DOCSLIB.ORG

Facade of Many Faces: a Hybrid Skyscraper

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Facade of Many Faces: a Hybrid Skyscraper Façade of Many Faces: A Hybrid Skyscraper A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture In the School of Architecture and Interior Design of the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning March 16th by: Rachael Green B.S. Architecture, University of Cincinnati, 2018 Minor in Sociology, University of Cincinnati, 2018 Committee Chairs: Edward Mitchell Vincent Sansalone ii Abstract: Skyscrapers of the late 19th century looked vastly different than they do today. Historically, the skyscraper began as a single form extrusion containing a single program. Throughout history the skyscraper took on many new forms. Zoning and setback laws of the 1960’s changed the way that the skyscraper looked and was thought about. There has always been a race and desire to have the tallest skyscraper in New York City, and as technology developed it allowed for skyscrapers to be built taller. New York City would become one of the most prominent cities for the skyscraper as well as one of the most iconic skylines. As new heights were reached there was a split from the once ornamental and sculptural skyscraper. Both in past and present day New York City there is an emphasis on designing the tallest and most slender skyscraper. As previously mentioned with the emphasis on height, there was importance placed on the glass tower. Over time this led to the skyscraper becoming an ambiguous and aesthetically standardized building. Office towers and apartment buildings look the same and offer no indication as to what the skyscraper contains. Newer developments have taken over historic parts of New York City and are alien to the architecture surrounding it. While the technology has enabled these skyscrapers to expand, people and historic architecture is forgotten. This thesis explores the historic and theoretical development of the skyscraper and how to challenge the current entire glass clad skyscraper. Through façade articulation, program, section, relationship to the ground and character, this skyscraper will become a place in which every person can have it all. Through the relationship of iii both public and private spaces, the skyscraper will transform from an ambiguous, glass tower into something that represents the history of New York City. iv v Table of Contents Abstract ii Table of Contents v List of Illustrations vi 1. Introduction 1 2. Early Development and Theory 4 3. Chicago School 11 4. Frank Lloyd Wright 16 5. European Theorists 19 6. Cinema and the Skyscraper 24 7. City within a City 28 8. Hybrid Skyscrapers 31 9. New York City and the Skyscraper 40 10. The Site 49 11. A New Typology 52 12. Conclusion 63 Bibliography 65 vi List of Illustrations Figure 1: Kings View of New York, Richard Rummel – Illustration courtesy of Dobraszczyk, Paul. Future Cities: Architecture and the Imagination. London: Reaktion Books. 2019. Figure 2: Drawing by Hugh Ferriss – Illustration courtesy of Ferris, Hugh. The Metropolis of Tomorrow. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. Figure 3: Drawing by Hugh Ferriss – Illustration courtesy of Ferris, Hugh. The Metropolis of Tomorrow. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. Figure 4: Drawing by Hugh Ferriss – Illustration courtesy of Ferris, Hugh. The Metropolis of Tomorrow. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. Figure 5: Drawing by Hugh Ferriss – Illustration courtesy of Ferris, Hugh. The Metropolis of Tomorrow. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. Figure 6: Construction of the Wainwright Building by Adler & Sullivan. Archive at University of Missouri. Figure 7: Details of the Wainwright Building. Archive at University of Missouri. Figure 8: Wainwright Building. Archive at University of Missouri. Figure 9: The Illinois Building by Frank Lloyd Wright. The Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Archives. The Museum of Modern Art, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University, New York. Figure 10: Friedrichstrasse Skyscraper by Mies van der Rohe. MoMa Photography Collection, New York Figure 11: Cartesian Skyscraper by Le Corbusier. http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/corbuweb/morpheus.aspx?sysId=13&IrisObj ectId=5752&sysLanguage=en- en&itemPos=51&itemCount=215&sysParentName=home&sysParentId=65 Figure 12: Still image of the cathedral tower. Lang, Fritz, director. Metropolis. Universum Film (UVA). 