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History of Public School Education in Arkansas

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History of Public School Education in Arkansas 1 UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN, 1912: NO. 27 - WHOLE NUMBER 500 HISTORY OF PUBLIC SCHOOL EDUCATION IN ARKANSAS By STEPHEN R WEEKS OF FM RiAl OF 11): .NTIoN WASIIINGTON ERNMEINT PRINTING OFTICE 1912 1.840 MAY -5 1914 4. 9I2 21- 1 q, . CONTENTS. .b Plae. Letter of transmittal 6 Chapter I.The Americanization of Arkansas 7 Sale of Louisiana and organization of Arkansas 7 Growth of Arkansas population, 1820-1910 8, Sources of this English-speaking population and its feeling toward educa- tion 9 Chapter II.Private schools prior to the Civil War 11 Indian schools 11 Private schools and academies - 12 Batesville Academy 15 General character of the charters, 1836-1861 16 Schools chartered, 1838-1861 17 Tendencies seen in these charters 21 Chapter II1. The public-school system and the State land funds, 1827-1861.. 24 The seminary and saline funds 25 Message of Gov. Conway in 1837 28 Laws of December 17, 1838, and December 28, 1840 26 Address of Gov. Yell on. industrial training I.27 Law of December 23, 1844id fortunes of the seminary fund 27 Law of 1849 transfers the seminary lands to the public schools 28 The sixteenth section fund 29 Origin of this fund 29 Constitution of 1836 30 The act of 1843 31 State textbooks, 1843 34 The law of 1849 36 The law.of 1851 36 The law,of 1853 38 A State school commissioner appointed 38 Working of the school law of 1853 40 Reports on public schools, 1864-1861 41 Chapter I V.The Murphy administration, 1864-1888 47 The Federal conquest of Arkansas 47 The constitution of 1864 47 Isaac Murphy chosen governor 1 47 His message to the Union assembly of 1864 48 Assembly of 1886 -67 levies a State tax 48 Earle made State superintendent 49 Chapter V.The reconstruction nlgime, 1868 -1874 51 The constitution of 1868 51 The school lgof July 23,1888 53 Thomas Smith becomes superintendent and organises the school& 64 J. C. Corbin becomes superintendent 58 Political turmoil and reasons for failure of the school system 58 r8 4 CONTE/ITS. PAM Chapter VI. The restoration of home rule, 1874-1894 59 The constitution of 1874 69 The interregnum, 1874-75 60 The law of December 7, 1875 60 The administration of Geo. W. Hill, 1875-1878 62 The administrations of James L. Denton aneDunbar H. Pope, 1878-1882 67 The administration of Woodville E. Thompson, 1882-1890 69 The administration of Josiah H. Shinn; 1890-1894 70 Chapter VII. The present era, 1894-1912 74 The administrations of Junius Jordan and J. W. Kuvkendall, 1894-1898. 74 The administration of J. J. Doyne, 1898-1902 75 II. The administration of J.'H. Hinemon, 1902-1906, and J. J. Doyne, 1906-1906- 1908 76 The administration of George B. Cook, 1908 to date 80 Public high schools 83 Chapter VIII.The organization of city school systems .. 88 The act of February 4, 1869 88 Little Rock 89 Fort Smith 91 Hot Springs 92 Other systems 92 Chapter IX.The origin and history of the permanent school fund 93 The sixteenth section fund., 93 The seminary fund 97 The saline fund - 101 The permanent school fund 103 State scrip burned 107 Chapter XMiscellaneous matters 109 I. Auxiliary educational agencies 109 The Arkansas Teachers' Association 109 The educational press of Arkansas 109 School improvement associations 111 Teachers' reading circle 112 Southern education hoard 112 The education commission 112 The State board of education 113 Arkansas library association 114 II. The negro schools 115 .III. Review and aspirations . .., 118 Pub lioschool statistics,,1868-1912 122 I. School population, teachers, property, and school year 122 II. Enrollment and attendance 123 III. School rove, 124 IV. School expenlituree 126 V. Assessed valuittion of property 126 VI. Apportionment of common-school fund, 1912 126 Bibliography of public-school education in Arkansas 127 Index 129 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, ' BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, D. C., July 26, 1912. SIR: In most States of the Union campaignsmore or less system- atic have been conducted within thelast few years for the improvement and more adequate support of the public schools. The campaigns in the Southern States have been remarkable for their intensity and continuity, as well as for the comprehensiveness of theirpur- pose and the importance of their results.In these campaigns the appeal must always he to the people and to their representatives in legislatures and county and city tax-levying bodies. Both the people and their representatives must be convinced that