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01 File One #A THE PLANTS OF MICHIGAN Division PINOPHYTA—The Gymnosperms TAXACEAE, The Yew Family Dioecious evergreen shrubs, with spirally arranged, linear leaves. Male cones small; seeds solitary, on axillary branches and covered with fleshy red tissue, resembling a berry. One species in Michigan, a low shrub with ascending branches (to 2 m high)—Ground-hemlock, Taxus canadensis PINACEAE, The Pine Family Monoecious trees, usually evergreen, with needle-like leaves either spi- rally arranged (appearing to be alternate) or in clusters (fascicles). Male cones small, not woody; female cones larger and often woody, the seeds in pairs on spirally arranged scales. 1a. Leaves grouped in fascicles—2 1b. Leaves alternate, not in fascicles—5 2a. Leaves mostly in fascicles of ten or more, on short lateral wart-like branches, deciduous each autumn; often in bogs (to 20 m high)—Tama- rack, Larix laricina 2b. Leaves in fascicles of two or five (Pinus spp., Pine)—3 3a. Leaves in fascicles of five (to 70 m high)—White Pine, Pinus strobus 3b. Leaves in fascicles of two—4 Pinus strobus, the white pine, is the Michigan state tree. At one time significant areas of the Upper Peninsula and the northern Lower Peninsula were covered with immense specimens (150–200 feet high) of this species. From 1870–1890 Michigan led the nation in lumber pro- duction, much of which was white pine. Most had been logged by the early 1900s, at which time the fungus Cronartium ribicola, the causal agent of white pine blister rust, was introduced from Europe. Although white pine was subsequently planted on state lands, this disease made production of lumber-quality trees infeasible. A remnant of the original majestic forest survives in Hartwick Pines State Park, near Grayling. 4a. Leaves 8–15 cm long (to 40 m high)—Red Pine, Pinus resinosa 4b. Leaves 2–4 cm long (to 20 m high)—Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana 93 94 Typhaceae 5a. Leaves four-sided (Picea spp., Spruce)—6 5b. Leaves flattened—7 6a. Young twigs pubescent, cones ovoid; often in bogs (to 10–25 m high)— Black Spruce, Picea mariana 6b. Young twigs glabrous, cones cylindrical; NM (to 25 m high)—White Spruce, Picea glauca 7a. Leaves short-stalked, 15 mm long or less (to 30 m high)—Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis 7b. Leaves sessile, 15–30 mm long; NM (to 25 m high)—Balsam Fir, Abies balsamea CUPRESSACEAE, The Cypress Family Monoecious or dioecious trees or shrubs, usually evergreen, with nee- dle-like or scale-like leaves either opposite or whorled. Male cones small; female cones either dehiscent and woody with brown scales or indehiscent and berry-like with bluish scales. 1a. Leafy twigs soft and flattened; female cones woody with brown scales (to 20 m high)—White-cedar or Arbor Vitae, Thuja occidentalis 1b. Leafy twigs not distinctly flattened; female cones berry-like with bluish scales (Juniperus spp., Juniper)—2 2a. Leaves in whorls of three; often a spreading or ascending shrub, growing in dense mats (0.5–2 m high)—Ground Juniper, Juniperus communis var. depressa 2b. Leaves opposite—3 3a. Erect tree; SLP (to 20 m high)—Red-cedar, Juniperus virginiana 3b. Prostrate or spreading shrub; NM, espp. Great Lakes shores (to 10 cm high)—Creeping Juniper, Juniperus horizontalis Division MAGNOLIOPHYTA—The Flowering Plants Class LILIOPSIDA—The Monocotyledons TYPHACEAE, The Cat-tail Family Monoecious perennial herbs with long, alternate, linear, erect leaves. Flowers unisexual, in terminal spikes, the male flowers above the fe- male; perianth of few to many bristles or narrow scales; stamens often Potamogetonaceae 95 3, the filaments separate or united; pistil 1, style 1, ovary superior, 1-celled. Fruit an achene. Summer. 1a. Staminate and pistillate portions of the flower-spike usually contiguous, the latter 2 cm or more in diameter; leaf blades often 8 mm or more wide; marshes and ditches (1–3 m high)—Common Cat-tail, Typha latifolia 1b. Staminate and pistillate portions of the spike separated, the latter 2 cm or less in diameter; leaf blades less than 8 mm wide; marshes and ditches (1–1.5 m high)—Narrow- leaved Cat-tail, Typha angustifolia Cat-tail plants with an appearance intermediate between Typha latifolia and Typha angusti- folia, and with bluish-green foliage, are examples of the naturally occurring hybrid, Typha ×glauca. SPARGANIACEAE, The Bur-reed Family Monoecious perennial herbs with alternate, linear, mostly erect leaves. Flowers unisexual, in dense, spherical heads; perianth of 3–6 tepals; sta- mens 1–8; pistil 1, style 1, ovary superior, 1–(rarely 2) celled. Fruit an achene. Summer. Seven species occur in Michigan, of which the most common are: 1a. Leaves floating; NM—Sparganium angustifolium 1b. Leaves stiff and erect, emergent—2 2a. Stigmas two, inflorescence branched; marshes and shores (0.5–1.2 m high; summer)—Bur-reed, Sparganium eurycarpum 2b. Stigma one, inflorescence unbranched; shores, shallow