1927. Figure 13: Section drawing of Lang’s film Metropolis. http://socks-studio.com/2012/08/15/about-metropolis/ Figure 14: Original cover illustration by Madelon Vriesendorp for Delirious New York by Rem Koolhaas. vii Figure 15: Dutch Pavilion by MVRDV for the 2000 World Expo. Diagram by MVRDV. Figure 16: The Downtown Athletic Club. Photo courtesy of Delirious New York by Rem Koolhaas. Figure 17: The Unit Building by Raymond Hood. Photo courtesy of Delirious New York by Rem Koolhaas Figure 18: The Galleria by David Spector. Architectural diagram courtesy of 50 Hybrid Buildings by a&t Research Group. Pg. 69 Figure 19: New York City skyline. Photo courtesy of https://buildingtheskyline.org/revisiting-1916-i/ Figure 20: Photo of the Chrysler building and its crown. Photograph by author. Figure 21: Photo of the entrance of the Chrysler building. Photograph by user Wally Gobetz, via flickr. Figure 22: Historic photo of the Manhattan skyline in 1896. Library of Congress. Figure 23: Photo of Manhattan skyline in 1931. Photograph by Irving Underhill, via Library of Congress. Figure 24: Photo of Manhattan skyline in 1999. Photograph by Richard Berenholtz, via Photographynewyok. Figure 25: Projected Manhattan skyline in 2022 including new supertall skyscrapers. The Skyscraper Museum, New York. Figure 26: Site plan. Drawn by author. Figure 27: New development and waterfront. Drawing courtesy of Friends of Bushwick Inlet Park Figure 28: Watercolor collage. Drawn by author. Figure 29: Axonometric section and façade study. Drawn by author Figure 30: Plaster cast study by author. Figure 31: Plaster cast study by author. Figure 32: Plaster cast study by author. Figure 33: Plaster cast study by author. viii Figure 34: Axonometric program studies. Drawn by author. Figure 35: Program diagram. Drawn by author. Figure 36: Axonometric section and façade study. Drawn by author. 1 Introduction Figure 1: Richard Rummel’s 1911 illustration entitled Kings View of New York showing the future of architecture and transportation in New York City 2 The skyscraper has taken society to new heights both figuratively and literally. Skyscrapers have long been considered an economic status symbol among cities. There has been and continues to be a competition to have the tallest building in the city, showcasing who and what the city strives to be. Over time they have been streamlined, adapting to new technologies, new ways of thinking and to new aesthetics. They are a way for cities to become denser, containing floors of housing in a single footprint. Currently cities are a high density cultural and architectural mecca, one that is expanding both up and out. Many cities are growing in population, seeing relocation for jobs and other opportunities. But even with these benefits, the architecture does not seem to match. Buildings are getting taller and are seemingly more aesthetically standardized. This high density of housing is causing units to become smaller and denser with an emphasis on size rather than human needs. People are living hundreds of feet in the air and the best feature that can be offered at these heights is a view. Even with these remarkable views, there does not seem to be a connection to the city beneath it. The towers that are occupied lose their sense of place, isolated in the sky, disconnected from the city and its people. It creates a barrier between not only place and people, but also a barrier in human interaction. How can people be brought together through different programs all located in a single building entity? What does it mean and look like to live, work, and play above the city below? To truly know the skyscraper and how it has transformed historically, the tower typology must be studied throughout time. What were the catalysts politically, socially, and materialistically to create such a change? The ever-present, translucent, flat, extruded form of current skyscrapers has created ambiguity within the tower itself and 3 now looks to give unique identity back to the skyscraper through facade and crown articulation. This paper will explore the historical significance of the skyscraper and how it can transform a new tower typology within New York City. The final design will focus on Rem Koolhaas’s theory of a “city within a city” as a way of bringing the city towards the sky, offering up a multi-level extension of New York City that utilizes and explores multiple programs within a single skyscraper. In Delirious New York Koolhaas mentions that buildings are no longer designed, but instead are extruded forms ultimately decided upon by a developer.1 This thesis looks to challenge the ever-present extruded form of the skyscraper, transforming the now translucent, flat skyscrapers into a tower that respects the history of the city while exploring programmatic façade articulation. It aims to remove the ambiguity that has been created within these towers, giving unique identity back to the building. 