DOCSLIB.ORG

To Knowe a Gentilman‟ Men and Gentry Culture in Fifteenth- Century Yorkshire

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
To Knowe a Gentilman‟ Men and Gentry Culture in Fifteenth- Century Yorkshire „To Knowe a Gentilman‟ Men and Gentry Culture in Fifteenth- Century Yorkshire Alison James PhD Centre for Medieval Studies University of York September 2012 2 Abstract This is a study of gentry culture, specifically the culture of gentry males in fifteenth century Yorkshire. Its aim is to examine what it meant to be a gentleman in this period, looking at how gentry males defined themselves as gentlemen, what was expected of them and what they expected of others. A single county has been chosen to allow for more detailed examination of the evidence than would be possible in a wider study, with this county in particular chosen for the richness and variety of its sources. The range and quality of sources is important, for this is an interdisciplinary study which makes used of a varied collection of evidence in order to gain the fullest picture possible of gentry culture in this period. Through a series of case studies, each focusing on a particular piece, or collection of pieces, of evidence to include chancery documents, wills, letters, art and architecture, I will identify several themes integral to the construction of identity for gentry males. In looking specifically at gentlemen, rather than gentlewomen or the gentry in general, this thesis will consider questions not only of status but also of gender, a combination of factors that have seldom been considered in previous scholarship. It is hoped that this this new perspective, combined with the interdisciplinary nature of the study, something that has also seldom been been attempted, will prove useful in gaining a greater understanding of what it meant to be a gentleman in late medieval England. By extension, it is intended that this will contribute towards a greater understanding of late medieval society as a whole. 3 Contents Page no. Abbreviations 4 List of Genealogical Charts 5 List of Illustrations 6 Acknowledgements 9 Introduction 10 Chapter 1 The Constables and the Hiltons of Swine 41 Chapter 2 Social Networks, Kinship and Family: The Plumptons of Plumpton 77 Chapter 3 Place and Lineage: The Savilles and the Harringtons 122 Chapter 4 Visual Culture: The Conyers of South Cowton and the Redman of Kearby Hours 161 Chapter 5 The Relevance of the Fighting Knight: The Babthorpes, the Gascoignes and the Nortons 215 Conclusion 262 Bibliography 287 4 Abbreviations BL British Library CFR Calendar of Fine Rolls CPR Calendar of Patent Rolls EcHR Economic History Review EHR English Historical Review EETS. OS Early English Text Society. Old Series IPM Inquisitions Post Mortem NYRCO North Yorkshire County Record Office RP Parliament Rolls TE Testamenta Eboracensa TNA The National Archives VCH Victoria County History YAA. RS Yorkshire Archaeological Society. Record Series YAS. RS Yorkshire Archaeological Society. Record Series YML York Minster Library 5 List of Genealogical Charts Page No. A. Constable of Catfosse and Frismarsh 61 B. Hilton of Swine, Constable of Flamborogh and Constable of Hilton 63 C. Mounseux, Twyer and Wenslawe 69 D. Plumpton of Plumpton 86 E. Saville 129 F. Harrington and Saville 146 G. Redman 198 H. Babthorpes of Babthorpe 218 I. Gascoigne of Gawthorpe 231 J. Norton of Norton Conyers 249 6 List of Illustrations Page No. 1. Plan of the Hilton Chapel at Swine. 51 2. Hilton effigies, knights a and b in the foreground, St Marys church, Swine. 51 3. Hilton effigy, knight c , St Marys church, Swine. 53 4. Hilton knight a, St Marys church, Swine. Note the wreath on the jupon, previously the emblem of the Lascelles and adopted by the Hiltons via their heiress 54 5. Map of Holderness, showing the proximity of the disputed Hilton manors to the homes of those accused. 71 6. Plan of the Saville Chapel, St Michael and All Angels church, Thornhill, showing the layout of the windows. 124 7. Sir Thomas Saville kneeling in prayer, north window of the Saville Chapel, St Michael and All Angels church, Thornhill. 124 8. East window of the Saville chapel, depicting the Last Judgement, St Michael and All Angels church, Thornhill. 125 9. Fourteenth-century stone effigy, depicting one of the Thornhills of Thornhill, Saville chapel, St Michael and All Angels church, Thornhill. 