The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4909.html We ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately. The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates Committee on Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-52072-X, 184 pages, 6 x 9, (1998) This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4909.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll- free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to [email protected]. This book plus thousands more are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Request reprint permission for this book. The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4909.html The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates Committee on Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Commission on Life Sciences National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1998 Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4909.html NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS • 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. • Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract No. NO1-RR-1-2114 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institutes of Health. The U.S. Department of Agriculture also supported the study with funds provided through the NIH contract. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily re- flect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The psychological well-being of nonhuman primates : a report of the Committee on Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, National Research Council. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-309-05233-5 1. Primates as laboratory animals. 2. Primates—Psychology. 3. Animal welfare. I. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (U.S.). Committee on Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates. QL737.P9 P776 1998 599.8′01′9—ddc21 98-40103 The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates is available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, D.C. 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu Printed in the United States of America Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4909.html COMMITTEE ON WELL-BEING OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES Irwin S. Bernstein (Chair), Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Christian R. Abee, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama Kathryn A. L. Bayne, Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Labora- tory Animal Care International, Rockville, Maryland Thomas M. Butler, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas Judy L. Cameron, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania Christopher L. Coe, Department of Psychology, Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin W. Richard Dukelow, Endocrine Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan Gisela Epple, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Dorothy M. Fragaszy, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Ath- ens, Georgia William A. Mason, California Primate Research Center, University of Califor- nia, Davis, California Klaus A. Miczek, Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Mas- sachusetts Melinda A. Novak, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts Martin L. Reite, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health and Science Center, Denver, Colorado Duane M. Rumbaugh, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia Paul W. Schilling, Charles River Laboratories, Summerland Key, Florida Elwyn L. Simons, Duke Primate Center, Duke University, Durham, North Caro- lina Charles T. Snowdon, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Staff Thomas L. Wolfle, Project Officer Kathleen Beil, Administrative Assistant Kevin Layman, Editorial Assistant/Senior Secretary Amanda E. Hull, Program Assistant Carol M. Rozmiarek, Project Assistant Susan S. Vaupel, Editor Norman Grossblatt, Editor iii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4909.html iv PREFACE INSTITUTE FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH COUNCIL John VandeBerg (Chair), Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas Christian R. Abee, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama Muriel T. Davisson, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine Bennett Dyke, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas Gerald F. Gebhart, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Univer- sity of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa James W. Glosser, Massillon, Ohio Margaret Landi, Department of Laboratory Animal Science, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania Charles R. McCarthy, Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. Robert J. Russell, Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana John G. Vandenbergh, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State Univer- sity, Raleigh, North Carolina Richard C. Van Sluyters, School of Optometry, University of California, Ber- keley, California Peter A. Ward, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan Thomas D. Pollard, (ex officio), Chairman, Commission on Life Sciences, Presi- dent, Salk Research Institute, La Jolla, California Staff Ralph B. Dell, Director Kathleen Beil, Administrative Assistant Kevin Layman, Editorial Assistant/Senior Secretary Susan Vaupel, Managing Editor, ILAR Journal The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) was founded in 1952 under the auspices of the National Research Council. A component of the Com- mission on Life Sciences, ILAR develops guidelines and positions and dissemi- nates information on the scientific, technological, and ethical use of laboratory animals and related biological resources. ILAR promotes high-quality, humane care of laboratory animals and the appropriate use of laboratory animals and al- ternatives in research, testing, and education. ILAR serves as an adviser to the federal government, the biomedical research community, and the public. iv Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4909.html PREFACE v COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES Thomas D. Pollard (Chair), The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California Frederick R. Anderson, Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C. John C. Bailar III, University of Chicago, Illinois Paul Berg, Stanford University, Stanford, California Joanna Burger, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey Sharon L. Dunwoody, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin John L. Emmerson, Eli Lilly and Co. (Ret.), Indianapolis, Indiana Neal L. First, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Ursula W. Goodenough, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Henry W. Heikkinen, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado Hans J. Kende, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan Cynthia J. Kenyon, University of California, San Francisco, California David M. Livingston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Thomas E. Lovejoy, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Donald R. Mattison, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Joseph E. Murray, Harvard University, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts Edward E. Penhoet, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California Malcolm C. Pike, Norris/USC Comprehensive
Recommended publications
  • Body Measurements for the Monkeys of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea
    Primate Conservation 2009 (24): 99–105 Body Measurements for the Monkeys of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea Thomas M. Butynski¹,², Yvonne A. de Jong² and Gail W. Hearn¹ ¹Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA ²Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program, Nanyuki, Kenya Abstract: Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, has a rich (eight genera, 11 species), unique (seven endemic subspecies), and threat- ened (five species) primate fauna, but the taxonomic status of most forms is not clear. This uncertainty is a serious problem for the setting of priorities for the conservation of Bioko’s (and the region’s) primates. Some of the questions related to the taxonomic status of Bioko’s primates can be resolved through the statistical comparison of data on their body measurements with those of their counterparts on the African mainland. Data for such comparisons are, however, lacking. This note presents the first large set of body measurement data for each of the seven species of monkeys endemic to Bioko; means, ranges, standard deviations and sample sizes for seven body measurements. These 49 data sets derive from 544 fresh adult specimens (235 adult males and 309 adult females) collected by shotgun hunters for sale in the bushmeat market in Malabo. Key Words: Bioko Island, body measurements, conservation, monkeys, morphology, taxonomy Introduction gordonorum), and surprisingly few such data exist even for some of the more widespread species (for example, Allen’s Comparing external body measurements for adult indi- swamp monkey Allenopithecus nigroviridis, northern tala- viduals from different sites has long been used as a tool for poin monkey Miopithecus ogouensis, and grivet Chlorocebus describing populations, subspecies, and species of animals aethiops).