1 Koolhaas, Rem. Delirious New York. Monacelli Press, 1994. Pg 82. 4 Early Development and Theory Figure 2: Drawing by Hugh Ferriss in the Metropolis of Tomorrow depicting the future of New York City 5 “Between the colossal inanimate forms and those mote-like creatures darting in and out among the foundations, there is such contrast, such discrepancy in scale”.2 In The Metropolis of Tomorrow, Hugh Ferriss breaks down the city and its buildings into three parts: cities of today, projected trends, and an imaginary metropolis. Each section dealing with information regarding how cities impact the design of skyscrapers and vice versa. In the first section titled Cities of Today, Ferris catalogues the parts that make up cities and skyscrapers in the twentieth century.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Read Where Architecture Expert Paul Goldberg Comments on the History of New York's Famous Skyscrapers. As You Do So, Complete
    Can you identify any of these buildings? What do they all have in common? Which one do you like best? Read where architecture expert Paul Goldberg comments on the history of New York’s famous skyscrapers. As you do so, complete the following tasks: · In New York buildings are not only buildings, they become ___________________ · New York took over Chicago as regards skyscrapers in ___________________. · The Woolworth building was the tallest building worldwide for _________________. · The _______________ defined the Manhattan skyline. · They are trying to keep a memory of the people who were lost and also to show New York’s ______________________________. · New York stands out from the other cities as the embodiment of ____________________. Woolworth Building; Empire State Building; Chrysler Building; Flatiron; Hearst Tower The Woolworth Building, at 57 stories (floors), is one of the oldest—and one of the most famous—skyscrapers in New York City. It was the world’s tallest building for 17 years. More than 95 years after its construction, it is still one of the fifty tallest buildings in the United States as well as one of the twenty tallest buildings in New York City. The building is a National Historic Landmark, having been listed in 1966. The Empire State Building is a 102-story landmark Art Deco skyscraper in New York City at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. Like many New York building, it has become seen as a work of art. Its name is derived from the nickname for New York, The Empire State. It stood as the world's tallest building for more than 40 years, from its completion in 1931 until construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower was completed in 1972.
    [Show full text]
  • Hearst Tower Makes Dramatic Use of Light & Space
    Inside & out, Hearst Tower makes dramatic use of light & space. Welcome to Hearst Tower, Hearst’s global headquarters and the first New York City st landmark of the 21 century. Using the original 1928 Hearst International Magazine Building as his pedestal, noted British architect Norman Foster has conceived an arresting 46-story glass-and-steel skyscraper that establishes a number of design and environmental milestones. Hearst Tower is a true pioneer in environmental sustain- ABOUT HEARST ability, having been declared the first “green” Hearst Tower is home to employees office building in New York City history. of Hearst, one of the largest Inside and out, the design of Hearst Tower diversified media, information and makes dramatic use of light and space. The soar- services companies. Its major inter- ing three-story atrium—filled with the sound of ests span close to 300 magazines cascading water—creates a sense of calm on a around the world, including Cosmo- grand scale. The exterior honeycomb of steel politan, ELLE and O, The Oprah Mag- keeps the interior work areas uncluttered by azine; respected daily newspapers, pillars and walls, thus creating superb views of including the Houston Chronicle and the city from most vantages on the work floor. San Francisco Chronicle; television At night, with its radically angled panes of glass, stations around the country that Hearst Tower looks like a faceted jewel. reach approximately 19 percent of U.S. TV households; ownership in leading cable networks, including Lifetime, A&E, HISTORY and ESPN; as well as business information, digital services businesses and investments in emerging digital and video companies.