125 10. Engraving of the manor house at Thornhill as it appeared in 1816, taken from Whitaker‟s Loidis and Elmete. 135 11. The tomb of Sir John Saville and his wife, situated in the Saville chapel, St Michael and All Angels church, Thornhill. 139 12. Detail from the tomb of Sir John Saville, showing his head resting on the Thornhill crest, Saville chapel, St Michael and All Angels church, Thornhill. 139 13. The north window of the Saville chapel, depicting the Holy Kindred, St Michael and All Angels church, Thornhill. 142 14. St Marys church, South Cowton, exterior. 166 15. The chancel arch, St Marys church, South Cowton. 166 7 16. The arms of Sir Richard Conyers and Alice Wycliffe, situated above the porch door, St Marys church, South Cowton. 167 17. The east window, St Marys church, South Cowton. Note the Conyers‟ arms alongside a representation of the Virgin Mary. 167 18. Effigy of Sir Richard Conyers, St Marys church, South Cowton. 170 19. Effigy of Sir Edward Redman at All Saints church, Harewood. 170 20. Female effigy, probably representing Sir Richard Conyers‟ first wife, St Marys church, South Cowton. 171 21. Female effigy, almost certainly commissioned with the effigy of Sir Richard Conyers but whose identity is unknown, St Marys church, South Cowton. 171 22. The view of Cowton Castle from the chancel door of St Marys church, South Cowton. 180 23. Cowton Castle, South Cowton. 180 24. Partial remains of the courtyard wall, Cowton Castle. South Cowton. 182 25. The Conyers-Wycliffe heraldry inserted above a door on the east side of the house, Cowton Castle. South Cowton 184 26. Proposed plan of Cowton Castle from above and a cross section from the east. 187 27. The eastern turret, Cowton Castle. Stairs, accommodation and privies were located within the two turrets. 188 28. The Office of the Dead in the Redman of Kearby Book of Hours, YML Add. 67 Horae, f.50. Faces in profile appear as part of the the stave decoration. 191 29. Signature of Richard Redman, the Redman of Kearby Hours. YML Add. 67 Horae, f.125. 195 30. The prayer to Thomas Becket, Redman of Kearby Hours. YML Add. 67 Horae, f.123. 195 31. Writing style indicates a date in the first quarter of the fifteenth century. YML Add. 67 Horae, f. 85. 200 32. Details of the border decoration in the Redman of Kearby Hours. YML Add. 67 Horae, f.96. 200 33. The Litany of Saints from the Redman of Kearby Hours. YML Add. 67 Horae, ff.39-43. 204 8 34 The most elaborate form of capital found within the Redman of Kearby Hours. YML Add. 67 Horae, f.91. 204 35 The second, slightly less elaborate form of capital, used more regularly in the Redman of Kearby Hours. YML Add. 67 Horae, f.22. 205 36 The effigy of Sir William Gascoigne, Chief Justice, at St Mary‟s church, Harewood. 238 37 The north side of the tomb chest of Sir William Gascoigne, Chief Justice. 238 38 The tombs in Harewood church. 241 39 The brass of Richard Norton, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, in St Mary‟s church, Wath. 253 9 Acknowledgements Many people have assisted in the creation of this thesis. In particular I would like to thank Jeremy Goldberg and Tim Ayers, who have both been a constant source of support and assistance. Between them they have spent more hours reading, commenting and advising on this thesis, and encouraging me to stick at it, than it is possible to count. I would also like to thank the other members of the University of York who have given me the benefit of their specialist knowledge, in particular Linne Mooney for her insight on fifteenth-century manuscripts. My gratitude also goes to Philip Lankaster, who gave me much helpful advice on tomb monuments. I would also like to thank the members of staff at the University of Leicester whose assistance, particularly at the start of this undertaking, has been invaluable, James Bothwell, and Norman Housley. A final word of appreciation must go to my long- suffering family, who have had to put up with me and my very narrow outlook on life for the duration of my study. This thesis would not have been possible without all the people who helped to make it happen, and I am deeply grateful to each and every one of you. 10 ‘To Knowe a Gentilman’ Men and Gentry Culture in Fifteenth-Century Yorkshire Introduction In August of 1497 Sir Ralph Eure, deputy steward of Pickering, was