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Cybersecurity: Are We Ready in Latin America and the Caribbean?

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Cybersecurity: Are We Ready in Latin America and the Caribbean? OBSERVATORY CYBERSECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Cybersecurity Are We Ready in Latin America and the Caribbean? 2016 Cybersecurity Report www.cybersecurityobservatory.com Organization of American States Organization of American States Copyright © 2016 Inter-American Development Bank. This work is subject to Creative Commons Attribution-NonCom- mercial-NoDerivs IGO 3.0 (CG-IGO 3.0 BY-NC-ND)(http://crea- tivecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legalcode) and may be reproduced for any non-commercial use providing the respective recognition of the IDB and the OAS. No derivative works allowed. Any disputes regarding the use of the work that cannot be re- solved amicably shall be submitted to arbitration under the UNCITRAL rules. Use of the name of the IDB and/or the OAS for any purpose other than the respective recognition and use of the logo of the IDB and/or OAS are not authorized by this CC-IGO license and require an additional licensing agreement from the corresponding organization. Note that the URL link includes additional terms and condi- tions of this license. The opinions expressed in this publication are of the au- thors and do not necessarily reflect the point of view of the Inter-American Development Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent, or the Organization of American States or the countries that comprise it. Inter-American Development Bank Organization of American States Luis Alberto Moreno Luis Almagro President Secretary General Project Coordination Project Coordination Miguel Porrúa Belisario Contreras e-Government Lead Specialist Cybersecurity Program Manager Global Cyber Security IDB-OAS Technical Team Capacity Centre University of Oxford Kerry-Ann Barrett Prof. Sadie Creese Robert Fain Prof. Michael Goldsmith Catalina García Dr. María Bada Gonzalo García-Belenguer Taylor Roberts Catalina Lillo Lara Pace Barbara Marchiori Emmanuelle Pelletier Diego Subero Cybersecurity Are We Ready in Latin America and the Caribbean? 2016 Cybersecurity Report Table of Contents Institutional Messages Expert Contributions ix Foreword IDB 3 Building and Diplomacy in Latin America and the Caribbean xi Foreword OAS Center for Strategic and International Studies CSIS xiii About this Report 7 Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust: Trends in Latin America Fundação Getúlio Vargas FGV 13 Capacity Building in the Americas Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams FIRST 19 The State of Cybercrime Legislation in Latin America and the Caribbean – Some Observations Council of Europe 25 Digital Economy and Cybersecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean World Economic Forum WEF 31 Sustainable and Secure Development: A Framework for Resilient Connected Societies Potomac Institute POTOMAC Methodological Framework 39 Overview 43 Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model 45 The Levels of Maturity OBSERVATORY CYBERSECURITY v IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Country Reports Detailed Methodological Framework 48 Antigua and Barbuda 123 Policy and Strategy 50 Argentina 124 Documented or Official National 52 The Bahamas (Commonwealth of) Cyber strategy 54 Barbados 127 Cyber defense 56 Belize 58 Bolivia 131 Culture and Society 60 Brazil 132 Cybersecurity mind-set 62 Chile 135 Cybersecurity awareness 64 Colombia 136 Confidence and trust on the Internet 66 Costa Rica 139 Privacy online 68 Dominica 70 Dominican Republic 141 Education 72 Ecuador 142 Availability of cyber education and training 74 El Salvador 144 Development of cybersecurity education 76 Grenada 145 Training and educational initiatives within public 78 Guatemala and private sectors 80 Guyana 146 Corporate governance, knowledge and standards 82 Haiti 84 Honduras 147 Legal Frameworks 86 Jamaica 148 Legal frameworks 88 Mexico 152 Legal 90 Nicaragua 155 Responsible reporting 92 Panama 94 Paraguay 157 Technologies 96 Peru 158 Adherence to standards 98 Saint Kitts and Nevis 161 Coordinating organizations 100 Saint Lucia 163 Incident response 102 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 166 National infrastructure resilience 104 Suriname 168 Critical national infrastructure protection 106 Trinidad and Tobago 173 Crisis management 108 Uruguay 175 Digital redundancy 110 Venezuela 177 Cybersecurity marketplace 115 Reflections on the Region www.cybersecurityobservatory.com The dataset can also be downloaded at: https://mydata.iadb.org/idb/dataset/cd6z-sjjc. vI List of Acronyms APWG FGV Anti-Phishing Working Group Fundação Getúlio Vargas AusCERT FIRST Australian Computer Emergency Response Team Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams CARICOM GGE Caribbean Community Group of Government Experts CBM ICANN Confidence-building