Irrigation Projects in Iraq
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A Review of Southern Iraq Herpetofauna
Vol. 3 (1): 61-71, 2019 A Review of Southern Iraq Herpetofauna Nadir A. Salman Mazaya University College, Dhi Qar, Iraq *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: The present review discussed the species diversity of herpetofauna in southern Iraq due to their scientific and national interests. The review includes a historical record for the herpetofaunal studies in Iraq since the earlier investigations of the 1920s and 1950s along with the more recent taxonomic trials in the following years. It appeared that, little is known about Iraqi herpetofauna, and no comprehensive checklist has been done for these species. So far, 96 species of reptiles and amphibians have been recorded from Iraq, but only a relatively small proportion of them occur in the southern marshes. The marshes act as key habitat for globally endangered species and as a potential for as yet unexplored amphibian and reptile diversity. Despite the lack of precise localities, the tree frog Hyla savignyi, the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibunda and the green toad Bufo viridis are found in the marshes. Common reptiles in the marshes include the Caspian terrapin (Clemmys caspia), the soft-shell turtle (Trionyx euphraticus), the Euphrates softshell turtle (Rafetus euphraticus), geckos of the genus Hemidactylus, two species of skinks (Trachylepis aurata and Mabuya vittata) and a variety of snakes of the genus Coluber, the spotted sand boa (Eryx jaculus), tessellated water snake (Natrix tessellata) and Gray's desert racer (Coluber ventromaculatus). More recently, a new record for the keeled gecko, Cyrtopodion scabrum and the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus sochureki) was reported. The IUCN Red List includes six terrestrial and six aquatic amphibian species. -
Monitoring of Water Level Fluctuations of Darbandikhan Lake Using Remote Sensing Techniques
1 Plant Archives Vol. 20, Supplement 2, 2020 pp. 901-906 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 MONITORING OF WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS OF DARBANDIKHAN LAKE USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES Dalshad R. Azeez* 1, Fuad M. Ahmad 2 and Dashne A.K. Karim 2 1College of Agriculture, Kirkuk University, Iraq 2College of Agricultural Engineering, Salahaddin University, Iraq *Corresponding author : [email protected] Abstract Darbandikhan Reservoir Dam is located on the Sirwan (Diyala) River, about 230 km northeast of Baghdad and 65 km southeast of Sulaimaniyah - Iraq. Its borders extend from latitude 35° 06' 58 ''- 35° 21' 07 ''N and longitude 45° 40' 59'' -45° 44' 42'' E. In order to monitor the fluctuation in the level of this lake, Landsat Satellite images were collected for 10 years included, 1984, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2019 for the same time period. Next, the classification of satellite images and the measurement of areas were done using ArcGIS 10.2. In order to study the effect of droughts and wet conditions on water levels in the lake, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) method proposed by Mckee, 1993 was used. In the current study, the 12 months’ time scale SPI values (SPI-12) that was considered individually for the years 1984-2017 were estimated. Each period starts from January and ends in December. It was found that the water level in Darbandikhan Lake has experienced periodic changes during the period from 1984 to 2018. The results also showed that there were some gradual drought trends in the study area according to precipitation changes during the years studied, where severe drought dominated several parts of the study area, and the worst were in the years 1995, 2000, 2915 and 2017. -
Iran Case File (April 2019)
IRAN CASE FILE March 2020 RASANAH International Institute for Iranian Studies, Al-Takhassusi St. Sahafah, Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. P.O. Box: 12275 | Zip code: 11473 Contact us [email protected] +966112166696 The Executive Summary .............................................................4 Internal Affairs .........................................................................7 The Ideological File ......................................................................... 8 I. Closing Shrines and Tombs ................................................................ 8 II. Opposition to the Decision Taken by Some People ............................. 8 III. Reaction of Clerics ........................................................................... 9 IV. Affiliations of Protesters .................................................................. 11 The Political File ............................................................................12 I. Khamenei Politicizes the Epidemic and Accuses Enemies of Creating the Virus to Target the Iranian Genome ..............................12 II. President Hassan Rouhani’s Slow Response in Taking Precautions to Face the Crisis ..................................................................................13 The Economic File ..........................................................................16 I. Forcible Passage of the Budget ...........................................................16 II. Exceptional Financial Measures to Combat the Coronavirus ............. 17 III. The -