riding towards Brompton with a small party of friends. On the way he met a group of servants belonging to the household of Sir Roger Hastings, a man with considerable local influence and a strong sense of his own importance. On several occasions in the recent past the two men had clashed, Eure being quite determined to enforce his authority and Hastings equally determined to flout it. By 1497 the matter had made its way into the law courts, beginning when Hastings claimed that his manor had been attacked by a party of more than four hundred men led by Eure. This was followed by a string of accusations and counter-accusations as each side strove to prove that they were in the right. Hastings accused Eure, as deputy steward, and Sir Ralph Cholmley, as steward of Pickering, of overstepping the bounds of their authority, of unwarranted aggression towards him and of disturbing the king‟s peace.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lord Lyon King of Arms
    VI. E FEUDAE BOBETH TH F O LS BABONAG F SCOTLANDO E . BY THOMAS INNES OP LEABNEY AND KINNAIRDY, F.S.A.ScoT., LORD LYON KIN ARMSF GO . Read October 27, 1945. The Baronage is an Order derived partly from the allodial system of territorial tribalis whicn mi patriarce hth h hel s countrydhi "under God", d partlan y froe latemth r feudal system—whic e shale wasw hse n li , Western Europe at any rate, itself a developed form of tribalism—in which the territory came to be held "of and under" the King (i.e. "head of the kindred") in an organised parental realm. The robes and insignia of the Baronage will be found to trace back to both these forms of tenure, which first require some examination from angle t usuallno s y co-ordinatedf i , the later insignia (not to add, the writer thinks, some of even the earlier understoode symbolsb o t e )ar . Feudalism has aptly been described as "the development, the extension organisatione th y sa y e Family",o familyth fma e oe th f on n r i upon,2o d an Scotlandrelationn i Land;e d th , an to fundamentall o s , tribaa y l country, wher e predominanth e t influences have consistently been Tribality and Inheritance,3 the feudal system was immensely popular, took root as a means of consolidating and preserving the earlier clannish institutions,4 e clan-systeth d an m itself was s modera , n historian recognisew no s t no , only closely intermingled with feudalism, but that clan-system was "feudal in the strictly historical sense".5 1 Stavanger Museums Aarshefle, 1016.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAUCER and CHIVALRY by Francine Renee Hall (Knight Templar Magazine, Page 28, Dec
    1. He was a verray, parfit, gentil knyght"... CHAUCER AND CHIVALRY by Francine Renee Hall (Knight Templar Magazine, page 28, Dec. 1980) (Reprinted Knight Templar Magazine, pages 16-17, August 2001) In his medieval classic, "The Canterbury Tales," Geoffrey Chaucer is quite deliberate when he introduces his cast of characters with the Knight. Although chivalry was a stylized code of behavior that signaled the decay of the medieval feudal system, Chaucer is upholding what is essentially the perfect expression of earthly behavior with divine aspiration -- knighthood. During the Age of Chivalry, the ideal knight owed fealty to his king. The king considered himself God's intermediary, so a knight's military obedience became not only a spiritual defense of Christendom in general but a personal homage to God. In the Middle Ages, God was often referred to as the "Lord" and "Heaven-King"; therefore, when Chaucer tells us that the Knight "had proved his worth in his *lord's* wars," we can easily interpret this as meaning God Himself. Chaucer's Knight, then, becomes the standard by which the other pilgrims are gauged. And the Pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury becomes more than an opportunity to journey to a different place and tell stories -- the presence of the Knight transforms it to a spiritual quest. What is the history of this saintly English Knight who leads the "company of nine and twenty" on their pilgrimage to Canterbury and who sets the spiritual tone of the journey? He "loved chivalry, truth and honor, liberality and courtesy." He also "proved his worth" in the holy wars and yet he is humble: "Although he was valiant, he was prudent, never in all his life had he been rude to anyone at all.