    [Show full text]
  • QUES in ARCH HIST I Jump to Today Questions in Architectural History 1
    [email protected] - QUES IN ARCH HIST I Jump to Today Questions in Architectural History 1 Faculty: Zeynep Çelik Alexander, Reinhold Martin, Mabel O. Wilson Teaching Fellows: Oskar Arnorsson, Benedict Clouette, Eva Schreiner Thurs 11am-1pm Fall 2016 This two-semester introductory course is organized around selected questions and problems that have, over the course of the past two centuries, helped to define architecture’s modernity. The course treats the history of architectural modernity as a contested, geographically and culturally uncertain category, for which periodization is both necessary and contingent. The fall semester begins with the apotheosis of the European Enlightenment and the early phases of the industrial revolution in the late eighteenth century. From there, it proceeds in a rough chronology through the “long” nineteenth century. Developments in Europe and North America are situated in relation to worldwide processes including trade, imperialism, nationalism, and industrialization. Sequentially, the course considers specific questions and problems that form around differences that are also connections, antitheses that are also interdependencies, and conflicts that are also alliances. The resulting tensions animated architectural discourse and practice throughout the period, and continue to shape our present. Each week, objects, ideas, and events will move in and out of the European and North American frame, with a strong emphasis on relational thinking and contextualization. This includes a historical, relational understanding of architecture itself. Although the Western tradition had recognized diverse building practices as “architecture” for some time, an understanding of architecture as an academic discipline and as a profession, which still prevails today, was only institutionalized in the European nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability Report National Sustainability Report 2016
    NATIONAL REAL ESTATE ADVISORS 2016 SUSTAINABILITY REPORT NATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2016 OUR OUTLOOK National Real Estate Advisor’s (“National”) consistent commitment to continuous process is committed to creating well-paying jobs and investment policies and approach include improvement, National went through a strategic providing access to healthy work spaces. sustainable development and management planning process in 2016 to further define our Most importantly, we provide challenging and practices to help realize long-term investment Environmental, Social, and Governance (or ESG) meaningful work to our employees who in turn returns through more efficient operations and approach. This effort included an evaluation enable our organization to make a difference in healthier, more attractive building environments and even deeper commitment to stakeholder the lives of the people and communities in which for tenants and their employees. With a engagement, which ultimately means National we work, live, and invest. ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND GOVERNANCE National has expanded its commitment to programs, and performance and is a relative constructed to green building standards, with enhance environmental, social, and governance benchmark assessing the ESG performance of real LPM Apartments (Minneapolis, MN), Confluence policies related to its portfolio management and estate portfolios globally. In 2016, several National Apartments (Denver, CO), 3737 Buffalo Speedway states these commitments in the company’s projects received green building certifications and (Houston, TX), 167 W. Erie (Chicago, IL), East sustainability policy. As an investment manager, ratings. 2929 Weslayan (LEED® Gold), Bainbridge Market (Philadelphia, PA) and Field Office National achieved its second Green Star recognition Bethesda (LEED® Silver) and Bainbridge Shady (Portland, OR) all registered with the goal of LEED® (achieving 3 of 5 possible Green Stars) from the Grove (Green Globes) received their certifications.
