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The Alpine Pass of Hannibal Author(S): Douglas W The Alpine Pass of Hannibal Author(s): Douglas W. Freshfield Source: Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 8, No. 10 (Oct., 1886), pp. 638-644 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1800993 . Accessed: 17/06/2014 08:05 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) and Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 195.34.79.253 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 08:05:46 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ( 638 ) The Alpine Pass of Hannibal. By Douglas W. Freshfield, sec. r.g.s. Map, p. 680. Some years ago I ventured,in disregardof Dr. Johnson'sdeprecation of any further mention of the Second Punic War, to discuss in detail in the 'Alpine Journal' (No. 82) the various theories put forwardin the old-worldcontroversy as to the Pass of Hannibal. I then stated the case fora track recognisedby anothergreat ' captain,Napoleon, as the most properfor a Koute Imperiale de l'Espagne en Italie,' the Col de l'Argentiere,leading fromBarcelonnette to Cuneo. A short summaryof my argument,so short that I now venture to reprintit, was at the time published in these pages. " If we trustPolybius alone, the Pass of Hannibal must be leftan open question as between the Mont Cenis, the Mont Genevre,and the Col de l'Argentiere; if we take Livy into account, we are confinedto the road up the Drac to Gap, and the passes leading fromthe Durance; and if we may believe the fragmentof Varro preserved by Servius in his Commentarieson Virgil, which many critics have strangelypronounced unintelligible, we must decide for the Col de l'Argentiere. Varro mentionsfive passes beginningat the sea and ending with the Graian Pass, and takes Hannibal over the second. These Passes are now representedby the five carriage-roadsof the Cornice,the Col de l'Argentiere,the Mont Genevre,the Mont Cenis, and the Little St. Bernard. Proof is brought forwardthat the Argentiere routewas used by the Gauls and Komans, and the ground is said to be suited to the adventuresattributed to the Carthaginianarmy. To these a parallel may be found in the difficultiesencountered by French armies on the same route in 1515 and 1744. The loose and (had we not the original authorities) in some respectsunintelligible narrativesof the formercampaign given by Sismondi and Michelet may furtherbe comparedwith the narrativesof Hannibal's march given by Polybius and Livy." I did not then thinkit would be properto encumbercolumns which have hardly " " space to comprehendnew things with a lengthylucubration on rusty antiquities. Nor do I now propose to go into the question in detail in a controversialspirit. ' But it seems to me that it may be interestingto many readersof the Proceedings' to be informedof the greatchange which has taken place recentlyin the positionof this long-lived controversy,and to be furnishedwith a map which may show with tolerableclearness the main lines of march which have been put forwardby more or less competentcritics. Two considerationschiefly moved me to join in the fray. The firstwas a strong sense that the characterof Polybius as a topographerwas frequentlysomewhat mis- understood,and that his claim to accuracy in details was being exaggerated. The second was the discoverythat the case forthe Little St. Bernardwas being supported at an English universityby statementsnot in accordancewith physical facts,and that in all the argumentsin its favourfrom the days of Brockedonand Dr. Arnold downwards there was a marked absence of any satisfactoryanswer to the great objection,the distancefrom the crest to the Itaiian plain, and the diflicultcharacter of the lower gorgesof Val d'Aosta. I am glad now to be able to show that in France, Germany, Switzerland,and England,there has been a contemporaneousreaction against the depreciationof Livy's narrativeof the Second Punic War, and the exaggeratedestimate of Polybius's claims as a geographer,and that consequentlythe prevailingopinion is now in favourof a route lying throughthe basin of the Durance, and the Little St. Bernardhas lost, This content downloaded from 195.34.79.253 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 08:05:46 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE ALPINE PASS OF HANNIBAL. 