    [Show full text]
  • Oosthuizen, MSR, DB Fenland, 30 Jan 2015
    RE-EVALUATING MAPS OF DOMESDAY POPULATION DENSITIES: A case study from the Cambridgeshire fenland By SUSAN OOSTHUIZEN Abstract Professor Sir Clifford Darby’s county, regional and national maps of a range of data drawn from the Domesday Book revolutionized scholarship on the social and economic history of late Anglo-Saxon England (e.g. 1935, 1936a, 1936b, 1971, 1977). While this paper does not seek to challenge Darby’s general conclusions, a case study re-examination of the inter-relationship between population density and physical geography in the Cambridgeshire fenland in 1086 suggests the regional usefulness of methodological adjustments to his mapping. It indicates that the population density of the peat and silt fens in the late eleventh century may have been significantly higher than that shown in Darby’s original maps, with implications for the contemporary social and economic history of eastern England. Introduction The magnificence of many fenland churches allows even a complete stranger to infer the large numbers of inhabitants in and general prosperity of the region during the middle ages (Illustration 1, Figure 1). Its affluence is confirmed in the lay subsidies of 1327, 1332 and 1334. Settlements on the silt fens (for which there is the most information) were so prosperous that they generated among the highest returns per square mile and per vill in England, as well as some of the highest rates per taxpayer (Campbell and Bartley 2006: Maps 18.3, 18.13). Although only 20% of English settlements paid more than £225 in 1334, that select group includes not only Ely (paying £358), Leverington (paying £360), and Wisbech (paying £410) but almost every other silt fen vill (Glasscock 1973: 181-3; 1975: 28, 107, 168-9).
    [Show full text]
  • London and Middlesex in the 1660S Introduction: the Early Modern
    London and Middlesex in the 1660s Introduction: The early modern metropolis first comes into sharp visual focus in the middle of the seventeenth century, for a number of reasons. Most obviously this is the period when Wenceslas Hollar was depicting the capital and its inhabitants, with views of Covent Garden, the Royal Exchange, London women, his great panoramic view from Milbank to Greenwich, and his vignettes of palaces and country-houses in the environs. His oblique birds-eye map- view of Drury Lane and Covent Garden around 1660 offers an extraordinary level of detail of the streetscape and architectural texture of the area, from great mansions to modest cottages, while the map of the burnt city he issued shortly after the Fire of 1666 preserves a record of the medieval street-plan, dotted with churches and public buildings, as well as giving a glimpse of the unburned areas.1 Although the Fire destroyed most of the historic core of London, the need to rebuild the burnt city generated numerous surveys, plans, and written accounts of individual properties, and stimulated the production of a new and large-scale map of the city in 1676.2 Late-seventeenth-century maps of London included more of the spreading suburbs, east and west, while outer Middlesex was covered in rather less detail by county maps such as that of 1667, published by Richard Blome [Fig. 5]. In addition to the visual representations of mid-seventeenth-century London, a wider range of documentary sources for the city and its people becomes available to the historian.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Roman Yorkshire
    ROMAN YORKSHIRE: PEOPLE, CULTURE, LANDSCAPE By Patrick Ottaway. Published 2013 by The Blackthorn Press Chapter 1 Introduction to Roman Yorkshire ‘In the abundance and variety of its Roman antiquities, Yorkshire stands second to no other county’ Frank and Harriet Wragg Elgee (1933) The Yorkshire region A Roman army first entered what we now know as Yorkshire in about the year AD 48, according to the Roman author Cornelius Tacitus ( Annals XII, 32). This was some five years after the invasion of Britain itself ordered by the Emperor Claudius. The soldiers’ first task in the region was to assist in the suppression of a rebellion against a Roman ally, Queen Cartimandua of the Brigantes, a native people who occupied most of northern England. The Roman army returned to the north in about the years 51-2, once again to support Cartimandua who was, Tacitus tells us, now under attack by her former consort, a man named Venutius ( Annals XII, 40). In 69 a further dispute between Cartimandua and Venutius, for which Tacitus is again the (only) source, may have provided a pretext for the Roman army to begin the conquest of the whole of northern Britain ( Histories III, 45). England south of Hadrian’s Wall, including Yorkshire, was to remain part of the Roman Empire for about 340 years. The region which is the principal subject of this book is Yorkshire as it was defined before local government reorganisation in 1974. There was no political entity corresponding to the county in Roman times. It was, according to the second century Greek geographer Ptolemy, split between the Brigantes and the Parisi, a people who lived in what is now (after a brief period as Humberside) the East Riding.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Life During the Chosŏn Dynasty