    [Show full text]
  • Excerpts from the Accidental Skyline
    Excerpts from The Accidental Skyline A report by the Municipal Art Society of New York, December 2013 Full text (with images): https://www.mas.org/pdf/accidental-skyline-2013-12-20-web.pdf Executive Summary The size and scale of the as-of-right buildings going up on and around 57th St. deserve particular attention because of their proximity to Central Park. Individually, the towers may not have a significant effect; however their collective impact has not been considered… Central Park and New York City’s other open spaces are critical to the economic health of the city and to the well-being of its residents. The mixed skyline along the edges of Central Park is one of the park’s defining and most memorable features. The solution is not to landmark this skyline, but to find a way to ensure that the public has a voice when our skyline and open spaces are affected by new development and to require careful analysis to help inform the decision-making process… Based on the shadow studies MAS has produced, it is clear that the existing regulations do not sufficiently protect Central Park, nor do they provide a predictable framework for guiding development. Quite to the contrary, the existing regulations are producing buildings that have caught the public off- guard and have surprised regulators. A re-appraisal of the zoning around our key open spaces is needed to ensure that, as New York continues to develop, we are carefully considering the impacts of growth… Background Even a hundred years ago, New York City’s skyline was called, “the most stupendous unbelievable manmade spectacle since the hanging gardens of Babylon.” For over a century, the demand for land, advancing technology and intense ambition to create the tallest building in the world has transformed New York City’s skyline.
    [Show full text]
  • Muse2016v50p75-89.Pdf (4.825Mb)
    Fallen Angel A Case Study in Architectural Ornamentation w. arthur mehrhoff According to the late anthropologist James Deetz, we can decode cultural meanings from the past most fully by studying “small things often overlooked and even forgotten.”1 While architectural historians often train their scholarly lenses on landmark buildings and structures, vernacular objects such as doorways, gravestones, and even discarded architectural orna- ments offer students of culture a kind of intellectual “mortar” that can help them fit larger structures to- gether into a conceptual whole.2 The Museum of Art and Archaeology’s winged terracotta figure, a splendid example of architectural ornament and a survivor of urban redevelopment, was one of a series of similar figures that originally graced the elaborate frieze of the 1898 twelve-story Title Guaranty Building, one of the earliest tall office buildings in downtown St. Louis. The building, known at its construction as the Lincoln Trust Building, was destroyed in 1983. The Fallen Angel The figure stands facing to the front with arms crossed at her waist (Fig. 1 and back cover).3 Constructed in three parts–base and lower part of a plinth, upper half of plinth, and upper body–she Fig. 1. Architectural winged figure in high relief, 1898, terra- cotta. H. 2.140 m. From the Title Guaranty Building (originally the Lincoln Trust Building), St. Louis, Missouri. Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri (84.109a–c), gift of Mr. and Mrs. Mark A. Turken and Mr. and Mrs. Paul L. Miller, Jr. Photo: Jeffrey Wilcox. 75 FALLEN ANGEL Fig. 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Planning Commission Meeting October 15, 2019 Recap of Process- History
    SIA - Phase 1A:Form-Based Code Planning Commission Meeting October 15, 2019 Recap of Process- History ❑ Sept. 2017: Hold kick-off charrette in the SIA ❑ Dec. 2017: Submit first draft of FBC ❑ Mar. 2018: Submission of Second Draft of FBC ❑ April 2018: Submit housing needs assessment & financial analysis of affordable housing options ❑ June 2018: Housing Assessment Presentation to City Council ❑ Sept. 2018 Hold community engagement workshops with public housing residents to discuss FBC and housing strategy ❑ Sept. 2018: Review Friendship Court site plan and meet with PHA leadership ❑ April 2019: Meeting with CRHA and PHRA Boards ❑ Aug. 2019: Hold work session with City Council & Planning Commission ❑ Sept. 2019: Hold two stakeholder open houses and consolidate feedback on draft ❑ Oct. 2019: Submit final draft of FBC to NDS ❑ Oct. 2019: Presentation to Planning Commission Tonight’s Presentation ❑ The basics of FBCs ❑ Explain the contents of proposed FBC ❑ Get direction on outstanding issues ❑ Hear concerns and answer questions Form Based Codes ➢ A recap of the basics What is included in a Form-Based Code? Four common factors: • Regulating plan (zoning map), • Building type/use and form, • Open space considerations, • Design and function of streets. In broad strokes, the type, size, and scale of desired private and public development. Code aspirations Potential Benefits of FBCs ✓ Make it easier to walk, bike, use transit ✓ Set standards for community scale and character ✓ Integrate uses better ✓ Offer more cohesive design and development ✓
