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The Clove Tree of Madagascar: a Success Story with an Unpredictable

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The Clove Tree of Madagascar: a Success Story with an Unpredictable The clove tree of Madagascar: a success story with an unpredictable future Pascal Danthu, Eric Penot, Karen Mahafaka Ranoarisoa, Jean Chrysostôme Rakotondravelo, Isabelle Michel, Marine Tiollier, Thierry Michels, Frédéric Normand, Gaylor Razafimamonjison, Fanja Fawbush, et al. To cite this version: Pascal Danthu, Eric Penot, Karen Mahafaka Ranoarisoa, Jean Chrysostôme Rakotondravelo, Isabelle Michel, et al.. The clove tree of Madagascar: a success story with an unpredictable future. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, Montpellier : CIRAD, 2014, 320 (2), pp.83-96. hal-01499055 HAL Id: hal-01499055 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01499055 Submitted on 30 Mar 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2014, N° 320 (2) SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM / FORUM 83 Pascal Danthu1, 2, 9 Eric Penot3, 2 The clove tree of Madagascar : Karen Mahafaka Ranoarisoa4 Jean Chrysostôme Rakotondravelo4 a success story with Isabelle Michel5 Marine Tiollier5 Thierry Michels6 an unpredictable future Fréderic Normand6 Gaylor Razafimamonjison2, 4, 7 Fanja Fawbush4 Michel Jahiel2, 7, 8 1 Cirad UR 105 Bsef 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France 2 Cirad DP Forêts et Biodiversité BP 853, Antananarivo Madagascar 3 Cirad UMR Innovations BP 853, Antananarivo Madagascar 4 École Supérieure des Sciences Agronomique Université d’Antananarivo BP 175, Antananarivo Madagascar 5 Montpellier Supagro Institut des Régions Chaudes UMR Innovation 1101 avenue d’Agropolis BP 5098 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05 France 6 Cirad UR HortSys Station de Bassin Plat, BP 180 97455 Saint-Pierre Cedex France 7 Centre Technique Horticole de Tamatave BP 11, Tamatave Madagascar 8 Cirad UR HortSys BP 11, Tamatave Madagascar 9 Cirad Direction régionale à Madagascar BP 853, Antananarivo Madagascar Photo 1. Young clove trees near Tamatave. Photograph P. Danthu. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2014, N° 320 (2) P. Danthu, E. Penot, K. M. Ranoarison, 84 FORUM / SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM J. C. Rakotondravelo, I. Michel-Dounias, M. Tiollier, T. Michels, F. Normand, G. Razafimamonjison, F. Fawbush, M. Jahiel RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN LE GIROFLIER DE MADAGASCAR : THE CLOVE TREE OF MADAGASCAR: A SUCCESS EL CLAVERO DE MADAGASCAR: UNE INTRODUCTION RÉUSSIE, STORY WITH AN UNPREDICTABLE FUTURE UNA INTRODUCCIÓN EXITOSA, UN AVENIR À CONSTRUIRE UN FUTURO POR CONSTRUIR Introduit à Madagascar au début du 19e siècle, The clove tree was introduced to Madagascar El clavero, introducido en Madagascar a princi- le giroflier est originaire des îles Moluques en from the Maluku Islands in Indonesia at the pios del s. XIX, es originario de las islas Molu- Indonésie. Malgré la sensibilité de l’essence beginning of the 19th century. In spite of its sen- cas en Indonesia. A pesar de su sensibilidad a aux risques météorologiques, tels les cyclones, sitivity to hazards such as cyclones, a locally riesgos meteorológicos como los ciclones, a los et aux attaques d’un parasite local, andretra, et found pest known as andretra and year-on-year ataques de un parásito local, andretra, y a la malgré la production variable de clous de variability in the production of cloves, it has variable producción de clavos de olor de un año girofle d’une année sur l’autre, son adaptation adapted surprisingly well to the ecological con- para otro, su adaptación a las condiciones eco- aux conditions écologiques de la côte Est de ditions on Madagascar’s East coast, particularly lógicas de la costa este de Madagascar, espe- Madagascar, notamment dans la région d’Ana- the Analanjirofo Region. The species was cialmente en la región de Analanjirofo, es sor- lanjirofo, est remarquable. Très vite adoptée par adopted very rapidly by farmers (some settlers prendente. La especie fue adoptada muy rápi- les paysans (certains venus s’installer mais la but mostly native peasant farmers), who inte- damente por los campesinos (autóctonos en su plupart autochtones), ceux-ci l’ont intégrée grated it into their cropping systems as a com- mayoría y algunos foráneos) que la integraron dans leurs systèmes de culture en complément plement to their staple crops (rice, in particular) en sus sistemas de cultivo como complemento aux cultures vivrières (riz, surtout) et de rapport and cash crops (coffee and vanilla). Currently, de los cultivos alimentarios (sobre todo arroz) y (café et vanille). Aujourd’hui, le marché du clou the marketability of cloves brings a regular comerciales (café y vainilla). Actualmente el de girofle est une source de revenus réguliers income to households, ensuring them food mercado del clavo de olor supone una fuente pour les ménages et leur assure la sécurité ali- security. The