 Summer 1991

Directors April 1, 1991 Summer 1992

Office Of Challenge Grants - Harold Cannon, Director 786-0361 May 1, 1991 December 1, 1990

OfflCe Of Preservation — George F. Farr, Jr., Director 786-0570

National Heritage Preservation Program - Vanessa Piala 786-0570 November 1,1991 July 1992

Preservation - George F. Farr, Jr. 786-0570 June 1, 1991 January 1992

U.S. Newspaper Program - Jeffrey Field 786-0570 June 1,1991 January 1992

46 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1991 Area code for all telephone numbers is 202. Deadline For projects beginning

Division of Public Programs - DonMabson, Director 786-0267

Humanities Projects in Media - James Dougherty 786-0278 March 15,1991 October 1, 1991

Humanities Projects in Museums and Historical Organizations - Marsha Semmel 786-0284 June 7,1991 January 1, 1992

Public Humanities in Libraries - Wilsonia Cherry 786-0271 March 15,1991 October 1, 1991

Humanities Projects in Libraries - Thomas Phelps 786-0271

Planning February 1,1991 July 1, 1991

Implementation March 15,1991 October 1, 1991

Division of Research Programs - Richard Ekman, Director 786-0200 Texts- Margot Backas 786-0207

Editions - Douglas Arnold 786-0207 June 1,1991 April 1, 1992

Translations - Martha Chomiak 786-0207 June 1,1991 April 1, 1992

Publication Subvention - Gordon McKinney 786-0207 April 1,1991 October 1, 1991

Reference Materials - Jane Rosenberg 786-0358

Tools - Helen Aguera 786-0358 September 1,1991 July 1, 1992

Access - Barbara Paulson 786-0358 September 1,1991 July 1, 1992

Interpretive Research - Daniel Jones 786-0210

Archaeology Projects - David Wise 786-0210 October 15,1991 July 1, 1992

Collaborative Projects - David Wise 786-0210 October 15,1991 July 1, 1992

Humanities, Science and Technology - Daniel Jones 786-0210 October 15,1991 July 1, 1992

Conferences - Christine Kalke 786-0204 January 15,1992 October 1, 1992

Centers for Advanced Study - David Coder 786-0204 December 1,1991 July 1, 1992

International Research - David Coder 786-0204 March 15,1991 January 1, 1992

Division of State Programs — Marjorie A. Berlincourt, Director 786-0254 Each state humanities council establishes its own grant guidelines and application deadlines. Addresses and telephone numbers of these state programs may be obtained from the division.

To receive guidelines for any NEH program, contact the Office of Publications and Public Affairs at 202/786-0438. Guidelines are available at least two months in advance of application deadlines. Telecommunications device for the deaf: 202/786-0282.

HUMANITIES 47 NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SECOND CLASS MAIL POSTAGE & FEES PAID 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW NATIONAL ENDOWMENT Washington, D. C. 20506 FOR THE HUMANITIES PUB. NO. 187526 Official Business Penalty For Private Use, $300.00

ISSN 0018-7526