the legislation asked for will be for the public good, and that the objects for which appropriations are to be made and taxes levied and collectedare worthy.Above allimust it be shown that they are in keeping with the spirit of the best developmentin the State and conuflomity, and -such as would meet the approval of those statesmen and other public men who have determined the policy of the State, and to whom the people are accustomed to look for guidance in civic matters.I have been more or less directly connected with these campaigns'in several States and have frequently feltthe need of some brief, clear, and comprehensive account,of the origin and growth of the pnblic-school systems of those States and of definite knowledge of the attitude of the leaders and representatives of the people toward the questions of public education. Many others have felt thesame need.But the history of public education in these States has never been written in this way.I have therefore arranged for a series of studies in the history of public education in several States, to be published by the Bureau of F ucation for distribution in the States to which they refer.The fi use- of tItese publications will he as handbiidlEt in these catnpaigns.I believe they will also have much value for stu- dents of educatiop when the time comesas it must soon comefor writing the history of education in this country in a more formal and comprehensive way. The accompanying manuscript kelating.to education in the State of,Arkansas is the p.st of this series.I recommInd that it be pub- lished as a bulletin of this, bureau. Very respectfully, P. P. Cuirrox, Comzninionir. The SECRETARY OF TEE INTERIOR. 44. HISTORY OF PUBLIC SCHOOL EDUCATION IN ARKANSAS. CHAPTER I. THE AMERICANIZATION OF ARKANSAS. CO The territory now embraced within the State of Arkansaswas discovered and explored by.'the Spaniards under De Soto, andwas settled by the French under La Salle and De Tonti.It formed' a part of French Lo-uisiana and came to the United States wijoh the trarfsfer of December 20, 1803.Under the act of Congress of March 26, 1804, the present State of Arkansas was made a part of the Dis- trict, of Louisiana, which was usually and popularly styled Upper Louisiana.Under the congressional act of March 3,1805,the District of Louisiana was erected into the Territory of Louisiana, the country now included in the State of Arkansas being embraced, along with the southern part of Missouri, in the District of New Madrid. On June 27, 1806, the District of Arkansas was erected under authority of an act of the Legislature of the Territory of Louisiana.At that time practically the only settleme within the bounds of Arkansas were those at Arkansas Post an('amp Esperance, but by 1819 the population had so increased that the Federal Government found it desirable to organize the District of Arkansas as a Territory (Mar. 2, 1819).The hounds of the new , Territory were 33° on the south, 36° 30' on the north, and the Mississippi River on the east.On the west it extended indefinitely to the Mexican possessions, a distance of at least 550 miles.The Post of Arkansas was fixed-as the seat of administration, while the population, nearly 14,000 in number, was located mainly on the tributarids of the White and St. Francis Rivers, on the Mississippi River between New Madrid and Point Chicot, and up bot sides of the Arkansas for 100 miles above Arkansas Post. It isrelevant'td trace very briefly the growth of populat n in tlike new Territory and to find as far as possible the sources from which the early .population. came.If these sources can` be disCovered, beyond question a most Valuable key to the sentiments of the people Ncrrit.The author of this study desires to expresa his th;brs to Mesas. Josiah II Shinn, George B. Cook, B. W. Torreyson, John H. Reynolds, and D: Y. Thome% W of Arkansas, who read this paper w.hUe In mNusorlpt and made waned suuestIons. 4 8 HISTORY OF PUBLIC EDUCATION IN ARKANSAS. toward the general subject of education will have been obtained. The population of Arkansas since 1722, the per cent of increase by decades, and the population per square mile are given in the following table: Statistical view of Arkansaa population, 1722-1910. Per cent of Increase Population Year. White. Colored. Total. since last permutate ' census. mile.e. I n 1722 . 1766 88 1785 178 1799 368 1810 1,062 1820 / I 12,579 1, 876 14. 245 1830 25,671 4,717 30,3K8 11.1.1 0.3 1835 56,134 9.630 67,764 121.0 .6 1840 77,174 20, 400 97, 574 I 221. 1 1.0 1850 47.708 209,897 115.1 4.0 1860 7-1324271193 111,2.9 435,402 107.5 8 7 1870 362,112 122, 169 484,284 11. 3 9.
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