    [Show full text]
  • Architectural Drawings at the Avery Library
    At the Confluence of Three Traditions: Architectural Drawings at the Avery Library ANGELAGIRAL NEXTTO AIRLINES, libraries today boast one of the most successfully shared databases of information. As with airline reservations, the initial impetus for the computerization of library cataloging was economic- the computer as a speedy way to communicate essentially repetitive information over vast distances. This is based on the assumption that many libraries across the land would all be cataloging the same book, and that the costly intellectual work could be shared by many libraries if there was an easy way of copying the first record entered into the database (American Library Association 1978). It was not easy to develop the international standards necessary for this cooperative effort. It took approximately 100years for the atdoption of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR2) that are today the “Bible” of book cataloging in this country. But unlike libraries, both archives and museums collect materials that are, by definition, unique. The economic incentive of “copy cata- loging” has no validity for archives or museums and thus it has taken longer for these two kinds of institutions to agree to the concessions and compromises that are necessary to achieve standards. Two incentives seem to exist for the creation of standards for museum cataloging practices. One is the proliferation of cross-disciplinary collections and the desire for integrated catalogs (architecture as part of material culture as well as of art history and socioeconomic history). The other is the ability to incorporate the image into an automated cataloging system. Trevor Fawcett (1982), in his criticism of AACR2, called for an ef- fort to “harmonise standards” and said that “if the potential scope of Angela Giral, Avery Library, Cdumbia University, New York, NY 10027 LIBRARY TRENDS, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • City Block Development Project: Frequently Asked Questions
    City Block Development: Frequent Asked Questions October 22, 2019 City Block Development Project: Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is the City Block Project? City Block is a new, 3-acre multi-use development project in Downtown Paducah. The Project includes a new destination hotel, two mixed-use residential/retail buildings, a public town square, and public off-street parking. 2. Where is City Block Project located? City Block is located on a city-owned Site bounded by Broadway, Jefferson, Water and Second Streets in Downtown Paducah. The Site is currently used for off-street public parking. 3. Who is leading the Project? City Block is a joint partnership between the City of Paducah, the land owner, and Weyland Ventures, a multi-disciplinary real estate development firm based in Louisville. Weyland Ventures is known for creating unique mixed-use properties in urban areas across the nation through the use of state and federal historic tax credits, new market tax credits, and other layered financing tools. Weyland Ventures’ projects incorporate residential, commercial, retail, and entertainment venues to create new and vibrant neighborhoods while preserving a community’s unique characteristics and heritage. Notable projects include Whiskey Row Lofts, the Slugger Museum and Factory in Louisville, and Owensboro’s Downtown and Riverfront Revitalization. 4. What is the agreement between the City of Paducah and Weyland Ventures? In April 2019, the City of Paducah entered into a 12-month preliminary development agreement with Weyland Ventures to undertake planning, design, and development activities for the City Block site. As part of this agreement, the City agreed to undertake due diligence work, including environmental review, geotechnical analysis, a utility assessment, and a parking assessment.