639 both abroad and in England, the positionof firstfavourite, which, mainly owing to Mommsen'sinfluence, it had a few years ago attained. I propose here, not to insist again on my own views (which may readily be studied elsewhere by any one who cares for them) but to summarise brieflythe contributionsof the mostrecent critics. I shall begin with that ofMr. T. W. Arnold, who in re-editinghis grandfather'schapters on the Second Punic War, has reeently taken occasion to treat the questions of the comparative geographical authority of Livy and Polybius, and of the Alpine Pass crossedby the Carthaginianarmy, in two notes of great clearness and ability, in which he has managed,as I think, to siftthe wheat fromthe chaffof previous disputants(including myself)with singular success. On the firstpoint, Mr. Arnold quotes fromDr. Arnold's previouslyunpublished notes and lettersthe followingexpressions:? " I have been workingat HannibaTs passage of the Alps. How bad a geographer " is Polybius, and how strangethat he should be thoughta good one." Polybius is so very bad a writer." In this unfavourableview, Dr. Arnold was, his grandsonshows, at the timealmost solitary. Niebuhr held the opposite opinion,and in our own day the weightof Free? man's, Capes's, Bosworth Smith*s, and Mommsen's general approval, togetherwith the uncompromisingeulogy of Nissen, has been thrown into the favourableside of the scale. Now, however,the adverse view of Polybius as a topographeris no longer the eccentricityof a single historian,or the audacity of an Alpine traveller. Mr. Arnold quotes on this side fromBunbury, Droysen, Ihne, and Neumann. The last- " mentionedwriter, the author of the most recent,full, and competentdiscussion of the wholeperiod that has appeared in Germany,raises his convictionof Polybius's incapacityand untrustworthinessas a geographeralmost to the level of an axioni." " Mr. Arnold goes on: The general tendency of modern criticism is undoubtedly towardsDr. Arnold's unfavourableview, which was a revolutionaryheresy at the time it was expressed,but is now on its way to become a commonplace." Mr. Arnold also confirms,on the authorityof Nissen, the opinion I had formedindependently, that the particularbooks of Livy that deal with Hannibal in Italy were composednot recklesslyand loosely on the authorityof previouscom- pilers, but after a conscientiousstudy of the chroniclerscontemporary with the events. This expressionof opinion might be thought hardly necessaryby one who has " studied only Livy's own text, and foundin it such expressionsas, Nihil auctum " ex vano velim, quo nimis inclinant scribentiumanimi;" Inter omnes constat." But one of Livy's most recent commentatorsin this countryhas gone out of his way to express disbelief,not only in the historical statementsof his author, but also in those which Livy repeatedlymakes with regardto the authorities he has " " " referredto. Mr. Capes thinks it is not unlikely that Livy should have freely " used the compilerCcelius Antipater, who lived a hundredyears afterthe events,in preferenceto the contemporaryannalists," withlittle effort to hunt up his authorities or to comparethe various sources fused into the currentnarrative." And a Swiss writer,Dr. Diibi, has also fallen into the same strange belief as to Livy's exclusive relianceon Coelius. The importanceto the geographical question at issue of our estimate of the relative authority of Polybius and Livy is obvious. The claims of the Little St. Bernardare based on a literal interpretationof two passages of Polybius, in which he says that fromthe confluence(of the Rhone and Isere) Hannibal marched along theriver 800 stades, and that he foughta battle with the Allobrogesat the entrance to the Alps. If in these two passages Polybius wrote with modern precision, it This content downloaded from 195.34.79.253 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 08:05:46 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 640 THE ALPINE PASS OF HANNIBAL. is clear that Hannibal marchedon up the Khone and foughthis firstbattle in the proper territoryof the Allobrogesnorth-west of the Isere. But if Polybius wrote loosely, if Rhone-country,Alps, and Po-country were three broad distinctions,to be translated Rhone basin, Po basin, Alpine region; if the word Allobrogeswas given by Roman authors (as Circassian has been by English) a very wide and often inaecurate extension,the basis of the whole controversyis shifted. In this case the groundworkof the Little St. Bernard theory is cut away, and little remainsto support it, for Dr. Arnold, the championof the St. Bernardites,himself makes his confession:?" I cannot trace those particularspots which De Luc and Cramer fancythey could recognise. I thought so on the spot when I crossed the Little St. Bernardin 1825 with Polybius in my hand, and I thinkso still." Having cleared the ground on this point of literarycriticism, I proceedto give the most recentopinions on the main geographicalquestion at issue. Mr. Arnold, while misdoubtingmy attemptedreconciliation of the two authors, accepts the authorityof Livy as against that of Polybius, and decisivelyrejects all " " the northernpasses.
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