EG35CH01-Strong ARI 13 September 2010 10:20 Human Involvement in Food Webs∗ Donald R. Strong1 and Kenneth T. Frank2 1Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616; email:
[email protected] 2Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Ocean Sciences Division, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada; email:
[email protected] Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2010. 35:1–23 Key Words First published online as a Review in Advance on bottom-up, fisheries, intraguild predation, mesopredator, top-down, July 1, 2010 trophic cascade The Annual Review of Environment and Resources is online at environ.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: Human involvement in food webs has been profound, bringing about 10.1146/annurev-environ-031809-133103 enormous and disproportionate losses of large apex predators on land Copyright c 2010 by Annual Reviews. and in water. The losses have modified or even eliminated concatena- All rights reserved tions of indirect interactions propagating from predators to herbivores 1543-5938/10/1121-0001$20.00 to plants, inter alia. Food webs are a synthesis of bottom-up energy and ∗This article was co-authored by an employee of nutrient flow from plant producers to consumers and top-down regula- a British Commonwealth government as part of tion of producers by consumers. The trophic cascade is the simplest top- his official duties and is therefore subject to down interaction and accounts for a great deal of what is known about Crown Copyright. food webs. In three-link cascades, predators suppress herbivores, re- leasing plants. In longer cascades, predators can suppress smaller meso- by UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO LIBRARY on 03/21/11.