    [Show full text]
  • CHARNLEY, JAMES, HOUSE Ot
    NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 CHARNLEY, JAMES, HOUSE Page 1 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service_____________________________________National Register of Historic Places Registration Form 1. NAME OF PROPERTY Historic Name: CHARNLEY, JAMES, HOUSE Other Name/Site Number: CHARNLEY-PERSKY HOUSE 2. LOCATION Street & Number: 1365 North Astor Street Not for publication: City/Town: Chicago Vicinity: State: IL County: Cook Code:031 Zip Code:60610-2144 3. CLASSIFICATION Ownership of Property Category of Property Private: X_ Building(s): X Public-Local: __ District: __ Public-State: __ Site: __ Public-Federal: Structure: __ Object: __ Number of Resources within Property Contributing Noncontributing 1 __ buildings __ sites __ structures __ objects 1 Total Number of Contributing Resources Previously Listed in the National Register: 1 Name of Related Multiple Property Listing: N/A NFS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 CHARNLEY, JAMES, HOUSE Page 2 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form 4. STATE/FEDERAL AGENCY CERTIFICATION As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this X nomination ___ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property ___ meets ___ does not meet the National Register Criteria. Signature of Certifying Official Date State or Federal Agency and Bureau In my opinion, the property __ meets __ does not meet the National Register criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Public-Private Partnerships – Changing New York City's Skyline
    PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS – CHANGING NEW YORK’S SKYLINE New York State Bar Association Real Property Law Section Advanced Real Estate Topics 2016 December 12, 2016 Meredith J. Kane, Esq. Andrea D. Ascher, Esq. Partner Deputy General Counsel, Real Estate Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Metropolitan Transportation Authority Garrison LLP 2 Broadway 1285 Avenue of the Americas New York, New York 10004 New York, New York 10019 1 PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS – CHANGING NEW YORK’S SKYLINE A public–private partnership (PPP) is a cooperative arrangement among government agencies and private sector partners to undertake a complex large-scale development project, typically with a large infrastructure component. Governments have used such a mix of public and private arrangements in large-scale projects for years. In modern times, almost no private development project is done without public subsidy. Tax and interest rate subsidies, and land use policy, with its implicit subsidies, have played, and continue to play, a critical role in promoting and directing private development in New York City and New York State. For example, consider the roles of: Real Property Tax Incentives – J-51, 421-a, ICAP Multi-Family Housing Incentives: Tax-Exempt Bonds, Inclusionary Housing Zoning Bonuses Zoning Bonuses, Zoning Overrides, Zoning Special Districts (for Affordable Housing, Landmarks Preservation, Creation of Open Space) IDA Benefits for Commercial Tenant Retention and Relocation All of these mechanisms have been used variously in privately-sponsored projects having major public improvements, such as Atlantic Yards, Bank of America Headquarters, Columbia University Expansion and, most recently, One Vanderbilt. Similarly, almost no publicly-sponsored project in New York City is done without private developers – consider, for example, 42nd Street, Battery Park City, Hudson Yards, CornellTech Roosevelt Island, Queens West, World Trade Center, Fulton Center, the Moynihan Farley Post Office Building, Penn Station, and 347 Madison - MTA Headquarters Development.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Bibliography of Commercial Architecture in the United States
    A HISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COMMERCIAL ARCHITECTURE IN THE UNITED STATES Compiled by Richard Longstreth, 2002; last revised 7 May 2019 I have focused on historical accounts giving substantive coverage of the commercial building types that traditionally distinguish city and town centers, outlying business districts, and roadside development. These types include financial institutions, hotels and motels, office buildings, restaurants, retail and wholesale facilities, and theaters. Buildings devoted primarily to manufacturing and other forms of production, transportation, and storage are not included. Citations of writings devoted to the work of an architect or firm and to the buildings of a community are limited to a few of the most important relative to this topic. For purposes of convenience, listings are divided into the following categories: Banks; Hotels-Motels; Office Buildings; Restaurants; Taverns, etc.; Retail and Wholesale Buildings; Roadside Buildings, Miscellaneous; Theaters; Architecture and Place; Urbanism; Architects; Materials-Technology; and Miscellaneous. Most accounts are scholarly in nature, but I have included some popular accounts that are particularly rich in the historical material presented. Any additions or corrections are welcome and will be included in updated editions of this bibliography. Please send them to me at [email protected]. B A N K S Andrew, Deborah, "Bank Buildings in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia," in William Cutler, III, and Howard Gillette, eds., The Divided Metropolis: Social and Spatial Dimensions
    [Show full text]