clove tree bears two products of regular de ingresos para los hogares y les mentaire. Le giroflier donne deux produits de high economic value, the clove, which is the garantiza la seguridad alimentaria. El clavero grande valeur économique, le clou de girofle, le dried flower bud, and the essential oil, derived proporciona dos productos de gran valor eco- bouton floral séché, et l’huile essentielle de from distillation of the leaves, of which Mada- nómico: el clavo de olor —los botones florales girofle produite par distillation des feuilles, gascar is the world’s number one exporter. secos— y el aceite esencial de clavo, producido dont Madagascar est le premier exportateur Products from the clove tree, along with vanilla, mediante destilación de las hojas y del que mondial. Avec la vanille, les produits du giro- account for the largest (second largest in some Madagascar es el primer exportador mundial. flier représentent les premiers produits agri- years) proportion of Madagascar’s agricultural Junto con la vainilla, los productos del clavero coles d’exportation, parfois les deuxièmes, de exports. Cloves are exported primarily to representan los primeros productos agrícolas Madagascar. Les clous de girofle s’exportent Indonesia to be used in the production of the de exportación (algunos años los segundos) de surtout en Indonésie, où ils entrent dans la local cigarettes known as kretek. There is a Madagascar. Los clavos de olor se exportan fabrication d’une cigarette locale appelée kre- small demand from northern countries for sobre todo a Indonesia, en donde se usan para tek. Un petit volume s’exporte vers les pays du exports of the clove spice. Clove essential oil is elaborar unos cigarrillos locales denominados nord sous forme d’épice. L’huile essentielle de produced in a plethora of redimentary stills kretek. Una pequeña parte se exporta hacia los girofle est distillée dans une multitude d'alam- located throughout the clove growing zone. The países del norte como especia. El aceite esen- bics rudimentaires dans toute la région de pro- quality of the essential oil depends on the con- cial del clavero es destilado en una multitud de duction. La qualité de l’huile essentielle tent of eugenol, a molecule of interest in a num- rudimentarios alambiques en toda el área de dépend de sa teneur en eugénol, molécule ber of commercial sectors including the cos- cultivo. La calidad del aceite depende de su mise en œuvre dans de nombreux secteurs éco- metic industry, human and veterinary pharma- contenido de eugenol, compuesto empleado en nomiques, dont l’industrie des cosmétiques, la ceuticals and the food industry. The clove tree muchos sectores económicos como la industria pharmaceutique humaine et vétérinaire et l’in- in Madagascar seems to represent an example cosmética, la farmacéutica humana y veterina- dustrie alimentaire. Le giroflier de Madagascar of successful adoption and integration of a new ria y la industria alimentaria. El clavero de semble représenter un exemple d’intégration crop into existing production systems. How- Madagascar parece representar un ejemplo de réussie d’une nouvelle culture dans un système ever, the clove tree plantations are ageing and integración exitosa de un nuevo cultivo en un de cultures existant. Cependant, les plantations the conditions for their renewal are not fully sistema agrícola ya existente. Sin embargo, las de girofliers vieillissent et les conditions de leur established. Whilst the market for cloves is plantaciones de claveros envejecen y no se reú- renouvellement ne sont pas pleinement pré- largely dependent on demand from Indonesia, nen plenamente las condiciones para su reno- sentes. Alors que le marché du clou de girofle the future looks promising for the world market vación. Mientras que el mercado del clavo de dépend fortement de la demande indoné- in clove spices and eugenol-based products. olor depende en gran medida de la demanda sienne, les perspectives sont prometteuses sur Consequently, current practices and possible indonesia, las perspectivas son prometedoras le marché mondial des épices et des produits ways of adapting and developing the Malagasy en el mercado mundial de especias y en pro- contenant de l’eugénol. De ce fait, les pratiques clove sector in new directions need to be inves- ductos a base de eugenol. Por ello, hay que actuelles et les possibilités d’adaptation et de tigated and addressed in order to balance the estudiar detenidamente las prácticas actuales y développement du secteur Malgache de la future demands of the markets with the needs las posibilidades de adaptación y desarrollo del girofle doivent être étudiées de près pour assu- of the farmers in terms of resource management sector malgache del clavo para garantizar el rer l’équilibre futur entre les marchés et les and valorization. equilibrio futuro entre mercados y necesidades besoins des paysans en termes de gestion de la campesinas en cuanto al manejo del recurso y a ressource et de sa valorisation.
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