lakes, etc. (5–60 cm high; summer)—Sparganium chlorocarpum POTAMOGETONACEAE, The Pondweed Family Perennial aquatic herbs with alternate or nearly subopposite, sub- merged or floating leaves. Flowers regular, perfect, in axillary or ter- minal spikes; perianth of 4 tepals; stamens 4; pistils and styles (1–)4, each ovary superior, 1-celled. Fruit an achene or small drupe. Thirty species of Potamogeton occur in Michigan, among which two of the most conspicuous are: 1a. Floating leaves with cordate leaves—Potamogeton natans 1b. Leaves all submerged, stems flattened—Potamogeton zosteriformis 96 Juncaginaceae For the identification of the remaining species of Potamogeton, consult Voss (1972). Try to gather fruiting material; sterile pondweeds are very difficult to identify. ZANNICHELLIACEAE, The Horned Pondweed Family Monoecious perennial, submerged aquatic herbs with opposite, thread-like entire leaves. Flowers unisexual, small, in axillary clus- ters; perianth 0; stamen 1; pistils and styles often 4 or 5, each ovary superior, 1-celled. Fruit a nutlet. One species in Michigan, leaves thread-like, 3–8 cm long—Zannichellia palustris NAJADACEAE, The Naiad Family Monoecious or dioecious annual, submerged aquatic herbs with oppo- site or whorled leaves with minutely toothed margins. Flowers uni- sexual, small, axillary, solitary or in few-flowered clusters; perianth 0; stamen 1; pistil 1, style 1, ovary superior, 1-celled. Fruit an achene. Five species in Michigan, of which the three most widespread are: 1a. Leaves sharply and coarsely toothed—Najas marina 1b. Leaves entire or with minute teeth—2 2a. Leaves less than 1 mm wide, apex tapers to slender point—Najas flexilis 2b. Leaves usually over 1 mm wide, apex acute, not long-tapered—Najas guadalupensis JUNCAGINACEAE, The Arrow-grass Family Perennial herbs with linear, cylindrical leaves. Flowers regular, per- fect, inconspicuous, in racemes; perianth of 6 tepals; stamens 6; pis- tils and styles 3 or 6, each ovary superior, 1-celled. Fruit a cluster of follicles. 1a. Stem leaves present, each with a terminal pore; flowers in a loose-bracted raceme; bogs (20–40 cm high; late spring)—Scheuchzeria palustris 1b. Leaves all basal, terminal pore absent; flowers numerous in a bractless, spike-like raceme; marshes, shores (late spring and summer)— (Triglochin spp., Arrow-grass)—2 Butomaceae 97 2a. Stigmas six; fruit (usually seen at the base of the raceme) ovoid or ob- long, rounded at the base (20–80 cm high)—Triglochin maritimum 2b. Stigmas three; fruit linear, narrowed at the base (20–40 cm high)— Triglochin palustre ALISMATACEAE, The Water-plantain Family Perennial herbs with basal, broad-bladed leaves and scape-like stems. Flowers regular, perfect or unisexual (the plants then monoecious), in panicles or racemes; sepals 3, petals 3, white; stamens 6–many; pistils and styles 3–many, either in a ring or a spiral, each ovary superior, 1-celled. Fruit an achene. Summer. 1a. Pistils in a ring; perfect flowers in panicles; marshes, ditches (0.2–1 m tall or more)—Water-plantain, Alisma plantago-aquatica [incl. A. triv- iale & A. subcordatum—CQ] 1b. Pistils in a head; flowers in a raceme of 3-flowered whorls, the lower pistillate, the upper staminate; shores, in shallow water (3–120 cm high)—(Sagittaria spp., Arrowhead)—3 2a. Leaves ovate to linear, not sagittate at base—3 2b. Leaves broad or narrow, sagittate at base—4 3a. Pistillate (basal) flowers sessile or nearly so (10–80 cm high)—Sagit- taria rigida 3b. Pistillate flowers with obvious pedicels (3–50 cm high)—Sagittaria graminea 4a. Basal lobes small, short, linear (10–80 cm high)—Sagittaria rigida 4b. Basal lobes of the leaf conspicuous, triangular, almost or quite as long as the terminal portion—5 5a. Beak of the achene very short and erect (10–50 cm high)—Sagittaria cuneata 5b. Beak of the achene sharp, curved at right angles to the body (10–120 cm high)—Wapato, Sagittaria latifolia BUTOMACEAE, The Flowering-rush Family Perennial emergent aquatic herbs with long, linear, erect leaves. Flow- ers regular, perfect, in a terminal umbel; sepals 3, pink; petals 3, pink; stamens 9; pistils and styles 6, united below, each ovary superior, 1-celled. Fruit a cluster of follicles. Summer. 98 Gramineae (Poaceae) One species in coastal marshes, SE (1–1.5 m high)—Flowering-rush, Buto- mus umbellatus HYDROCHARITACEAE, The Frog’s-bit Family Dioecious perennial submerged aquatic herbs. Flowers regular or not, unisexual, solitary or in a few-flowered axillary cyme enclosed in a bract (spathe); sepals 3; petals 0, 1, or 3, sometimes much-reduced; stamens 2 (Vallisneria) or 9 (Elodea), 3 staminodes present in pis- tillate flowers; pistil 1, style(s) 1 or 3, ovary inferior, 1-celled. Fruit a capsule or indehiscent. Summer. 1a. Leaves ribbon-like, all basal, 20 cm long or more—Tape-grass, Vallis- neria americana 1b. Leaves on the stem, mostly in whorls of three, 2 cm long or less (Elodea spp., Water-weed)—2 2a.
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