measures Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers CMM Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model ICS Industrial control system CNI Critical national infrastructure ICT Information and communications technology CoE Council of Europe IDB Inter-American Development Bank CSIRT Computer Security Incident Response Team IGF Internet Governance Forum CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies ITU International Telecommunication Union CTU Caribbean Telecommunications Union IXP Internet exchange point DDoS Distributed denial-of-service attack OBSERVATORY CYBERSECURITY vII IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN ITU-IMPACT SEI ITU International Multilateral Partnership Software Engineering Institute Against Cyber Threats (Carnegie Mellon University) LAC SMART goals Latin America and the Caribbean Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-Bound goals LACNIC Latin America and Caribbean Network Information UDHR Centre Universal Declaration of Human Rights MMWG WEF Multiregional Modeling Working Group World Economic Forum NCI National Cybersecurity Institute OAS Organization of American States OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe POTOMAC Potomac Institute for Policy Studies PKI Public key infrastructure SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition vIII If readers are to take only one message from this 2016 Cybersecurity Report for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), it would be that the vast majority of our countries are not yet prepared to counteract cybercrime. The analysis is a call for action to start taking the necessary steps to protect this 21st century key infrastructure. There is a great deal at stake. According to some calculations, the cost of cybercrime worldwide is US$575 billion a year,1 which represents 0.5% of the global GDP. That is almost four times the annual donation for international development. In LAC, we face a cost equivalent to US$90 billion a year due to this kind of crime.2 With those resources, we could increase fourfold our region’s scientific researchers. Connectivity advantages cannot be denied and people from LAC embrace these new technologies eagerly. Nowadays we are the fourth biggest mobile market in the world; half of our population uses the Internet and our governments make use of digital media to communicate and provide services to citizens. However, we fall short in prevention and mitigation of criminal or malicious activity risks in cyberspace. The Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model developed in this report is a good benchmark to start finding solutions that can remedy the problem. The analysis of its 49 indicators shows that several countries in the region are vulnerable to potentially devastating cyberattacks. Four out of five countries do not have cybersecurity strategies or critical infrastructure protection plans. Two out of three do not count on command centers and cybersecurity control. The vast majority of prosecutors lack the legal capacity to pursue cybercrime actions. If we are to make the most of the so called Fourth Industrial Revolution3, we need to create not only a modern and robust digital infrastructure but also a secure one. Protecting our citizens from cybercrime is not a mere option; it is a key element for our development. As many of the challenges we face in the pursuit of development, this one transcends the capacity of any institution. Our individual efforts have a greater effect when we work with allies who share our aims and values. The report has benefited from this kind of collaboration thanks to the contribution of the Organization of American States, the University of Oxford, Center for Strategic and International Studies, the Getulio Vargas Foundation, the FIRST Organization, the European Council, the Potomac Institute and the World Economic Forum. I hope this systematic and rigorous assessment and its helpful indicators serve as guide and motivation for those responsible for cybersecurity in our region so they can advance quickly in the right direction. Cybercriminals will not allow a moment of hesitation. Luis Alberto Moreno President Inter-American Development Bank OBSERVATORY CYBERSECURITY Ix IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Notes 1. Center for Strategic and International Studies and McAfee (Firm). Net Losses: Estimating the Global Cost of Cybercrime. P.23, 2014. Web. 2. Prandini, Patricia, and Marcia L. Maggiore. Panorama Del Ciberdelito En Latinoamérica. Working paper. Montevideo: Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre, 2011. Print. 3. Professor Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, defined the concept of the Fourth Industrial Revolution that governed the last Annual Meeting programme in Davos on January 2016. http://www.weforum. org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it- means-and-how-to-respond x Organization of American States It is a defining reality of
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