COVID-19 Camp Vulnerability Index As of 04 May 2020
IRAQ COVID-19 Camp Vulnerability Index As of 04 May 2020 The aim of this vulnerability index is to understand the capacity of camps to deal with the impact of a COVID-19 outbreak, understanding the camp as a single system composed of sub-units. The components of the index are: exposure to risk, system vulnerabilities (population and infrastructure), capacity to cope with the event and its consequences, and finally, preparedness measures. For this purpose, databases collected between August 2019 and February 2020 have been analysed, as well as interviews with camp managers (see sources next to indicators), a total of 27 indicators were selected from those databases to compose the index. For purpose of comparing the situation on the different camps, the capacity and vulnerability is calculated for each camp in the country using the arithmetic average of all the IRAQ indicators (all indicators have the same weight). Those camps with a higher value are considered to be those that need to be strengthened in order to be prepared for an outbreak of COVID-19. Each indicator, according to its relevance and relation to the humanitarian standards, has been evaluated on a scale of 0 to 100 (see list of indicators and their individual assessment), with 100 being considered the most negative value with respect to the camp's capacity to deal with COVID-19. Overall Index Score (District Average*) Camp Population (District Sum) TURKEY TURKEY Zakho Zakho Al-Amadiya 46,362 Al-Amadiya 32 26 3,205 DUHOK Sumail DUHOK Sumail Al-Shikhan 83,965 Al-Shikhan Aqra -
Republic of Iraq
Republic of Iraq Babylon Nomination Dossier for Inscription of the Property on the World Heritage List January 2018 stnel oC fobalbaT Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... 1 State Party .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Province ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Name of property ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Geographical coordinates to the nearest second ................................................................................................. 1 Center ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 N 32° 32’ 31.09”, E 44° 25’ 15.00” ..................................................................................................................... 1 Textural description of the boundary .................................................................................................................. 1 Criteria under which the property is nominated .................................................................................................. 4 Draft statement -
Possibilities of Restoring the Iraqi Marshes Known As the Garden of Eden
Water and Climate Change in the MENA-Region Adaptation, Mitigation,and Best Practices International Conference April 28-29, 2011 in Berlin, Germany POSSIBILITIES OF RESTORING THE IRAQI MARSHES KNOWN AS THE GARDEN OF EDEN N. Al-Ansari and S. Knutsson Dept. Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, Lulea University, Sweden Abstract The Iraqi marsh lands, which are known as the Garden of Eden, cover an area about 15000- 20000 sq. km in the lower part of the Mesopotamian basin where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flow. The marshes lie on a gently sloping plan which causes the two rivers to meander and split in branches forming the marshes and lakes. The marshes had developed after series of transgression and regression of the Gulf sea water. The marshes lie on the thick fluvial sediments carried by the rivers in the area. The area had played a prominent part in the history of man kind and was inhabited since the dawn of civilization by the Summarian more than 6000 BP. The area was considered among the largest wetlands in the world and the greatest in west Asia where it supports a diverse range of flora and fauna and human population of more than 500000 persons and is a major stopping point for migratory birds. The area was inhabited since the dawn of civilization by the Sumerians about 6000 years BP. It had been estimated that 60% of the fish consumed in Iraq comes from the marshes. In addition oil reserves had been discovered in and near the marshlands. The climate of the area is considered continental to subtropical. -
Wash Needs in Schools Iraq
COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW WASH NEEDS IN SCHOOLS OF KEY INDICATORS Note: Findings derived from WFP data are December 2019 IRAQ presented in turquoise boxes. Methodology Water Hygiene Sanitation 1 3 2 REACH Number of HH surveys conducted by Number of schools assessed by WFP Drinking water from a water source is available Drinking water from a water source is available Drinking water comes from an improved water source The water quality is perceived to be acceptable The main water source is at the school's premises Has access to handwashing facilities Has access to handwashing facilities of which is having water and soap available of which is functional of which is having soap Has access to improved sanitation facilities number of Average functional student toilets per school building number of toilets Average for students number of Average students per toilet Has access to student toilets separated by gender Has access to student toilets separated by gender Has unusable toilets Is having a good structural condition of student toilets Is having a good hygienic condition of student toilets Al-Falluja 115 88% 100% 78% 93% 100% 97% 100% 9,1 82% 0% Al-Ramadi 80 83% 98% 81% 98% 100% 100% 100% 8,6 93% 0% Al-Anbar Ana 74 31 44% 65% 87% 49% 72% 94% 94% 64% 66% 62% 94% 5,8 5,4 36 90% 90% 23% 100% 71% Heet 87 72% 100% 60% 100% 93% 97% 100% 9,0 88% 0% Shat Al-Arab 98 12% 92% 83% 11% 7,2 91 77% 56% 46% Al-Basrah Al-Khidhir 70 50% 66% 76% 11% 5,8 69 79% 74% 32% Al-Muthanna Al-Kufa 120 21% 46% 71% 99% 100% 23% 99% 6.5 71% 27% Al-Najaf Al-Najaf 94 2% 95% 98% -
Mcallister Bradley J 201105 P
REVOLUTIONARY NETWORKS? AN ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN IN TERRORIST GROUPS by Bradley J. McAllister (Under the Direction of Sherry Lowrance) ABSTRACT This dissertation is simultaneously an exercise in theory testing and theory generation. Firstly, it is an empirical test of the means-oriented netwar theory, which asserts that distributed networks represent superior organizational designs for violent activists than do classic hierarchies. Secondly, this piece uses the ends-oriented theory of revolutionary terror to generate an alternative means-oriented theory of terrorist organization, which emphasizes the need of terrorist groups to centralize their operations. By focusing on the ends of terrorism, this study is able to generate a series of metrics of organizational performance against which the competing theories of organizational design can be measured. The findings show that terrorist groups that decentralize their operations continually lose ground, not only to government counter-terror and counter-insurgent campaigns, but also to rival organizations that are better able to take advantage of their respective operational environments. However, evidence also suggests that groups facing decline due to decentralization can offset their inability to perform complex tasks by emphasizing the material benefits of radical activism. INDEX WORDS: Terrorism, Organized Crime, Counter-Terrorism, Counter-Insurgency, Networks, Netwar, Revolution, al-Qaeda in Iraq, Mahdi Army, Abu Sayyaf, Iraq, Philippines REVOLUTIONARY NETWORK0S? AN ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN IN TERRORIST GROUPS by BRADLEY J MCALLISTER B.A., Southwestern University, 1999 M.A., The University of Leeds, United Kingdom, 2003 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY ATHENS, GA 2011 2011 Bradley J. -
Iranian Cancer Researcher Detained Despite Valid Visa
Art & Culture July 13, 2017 3 This Day in History Iranian Cancer Researcher (July 13) Today is Thursday; 22nd of the Iranian month of Tir 1396 solar hijri; corresponding to 18th of the Islamic month of Shawwal 1438 lunar hijri; and July 13, 2017, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar. Detained Despite Valid Visa 1069 lunar years ago, on this day in 368 AH, the pleasure-seeking Ezz od- Dowla Daylami, son of Moiz od-Dowla the Buwaihid conqueror of Baghdad, to return to Iran around 9 p.m., was killed in battle with his cousin, Adhud od-Dowla, the son of Rukn od- Dowla, near the River Tigris after rebelling against the central authority of the despite having a valid work visa then Shiraz-based Buwaihid confederacy. Adhud od-Dowla, a few years later to join the Boston Children’s after the passing away of his father, became the senior-most Buwaihid Amir of Iraq and Fars, at a time when Baghdad was wracked by violence and instability. Hospital, according to the Boston He restored peace and patronized scholars such as the celebrated Shaikh Mufid, Globe. besides renovating the holy shrines in Najaf and Karbala. An observatory was It’s not clear as why Dehnavi built by him in Isfahan, and the dam known till this day as “Band-e Amir” was built on his orders between Shiraz and Istakhr. He dug the Haffar Canal joining and his family are being detained the Karun River to the Arvand Roud at the confluence of the Rivers Tigris and — but they’ll likely be deported Euphrates. -
IRAQ: Humanitarian Operational Presence (3W) for HRP and Non-HRP Activities January to June 2021