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Population Density and Structure of Primates in Pandam Wildlife Park, Plateau State, Nigeria
    Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, (ISSN: 0719-3726) , 6(2), 2018: 18-35 18 http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-V6N2-art1503 ASSESSMENT OF POPULATION DENSITY AND STRUCTURE OF PRIMATES IN PANDAM WILDLIFE PARK, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA DENSIDAD POBLACIONAL Y ESTRUCTURA DE PRIMATES DIURNOS EN EL PARQUE DE VIDA SILVESTRE EN PANDAM, ESTADO DE PLATEAU, NIGERIA. Gabriel Ortyom Yager*, James Oshita Bukie and Avalumun Emmanuel Kaa, Department of Wildlife and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. *Correspondent author email & Phone: [email protected]; 08150609846 ABSTRACT A survey of diurnal primate species in Pandam Wildlife Park, Nigeria was conducted to determine its population density and structure. Eight transect lines (2.0km length, 0.02km width) at interval of 1.0km were located as representative samples in the Park within the Three-range stratum (riparian forest, savannah woodland and, swampy area) based on proportional to size of the strata in providing information on the primates’ species present in the Park which include Cercopithecus mona, Erythrocebus patas, Papio anubis and, Chlorocebus tantalus. Direct method of animal sighting was employed. Data was collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and diversity indices. The results showed that savannah woodland strata had more number of individual species encountered (132) and the lowest was the swampy area. Also the savannah woodland had the highest species diversity and richness while the riparian forest strata had the highest number of species evenness. More so, Cercopithecus tantalus was widespread throughout the Park among other primates and Cercopithecus mona is most likely to decline even more rapidly than others since they inhabit the very tall trees.
    [Show full text]
  • The Taxonomy of Primates in the Laboratory Context
    P0800261_01 7/14/05 8:00 AM Page 3 C HAPTER 1 The Taxonomy of Primates T HE T in the Laboratory Context AXONOMY OF P Colin Groves RIMATES School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia 3 What are species? D Taxonomy: EFINITION OF THE The biological Organizing nature species concept Taxonomy means classifying organisms. It is nowadays commonly used as a synonym for systematics, though Disagreement as to what precisely constitutes a species P strictly speaking systematics is a much broader sphere is to be expected, given that the concept serves so many RIMATE of interest – interrelationships, and biodiversity. At the functions (Vane-Wright, 1992). We may be interested basis of taxonomy lies that much-debated concept, the in classification as such, or in the evolutionary implica- species. tions of species; in the theory of species, or in simply M ODEL Because there is so much misunderstanding about how to recognize them; or in their reproductive, phys- what a species is, it is necessary to give some space to iological, or husbandry status. discussion of the concept. The importance of what we Most non-specialists probably have some vague mean by the word “species” goes way beyond taxonomy idea that species are defined by not interbreeding with as such: it affects such diverse fields as genetics, biogeog- each other; usually, that hybrids between different species raphy, population biology, ecology, ethology, and bio- are sterile, or that they are incapable of hybridizing at diversity; in an era in which threats to the natural all. Such an impression ultimately derives from the def- world and its biodiversity are accelerating, it affects inition by Mayr (1940), whereby species are “groups of conservation strategies (Rojas, 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Welfare and the Paradox of Animal Consciousness
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Animal Welfare and the Paradox of Animal Consciousness Marian Dawkins1 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 1Corresponding author: e-mail address: [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Animal Consciousness: The Heart of the Paradox 2 2.1 Behaviorism Applies to Other People Too 5 3. Human Emotions and Animals Emotions 7 3.1 Physiological Indicators of Emotion 7 3.2 Behavioral Components of Emotion 8 3.2.1 Vacuum Behavior 10 3.2.2 Rebound 10 3.2.3 “Abnormal” Behavior 10 3.2.4 The Animal’s Point of View 11 3.2.5 Cognitive Bias 15 3.2.6 Expressions of the Emotions 15 3.3 The Third Component of Emotion: Consciousness 16 4. Definitions of Animal Welfare 24 5. Conclusions 26 References 27 1. INTRODUCTION