Contents

Figures ix Tables x Acknowledgements xi Contributors xii

1 Introduction 1 Scott McCabe, Lynn Minnaert and Anya Diekmann Structure of the Book 6 The Case Studies: Social Practices 10 Conclusions 12

Case Study 1: International Social Tourism Organisation (ISTO, formerly BITS) 14 Charles Belanger

2 Defining Social Tourism and its Historical Context 18 Lynn Minnaert, Anya Diekmann and Scott McCabe Definitions 20 Social Tourism in : A Brief History 24 Conclusions 27

Case Study 2: Holiday Participation Centre (Steunpunt Vakantieparticipatie), Flanders, 31 Schapmans

v vi Contents

3 Social Tourism Today: Stakeholders, and Supply and Demand Factors 35 Anya Diekmann, Scott McCabe and Lynn Minnaert An Explanatory Framework for the Common Organisational Structure of Social Tourism in Europe 36 Unpacking the Demand for Social Tourism 39 Social Tourism Systems 40 Intermediary Organisations 43 Commercial and Social Tourism: An Ambivalent Relationship 43 Developing Unified Social Tourism Implementation Schemes 44 Conclusions 45

Case Study 3: Family Holiday Association, UK 48 Thea Joldesma

4 Resisting the Hegemony of the Market: Reclaiming the Social Capacities of Tourism 53 Freya Higgins-Desbiolles Hegemonic Neoliberalism and its Impacts 53 Neoliberalism and Tourism 55 Tourism as an Industry: The Marketisation of Tourism 56 Tourism as a Social Force: The Transformative Capacity of Tourism 59 Tourism and Travel as a Human Right 60 Social Tourism: A Forgotten Commitment to Humanity 61 Conclusions 66

Case Study 4: Labour Market Holiday Fund (Arbejdsmarkedets Feriefond), Denmark 69 Anne-Mette Hjalager

5 Social Tourism and the Social Economy 73 Gilles Caire Social Tourism in : A Considerable Economic Player 74 The Origins of Social Tourism in France 76 The Implementation of a Fordist Form of Social Tourism 78 Holiday Villages: Professionalisation and Standardisation 80 The Beginning of Competition, Resistance and Innovation 83 Conclusions: Social Tourism and the French Model: A Cultural Exception 86

Case Study 5: Floreal (Joie et Vacances), Belgium 89 Kim Beuten Contents vii

6 Mobilities and Social Exclusion: Towards a Research Agenda 92 Kevin Hannam The Mobilities Paradigm 93 Leisure, Social Inequalities and Mobilities 95 Children’s Mobilities 97 Conclusions 99

Case Study 6: The Sunshine Fund, Ireland 104 Tom MacMahon

7 The Welfare Society and Tourism: European Perspectives 108 Derek Hall and Frances Brown Access to Leisure Travel as Welfare 108 The Welfare State in Europe 112 International Differences in Access to Holidays 113 Models of Social Tourism in Europe 115 The Evolution of Social Tourism under State Socialism 116 Conclusions 118

Case Study 7: Polish Tourist Country-Lovers’ Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczno-Krajoznawcze, PTTK) 122 Paweł Zan’

8 The Family Factor in Social Tourism 126 Elizabeth Such and Tess Kay The Representation of Family Diversity in Tourism Research 127 The Significance of Free-Time Activity in Family Life 129 The Parameters of Diversity in Contemporary ‘Family’ 131 Responding to Diversity in Family Research in Tourism Studies 135 Conclusions 138

Case Study 8: The Family Fund, UK 142 Clare Kassa

9 Disability, Representation and Access to Tourism 145 Gareth Shaw and Sheela Agarwal Policy Contexts: Empowering the Disabled Tourist 146 The Holiday Experiences of People with Disabilities 154 The Embodiment and the Representation of People with Disabilities in Tourism Marketing 156 Travellers with Disabilities, Co-creation and Co-production 159 Conclusions 159 viii Contents

Case Study 9: Cooperative Social Society (Consorzio Sociale, COIN), 163 Anna-Grazia Laura

10 Social Tourism and Sustainability 166 Christian Baumgartner Sustainable Tourism 167 Social Tourism and Sustainability 169 Naturefriends: Origins in Social and Sustainable Tourism 171 Sustainability Challenges for Social Tourism 172 Conclusions 175

Case Study 10: Federation of Youth Hostel Associations (EUFED) 178 Constanze Adolph

11 Conclusions and Future Research Issues 184 Scott McCabe, Anya Diekmann and Lynn Minnaert Looking Back 185 Moving Forward 190

Index 198