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2005 Abstracts 2005– ASQDE MEETING ABSTRACTS The views expressed by the authors or presenters in material presented at the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners Annual General Meeting and/or on the CD distributed at the meeting, are not necessarily the views of, nor are they endorsed by, the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners, Inc. The abstracts for the 2005 ASQDE AGM are contained on individual pages within this document. The ASQDE has provided this abstract configuration to facilitate the output of individual abstracts (one per page). • Towards a New Evidence Interpretation System Ulla-Britt Aberg Abstract: This paper will give the background to why the National Laboratory of Forensic Science in Sweden decided to try to change its model of evidence interpretation system including how to express the findings in each examination in a totally new scale of conclusions. The paper will deal with the problems that met and still meet the group working with this project. The project started in September 2001 and is planned to continue for a couple of years. The overall aim of the project was to give the staff at the National Laboratory of Forensic Science the qualifications to appear in court as experts and to interpret the value of the findings of their examinations in an objective and impartial way. First of all a steering group consisting of three persons with very good knowledge of evidence interpretation was formed. The steering group in its turn elected a project leader who selected two persons from each operative unit at the laboratory just to let every discipline has the possibility to give opinions on the proposals and also to be able to give the project representatives a chance to get feed-back from the examiners in their own groups. The project group consisted of eight persons, including the project leader. The first objective for the project was to try to create a new scale of conclusions that could be used by the entire laboratory. The paper will describe the largest problems during the work when trying to harmonize the different scales of conclusions that existed at the lab. This phase of the project is complete and the new scale of conclusions is now used by all the different groups at the laboratory. • Using TLC and GC-MS to Determine Whether Inks Came From the Same Manufacturing Batch Valery Aginsky, Ph.D. Abstract: A combination of TLC (analyzes ink colored components) and GC-MS (analyzes ink non-colored components) demonstrates high discriminating power with regard to writing inks that cannot be distinguished by non-destructive techniques. Case examples are considered in which TLC and GC-MS allowed one to determine that the inks on questioned documents came from the same manufacturing batch. • On Limited Populations Of Writers And Writing Chris Anderson and Julian Leslie Abstract: The effect of the number of potential writers used in identifying the writer of a questioned document is the subject of this paper. We investigate the impact of the number of potential writers on the chance of identifying the writer in the case where there are only a limited number of characters in the questioned document. We show that the chance of identifying the writer drops as the number of potential writers increases and that this becomes quite marked for certain values of parameters used in the models. Specifically, the number of key distinguishing features and two error probabilities associated with correctly or incorrectly identifying a character as having been written by the writer of the questioned document. • The Importance Of Line Width Measurements In Discriminating Between Pencil Types In Forensic Handwriting Investigations - A Pilot Study Chris Anderson, Sibba Gudlaugsdottir, Julian Leslie Abstract: In a specimen of pencil writing, is it possible to identify whether the writing instrument was a mechanical pencil or a wood pencil? For a mechanical pencil, is it possible to determine the diameter and/or softness of the lead? A number of writers provided samples using each pencil type, together with four levels of softness. The maximum width for a character was the measurement of interest. Various statistical analyses are undertaken to investigate this matter. We find that within the one softness, it was possible to distinguish diameters of mechanical pencil leads but without the softness information the picture was less clear. Distinguishing between mechanical and wood pencils depended on the softness and the diameter of lead. For soft leads, small diameter leads in mechanical pencils were easily distinguished from wood pencils whereas the larger diameters leads were not distinguishable from wood pencils. • Color Separation In Forensic Image Processing Charles E.H. Berger, Jan A. de Koeijer, Wendy Glas, Henk T. Madhuizen Abstract: In this study we implement color deconvolution processing of digital images, and apply it to color separation problems in document examination. Subtle color differences (sometimes invisible to the naked eye) are found to be sufficient for separating or removing a color from a forensic image. This is demonstrated for several cases where color differences were shown to exist, or where colors were removed from the foreground or background. The software is available for free in the form of an Adobe® Photoshop®-compatible plug-in. • Probable time of death using document examination Sharon Birchall Abstract: The Snowtown "Bodies in the Barrels" serial killings trial has become the biggest and highest profile case in South Australia's legal history. It is also the largest signature and handwriting case examined in the career of this presenter. The Snowtown Homicides not only involved the disappearance and murder of the victims but also the theft of their social security benefits. Signatures and handwritings associated with eleven victims and other miscellaneous writings were submitted for document examination. The signatures and handwritings were grouped by the use of calendar dates. A pattern emerged in the signatures and handwritings coinciding with the victims’ disappearance and, therefore, probable time of death. The results of the signature and handwriting comparisons were presented to the court as a PowerPoint presentation. This format made use of the electronic courtroom that was specifically designed for the Snowtown trial. • Handwriting Graphometer Analysis in Idioptic Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism Julio Bradley, Maria I. Nouzielles, Marcelo Merello Abstract: To assess handwriting characteristics of Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease (IPD) and compare them with those found in Secondary Parkinsonism (SP), as well as to analyze the evolution of handwriting impairment in terms of the disease stage and search for differences in writing when IPD patients were evaluated in ON vs. OFF state. Forty-six handwriting samples were evaluated for the presence or absence of 15 handwriting characteristics by a previously determined handwriting expert. Thirty-six patients with IPD and 10 with SP were instructed to copy a sentence and to draw lines, circles, and boxes on a blank sheet. In IPD, patients with high UPDRS and high H & Y score, the incidence of micrographia was significantly higher (p=0.03 for both, Mann-Whitney). IPD fluctuating patients showed in addition to greater frequency of micrographia changes in writing direction (p=0.02 for both, Fisher). No differences were found when patients were evaluated in ON vs. OFF state in any of the studied characteristics. Base line not fitting the row and exceeding it were more frequent in SP than in IPD (p=0.02 and p=0.01 respectively, Fisher test) as the only parameter able to differentiate between IPD and SP. Our results confirm that handwriting characteristics depend on disease severity, and resulted from an alteration of dopaminergic as well as non-dopaminergic pathways. The relationship between handwriting base line and row line, which is easily evaluated during the medical visit, is the only parameter that could suggest parkinsonian symptoms of secondary origin. • Dating of Ballpoint Pen Inks by Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Juergen H. Buegler, Anton Dallmayer, Hans Buchner Abstract: The dating of ink is a challenging subject in forensic document examination. Two concepts are available for ink dating: indirect age determination by comparing the ink under investigation with samples of a reference collection and determining the date of its market introduction, and direct age determination by measuring age-dependent parameters of the ink. Several analytical procedures have been reported for the analysis of age dependent parameters of ink on paper. These procedures require sample preparation and are not independent of sample size in some cases. In previous studies we have demonstrated the applicability of thermal desorption to indirect age determination. The method comprises thermal desorption of volatile ink components and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In this paper, we report on the direct determination of ballpoint ink age by thermal desorption. The presented method is easily applicable, independent of the sample amount and avoids any contamination possibly caused by sample preparation. The method uses a two-stage thermal desorption technique of one and the same sample of ballpoint ink on paper. The obtained ratio of the amount of volatile ink components found at low desorption temperature versus the amount found at high temperatue is a measure for the age of the analyzed pen stroke. The method was optimized regarding the temperatures used for thermal desorption as well as the desorption times. Careful control of instrument performance turned out to be a key factor in the quantitative analysis of volatile ink components. Samples of 60 different ballpoint inks on paper, each between 1 day and 2 years old, were measured. It was found that the aging behavior of the different inks varies greatly, with some inks aging completely within a few days while the detectable aging period of other inks lasts for up to one year.
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