Consciousness has always been both central to and a stumbling block for animal welfare. On the one hand, the belief that nonhuman animals suffer and feel pain is what draws many people to want to study animal welfare in the first place. Animal welfare is seen as fundamentally different from plant “welfare” or the welfare of works of art precisely because of the widely held belief that animals have feelings and experience emotions in ways that plants or inanimate objectsdhowever valuableddo not (Midgley, 1983; Regan, 1984; Rollin, 1989; Singer, 1975). On the other hand, consciousness is also the most elusive and difficult to study of any biological phenomenon (Blackmore, 2012; Koch, 2004). Even with our own human consciousness, we are still baffled as to how Advances in the Study of Behavior, Volume 47 ISSN 0065-3454 © 2014 Elsevier Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Marc Brennan Thesis
    Writing to Reach You: The Consumer Music Press and Music Journalism in the UK and Australia Marc Brennan, BA (Hons) Creative Industries Research and Applications Centre (CIRAC) Thesis Submitted for the Completion of Doctor of Philosophy (Creative Industries), 2005 Writing to Reach You Keywords Journalism, Performance, Readerships, Music, Consumers, Frameworks, Publishing, Dialogue, Genre, Branding Consumption, Production, Internet, Customisation, Personalisation, Fragmentation Writing to Reach You: The Consumer Music Press and Music Journalism in the UK and Australia The music press and music journalism are rarely subjected to substantial academic investigation. Analysis of journalism often focuses on the production of news across various platforms to understand the nature of politics and public debate in the contemporary era. But it is not possible, nor is it necessary, to analyse all emerging forms of journalism in the same way for they usually serve quite different purposes. Music journalism, for example, offers consumer guidance based on the creation and maintenance of a relationship between reader and writer. By focusing on the changing aspects of this relationship, an analysis of music journalism gives us an understanding of the changing nature of media production, media texts and media readerships. Music journalism is dialogue. It is a dialogue produced within particular critical frameworks that speak to different readers of the music press in different ways. These frameworks are continually evolving and reflect the broader social trajectory in which music journalism operates. Importantly, the evolving nature of music journalism reveals much about the changing consumption of popular music. Different types of consumers respond to different types of guidance that employ a variety of critical approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • How Welfare Biology and Commonsense May Help to Reduce Animal Suffering
    Ng, Yew-Kwang (2016) How welfare biology and commonsense may help to reduce animal suffering. Animal Sentience 7(1) DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1012 This article has appeared in the journal Animal Sentience, a peer-reviewed journal on animal cognition and feeling. It has been made open access, free for all, by WellBeing International and deposited in the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ng, Yew-Kwang (2016) How welfare biology and commonsense may help to reduce animal suffering. Animal Sentience 7(1) DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1012 Cover Page Footnote I am grateful to Dr. Timothy D. Hau of the University of Hong Kong for assistance. This article is available in Animal Sentience: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/ animsent/vol1/iss7/1 Animal Sentience 2016.007: Ng on Animal Suffering Call for Commentary: Animal Sentience publishes Open Peer Commentary on all accepted target articles. Target articles are peer-reviewed. Commentaries are editorially reviewed. There are submitted commentaries as well as invited commentaries. Commentaries appear as soon as they have been revised and accepted. Target article authors may respond to their commentaries individually or in a joint response to multiple commentaries. Instructions: http://animalstudiesrepository.org/animsent/guidelines.html How welfare biology and commonsense may help to reduce animal suffering Yew-Kwang Ng Division of Economics Nanyang Technological University Singapore Abstract: Welfare biology is the study of the welfare of living things. Welfare is net happiness (enjoyment minus suffering). Since this necessarily involves feelings, Dawkins (2014) has suggested that animal welfare science may face a paradox, because feelings are very difficult to study.
