Classification is an important part of any biology course. As you will discover as you work on this project, organisms can be classified with a variety of methods. A phylogenetic tree is a specialized classification scheme that is used to demonstrate possible evolutionary relationships between types of organisms. You will be designing and constructing a phylogenetic tree in book form or through any other presentation media of your choice that will demonstrate the classification and evolutionary relationships between the six kingdoms of organisms.
The purposes of this project are: • To familiarize yourself with the characteristics of the six kingdoms. • To provide you with a quick reference of the kingdoms and phyla that you can use in future review. • To provide the background information for the introduction of the study of cladistics and the construction of cladogram.
After completing this project, you will be able to: • Identify the six kingdoms used to classify all organisms on Earth. • Describe the main characteristics of each kingdom and provide examples of each. • Identify major phyla within each of the six kingdoms. • Describe the main characteristics of each phyla and provide examples of each. • Use these characteristics to build cladograms and dichotomous keys. This will take place later on, in our IB Biology program.
Much of the required information can be found in your textbooks available in the biology room. There are several web sites that I have found useful for parts of this project. You are not limited to these sites but YOU MAY NOT USE WIKIPEDIA. All of your sources must be sited in a separate reference section. http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html -Tree of Life website http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/taxonomy/index.html -Taxonomy
REQUIRED INFORMATION
I. For each kingdom, you will need to provide the following information:
• Description of the major characteristics of that kingdom.
• Divergent Event- A significant change that led to the evolution of this kingdom and separation from previously existing kingdoms.
• Cell Type- whether it is a prokaryotic or eukaryotic organism.
• Body Plan- Unicellular, multicellular, or both types of body plans found in that kingdom? (If both, then examples should be noted.)
• Metabolism- Autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both types found in that kingdom? (If both, then examples should be noted.)
• Circulatory- Open or closed. Type of heart.
• Respiratory- Gills, book lungs, lungs.
• Reproduction- Sexual, asexual, or both types of reproduction found in that kingdom? (If both, then examples should be noted.)
• Examples- List one example of an organism from that kingdom. These examples are not duplicates of the examples used in each phyla.
• You must define any words that are new to you
I - For Kingdom Prokaryotae:
a. Eubacteria à key traits – how are they different from the Eubacteria? Why are they separate in their own domain?
II - Archaebacteria à Key traits and a comparison with eubacteria. Why is there a domain dedicated to them?
You must define any words that are new to you.
III. For the Kingdom Protista, You will need to list 6 phyla key traits:
1. Ciliophora, 2. Zoomastingina 3. Euglenophyta, 4. Chlorophyta, 5. Phaeophyta, 6. Rhodophyta,
• Examples- Give at least one example of an organism in that phylum. Include a picture or a drawing.
IV. For the Kingdom Fungi,
You will need to list 4 phyla key traits: 1. Basidomycota, 2. Ascomycota, 3. Deutromycota, 4. Zygomycota.
Additionally, you must include the following information for each phylum: • Description of the major characteristics of the phylum. What makes each phylum unique?
• Commercial Value- Identify at least one specific example from this phylum that either provides a cost or a benefit to humans (medicinal, agricultural, gastronomical)
• Examples- Give at least one example of an organism in the phylum. Include a picture or a drawing. Please include an appropriate citation for artwork that is not your own creation.
V. For the Kingdom Plantae,
you will need to list these 4 phyla key traits: 1. Bryophyta, 2. Filicinophyta, 3. Angiospermophyta, 4. and Coniferophyta.
Additionally, you must include the following information for each phylum:
a. Description of the major characteristics of the phylum. What makes each phylum unique? b. Environment – Where are these plants typically found? c. Examples – Give at least one example of an organism in that phylum. Include a picture or a drawing. Please include an appropriate citation for artwork that is not your own creation.
VI. For Kingdom Animalia,
You will need to list these 6 Phyla key traits: 1. Porifera, 2. Cnidaria, 3. Platyhelminthes, , 4. Annelida, 5. Mollusca, 6. Arthropoda.
Additionally, you must include the following information for each phylum:
a. Description of the major characteristics of the phylum. What makes each phylum unique?
b. Examples – Give at least one example of an organism in that phylum. Include a picture or a drawing. Please include an appropriate citation for artwork that is not your own creation.
5 classes of vertebrates- be sure to include information in the appropriate phyla on the following 5 classes of vertebrates (key traits): a. Fish, b. Amphibians, c. Reptiles, d. Birds e. Mammals.
EXPECTED ORGANIZATION/Format
You may choose any presentation media to do this project (prezi, powerpoint etc) as long as the guidelines in this document are followed. Please refer to the citation guidelines below:
If you choose to use a book format, • Title Page – This will be the cover. • Table of Contents – You will list each kingdom and phylum in your book and a page number where each item is found on. You may include more than one kingdom and/or phylum on each page. Kingdoms and phyla will be in the order presented in the handout. • Sequentially numbered pages. • Resources – all sources that were used for your project
• Citation of all the sources using the MLA format – see below for more details.
How to cite your sources
MLA Citation
Here is a brief video from Memorial University Library… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xf_hSUeQ088&index=1&list=PLJte6w3fUL6u49bZBmJGKugDLa PLJxmdk
More citing sources information and examples are accessible on The OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/