IRAQ: Humanitarian Operational Presence (3W) for HRP and Non-HRP Activities January to June 2021 TURKEY 26 Zakho Number of partners by cluster DUHOK Al-Amadiya 11 3 Sumail Duhok 17 27 33 Rawanduz Al-Shikhan Aqra Telafar 18 ERBIL 40 Tilkaef 4 23 8 Sinjar Shaqlawa 57 4 Pshdar Al-Hamdaniya Al-Mosul 4 Rania 1 NINEWA 37 Erbil Koysinjaq 23 Dokan 1 Makhmour 2 Al-Baaj 15 Sharbazher 16 Dibis 9 24 Al-Hatra 20 Al-Shirqat KIRKUK Kirkuk Al-Sulaymaniyah 15 6 SYRIA Al-Hawiga Chamchamal 21 Halabcha 18 19 6 2 Daquq Beygee 16 12 Tooz Kalar Tikrit Khurmato 12 8 2 11 SALAH AL-DIN Kifri Al-Daur Ana 2 6 Al-Kaim 7 Samarra 15 13 Haditha Al-Khalis IRAN 3 7 Balad 12 Al-Muqdadiya Heet 9 DIYALA 7 Baquba 10 4 Baladruz Al-Kadhmiyah 5 1 Al-Ramadi 9 Al-Mada'in 1 AL-ANBAR Al-Falluja 24 28 Al-Mahmoudiya Badra 3 8 Al-Suwaira Al-Mussyab JORDAN Al-Rutba 2 1 WASSIT 2 KERBALA Al-Mahaweel 3 Al-Kut Kerbela 1 BABIL 5 2 Al-Hashimiya 3 1 2 Al-Kufa 3 Al-Diwaniya Afaq 2 MAYSAN Al-Manathera 1 1 Al-Rifai Al-Hamza AL-NAJAF Al-Rumaitha 1 1 Al-Shatra * Total number of unique partners reported under the HRP 2020, HRP 2021 and other non-HRP plans Al-Najaf 2 Al-Khidhir THI QAR 2 7 Al-Nasiriya 1 Al-Qurna Suq 1 1 2 Shat 119 Partners Al-Shoyokh 3 Al-Arab Providing humanitarian assistance from January to June Al-Basrah 3 2021 for humanitarian activities under the HRP 2021, HRP 2020 AL-BASRAH Abu SAUDI ARABIA AL-MUTHANNA 4 1 other non-HRP programmes. -
Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region
KURDISTAN RISING? CONSIDERATIONS FOR KURDS, THEIR NEIGHBORS, AND THE REGION Michael Rubin AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region Michael Rubin June 2016 American Enterprise Institute © 2016 by the American Enterprise Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any man- ner whatsoever without permission in writing from the American Enterprise Institute except in the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. The views expressed in the publications of the American Enterprise Institute are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers, or trustees of AEI. American Enterprise Institute 1150 17th St. NW Washington, DC 20036 www.aei.org. Cover image: Grand Millennium Sualimani Hotel in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, by Diyar Muhammed, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons. Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Who Are the Kurds? 5 2. Is This Kurdistan’s Moment? 19 3. What Do the Kurds Want? 27 4. What Form of Government Will Kurdistan Embrace? 56 5. Would Kurdistan Have a Viable Economy? 64 6. Would Kurdistan Be a State of Law? 91 7. What Services Would Kurdistan Provide Its Citizens? 101 8. Could Kurdistan Defend Itself Militarily and Diplomatically? 107 9. Does the United States Have a Coherent Kurdistan Policy? 119 Notes 125 Acknowledgments 137 About the Author 139 iii Executive Summary wo decades ago, most US officials would have been hard-pressed Tto place Kurdistan on a map, let alone consider Kurds as allies. Today, Kurds have largely won over Washington. -
505 the Lost Language of Ancient
MEDICINA NEI SECOLI ARTE E SCIENZA, 30/2 (2018) 505-530 Journal of History of Medicine Articoli/Articles THE LOST LANGUAGE OF ANCIENT BABYLONIAN PLANTS: FROM MYTH TO MEDICINE BARBARA BÖCK Instituto de Lenguas y Culturas del Mediterráneo y Oriente Próximo Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, ES SUMMARY The Sumerian myth of Enki and Ninḫursaga, which conveys Enki’s metaphorical nature as power behind the irrigation of the Mesopotamian marshlands, contains a passage that brings together plants, pains and deities. The raison d’être for the choice of these eight plants has so far escaped scholars. In analysing the evidence for the plants according to cuneiform literary and medical sources the present contribution offers a discussion of their nature and possible connection with the god Enki providing thus an explanation for their choice and shedding light on the storyteller’s motivation for including the episode on plants in the myth. Although Ancient Babylonians did not produce mythological nar- rations or other literary traditions about plants comparable to the Classical world, references to the plant kingdom indeed entered the cuneiform belles-lettres. A rather bizarre passage that brings togeth- er plants, pains and deities and which will be discussed in the present contribution is included in the Sumerian myth about the god of wis- dom and sweet waters, Enki, and Ninhursag, a mother goddess. The narration is also known as “Sumerian Epic of Paradise” as coined by its first editor Stephen Langdon in 19151. The Sumerologist S.N. Kramer observed that it “is one of the more interesting, intricate, Key words: Enki and Ninḫursaga - Enki and Fishes - Aquatic Plants - Medicine and Myth 505 Barbara Böck and imaginative myths in the Sumerian repertoire, but also one of the most enigmatic and frustrating”2.