    [Show full text]
  • [E:] 09 a Second Face.Mp3=2129222 ACDC Whole Lotta Rosie (Rare Live
    mTad [E:] 09 A Second face.mp3=2129222 ACDC Whole Lotta Rosie (rare live Bon Scott).mp3=4874280 Damnation of Adam Blessing - Second Damnation - 05 - Back to the River.mp3=5113856 Eddie Van Halen - Eruption (live, rare).mp3=2748544 metallica - CreepingDeath (live).mp3=4129152 [E:\1959 - Miles Davis - Kind Of Blue] 01 So What.mp3=13560814 02 Freddie Freeloader.mp3=14138851 03 Blue In Green.mp3=8102685 04 All Blues.mp3=16674264 05 Flamenco Sketches.mp3=13561792 06 Flamenco Sketches (Alternate Take).mp3=13707024 B000002ADT.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg=19294 Thumbs.db=5632 [E:\1965 - The Yardbirds & Sonny Boy Williamson] 01 - Bye Bye Bird.mp3=2689034 02 - Mister Downchild.mp3=4091914 03 - 23 Hours Too Long.mp3=5113866 04 - Out Of The Water Coast.mp3=3123210 05 - Baby Don't Worry.mp3=4472842 06 - Pontiac Blues.mp3=3864586 07 - Take It Easy Baby (Ver 1).mp3=4153354 08 - I Don't Care No More.mp3=3166218 09 - Do The Weston.mp3=4065290 10 - The River Rhine.mp3=5095434 11 - A Lost Care.mp3=2060298 12 - Western Arizona.mp3=2924554 13 - Take It Easy Baby (Ver 2).mp3=5455882 14 - Slow Walk.mp3=1058826 15 - Highway 69.mp3=3102730 albumart_large.jpg=11186 [E:\1971 Nazareth] 01 - Witchdoctor Woman.mp3=3994574 02 - Dear John.mp3=3659789 03 - Empty Arms, Empty Heart.mp3=3137758 04 - I Had A Dream.mp3=3255194 05 - Red Light Lady.mp3=5769636 06 - Fat Man.mp3=3292392 07 - Country Girl.mp3=3933959 08 - Morning Dew.mp3=6829163 09 - The King Is Dead.mp3=4603112 10 - Friends (B-side).mp3=3289466 11 - Spinning Top (alternate edit).mp3=2700144 12 - Dear John (alternate edit).mp3=2628673
    [Show full text]
  • The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque
    Fascinating Life Sciences Jin-Hua Li · Lixing Sun Peter M. Kappeler Editors The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque Fascinating Life Sciences This interdisciplinary series brings together the most essential and captivating topics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associ- ated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated with photographs, illustrations, and maps, and feature suggestions for further reading or glossaries where appropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthu- siasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especially appealing. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15408 Jin-Hua Li • Lixing Sun • Peter M. Kappeler Editors The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque Editors Jin-Hua Li Lixing Sun School of Resources Department of Biological Sciences, Primate and Environmental Engineering Behavior and Ecology Program Anhui University Central Washington University Hefei, Anhui, China Ellensburg, WA, USA International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology Anhui, China School of Life Sciences Hefei Normal University Hefei, Anhui, China Peter M. Kappeler Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Göttingen, Germany Department of Anthropology/Sociobiology University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic) Fascinating Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-030-27919-6 ISBN 978-3-030-27920-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27920-2 This book is an open access publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Sciurus Ignitus (Rodentia: Sciuridae)
    46(915):93–100 Sciurus ignitus (Rodentia: Sciuridae) MELISSA J. MERRICK,SHARI L. KETCHAM, AND JOHN L. KOPROWSKI Wildlife Conservation and Management, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, 1311 E. 4th Street, Biological Sciences East Room 325, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; [email protected] (MJM); sketcham@email. arizona.edu (SLK); [email protected] (JLK) Abstract: Sciurus ignitus (Gray, 1867) is a Neotropical tree squirrel commonly known as the Bolivian squirrel. It is a small- bodied, understory and mid-canopy dweller that occurs within the evergreen lowland and montane tropical rain forests along Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mspecies/article/46/915/93/2643022 by guest on 15 June 2021 the eastern slope of the Andes in Peru, Bolivia, and extreme northern Argentina, and the western Amazon Basin in Brazil and Peru between 200 and 2,700 m in elevation. S. ignitus is 1 of 28 species in the genus Sciurus, and 1 of 8 in the subgenus Guerlinguetus. The taxonomic status of this species, as with other small sciurids in Peru and Bolivia, remains ambiguous. S. ignitus is currently listed as ‘‘Data Deficient’’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Key words: Andes, Bolivia, Neotropics, Peru, tree squirrel Ó 18 December 2014 American Society of Mammalogists Synonymy completed 1 June 2014 DOI: 10.1644/915.1 www.mammalogy.org Sciurus ignitus (Gray, 1867) Sciurus (Mesociurus) argentinius Thomas, 1921:609. Type Bolivian Squirrel locality ‘‘Higuerilla, 2000 m, in the Department of Valle Grande, about 10 km. east of the Zenta range and 20 Macroxus ignitus Gray, 1867:429.
    [Show full text]
  • The Copulatory Behaviour of Adult Male Patas Monkeys
    THE COPULATORY BEHAVIOUR OF ADULT MALE PATAS MONKEYS, ERYTHROCEBUS PATAS JAMES LOY Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, U.S.A. (Received 22nd February 1975) The present observations of the reproductive behaviour of adult male patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) suggest that these primates typically copulate during a single mount unless they experience difficulty achieving intromission and/or they are harassed by conspecifics. These observations are in contrast to the report by Hall et al. (1965), who described a patas male who copulated in a series of mounts, i.e. behaviour similar to that of males of several macaque species (Bielert & Goy, 1973; Nadler & Rosenblum, 1973). The patas monkey group observed during the present study was maintained in a \m=1/2\acre outdoor corral at the primate colony at La Parguera, Puerto Rico, a facility of the Caribbean Primate Research Center. The monkeys were pro- vided with an unlimited supply of Wayne Monkey Diet and water. Behavioural observations were made from November 1971 until June 1974 for a total of 781 hr. The original social group consisted of a single adult male (A), eight adult females, two immature males and two immature females. All of the monkeys were thought to be of East African origin. During the spring of 1972, Male A was replaced by adult Male LI73; this switch was necessitated because of repeated attacks on the colony staff by Male A. The birthplace of Male LI 73 was not known. In addition to the copulatory behaviour of Males LI73 and A, some data from adult Male I are included.
    [Show full text]
  • Ranging Bonnet Macaques, Macaca Radiata
    Flexibility in Food Extraction Techniques in Urban Free- Ranging Bonnet Macaques, Macaca radiata Madhur Mangalam1, Mewa Singh1,2* 1 Biopsychology Laboratory, University of Mysore, Mysore, India, 2 Evolutionary & Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India Abstract Non-human primate populations, other than responding appropriately to naturally occurring challenges, also need to cope with anthropogenic factors such as environmental pollution, resource depletion, and habitat destruction. Populations and individuals are likely to show considerable variations in food extraction abilities, with some populations and individuals more efficient than others at exploiting a set of resources. In this study, we examined among urban free-ranging bonnet macaques, Macaca radiata (a) local differences in food extraction abilities, (b) between-individual variation and within-individual consistency in problem-solving success and the underlying problem-solving characteristics, and (c) behavioral patterns associated with higher efficiency in food extraction. When presented with novel food extraction tasks, the urban macaques having more frequent exposure to novel physical objects in their surroundings, extracted food material from PET bottles and also solved another food extraction task (i.e., extracting an orange from a wire mesh box), more often than those living under more natural conditions. Adults solved the tasks more frequently than juveniles, and females more frequently than males. Both solution-technique and problem-solving characteristics varied across individuals but remained consistent within each individual across the successive presentations of PET bottles. The macaques that solved the tasks showed lesser within-individual variation in their food extraction behavior as compared to those that failed to solve the tasks.
    [Show full text]
  • Photoperiodic Properties of Circadian Rhythm in Rat
    Photoperiodic properties of circadian rhythm in rat by Liang Samantha Zhang A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Neuroscience) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Jimo Borjigin, Chair Professor Theresa M. Lee Professor William Michael King Associate Professor Daniel Barclay Forger Assistant Professor Jiandie Lin © Liang Samantha Zhang 2011 To my loving grandparents, YaoXiang Zhang and AnNa Yu ii Acknowledgements To all who have played a role in my life these past four years, I give my thanks. First of all, I give my gratitude to the members of Borjigin Lab. To my mentor Dr. Jimo Borjigin whose intelligence and accessibility has carried me through in this journey within the circadian field. To Dr. Tiecheng Liu, who taught me all the technical knowledge necessary to perform the work presented in this dissertation, and whose surgical skills are second to none. To all the undergrads I have trained over the years, namely Abeer, Natalie, Christof, Tara, and others, whose combined hundreds if not thousands of hours in manually analyzing melatonin data have been an indispensible asset to myself and the lab. To Michelle and Ricky for taking care of all the animals over the years, which has made life much easier for the rest of us. To Alexandra, who was willing to listen and share her experiences, and to Sean, who has been a good friend both in and out of the lab. I would also like to thank my committee members for their help and support over the years.
    [Show full text]