    International Journal of Korean History(Vol.6, Dec.2004) 113 Women’s Life during the Chosŏn Dynasty Han Hee-sook* 1 Introduction The Chosŏn society was one in which the yangban (aristocracy) wielded tremendous power. The role of women in this society was influenced greatly by the yangban class’ attempts to establish a patriarchal family order and a Confucian-based society. For example, women were forced, in accordance with neo-Confucian ideology, to remain chaste before marriage and barred from remarrying once their husbands had passed away. As far as the marriage system was concerned, the Chosŏn era saw a move away from the old tradition of the man moving into his in-laws house following the wedding (男歸女家婚 namgwiyŏgahon), with the woman now expected to move in with her husband’s family following the marriage (親迎制度 ch΄inyŏng jedo). Moreover, wives were rigidly divided into two categories: legitimate wife (ch΄ŏ) and concubines (ch΄ŏp). This period also saw a change in the legal standing of women with regards to inheritance, as the system was altered from the practice of equal, from a gender standpoint, rights to inheritance, to one in which the eldest son became the sole inheritor. These neo-Confucianist inspired changes contributed to the strengthening of the patriarchal system during the Chosŏn era. As a result of these changes, Chosŏn women’s rights and activities became increasingly restricted. * Professor, Dept. of Korean History, Sookmyung Women’s University 114 Women’s Life during the Chosŏn Dynasty During the Chosŏn dynasty women fell into one of the following classifications: female members of the royal family such as the queen and the king’s concubines, members of the yangban class the wives of the landed gentry, commoners, the majority of which were engaged in agriculture, women in special professions such as palace women, entertainers, shamans and physicians, and women from the lowborn class (ch’ŏnin), which usually referred to the yangban’s female slaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Articles of Chivalry
    TThhee AArrttiicclleess ooff CChhiivvaallrryy We as Chivalric Knights of the Holy Order of the Fellow Soldiers of Jacques DeMolay, as we affix our signatures to this set of articles, do hereby agree to uphold them as a covenant upon which we wish to base our lives as Sir Knights. We further recognize that through the incorporation of these articles into our lives, we can better represent ourselves and the Order of DeMolay. We further assert our willingness to be removed from the roles of Knighthood should it ever be found that our conduct has been contrary to the principles herein set. Article 1 - A Sir Knight is Honorable 1. A Sir Knight must accept responsibility for the one thing that is within his control: himself. 2. A Sir Knight must always keep his word, realizing that a man who's word is as good as his bond is held in high esteem by all. 3. A Sir Knight must never speak harshly or critically of a Brother, unless it be in private and tempered with the love one Brother has for another, always speaking to him for the purpose of aiding him to be a better man. 4. A Sir Knight must always rely on his instincts and those lessons taught to him throughout the course of his DeMolay career when deciding right from wrong. Article 2 - A Sir Knight Shows Excellence 1. A Sir Knight must commit to excellence, and seek the highest level of excellence in all aspects of his life. 2. A Sir Knight must always excel in his education, putting forth his best effort in all his school works.
    [Show full text]
  • The Theological Socialism of the Labour Church
    ‘SO PECULIARLY ITS OWN’ THE THEOLOGICAL SOCIALISM OF THE LABOUR CHURCH by NEIL WHARRIER JOHNSON A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Theology and Religion School of Philosophy, Theology and Religion College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham May 2015 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The thesis argues that the most distinctive feature of the Labour Church was Theological Socialism. For its founder, John Trevor, Theological Socialism was the literal Religion of Socialism, a post-Christian prophecy announcing the dawn of a new utopian era explained in terms of the Kingdom of God on earth; for members of the Labour Church, who are referred to throughout the thesis as Theological Socialists, Theological Socialism was an inclusive message about God working through the Labour movement. By focussing on Theological Socialism the thesis challenges the historiography and reappraises the significance of the Labour
    [Show full text]
  • Pedigrees of the County Families of Yorkshire
    94i2 . 7401 F81p v.3 1267473 GENEALOGY COLLECTION 3 1833 00727 0389 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center http://www.archive.org/details/pedigreesofcount03fost PEDIGREES YORKSHIRE FAMILIES. PEDIGREES THE COUNTY FAMILIES YORKSHIRE COMPILED BY JOSEPH FOSTER AND AUTHENTICATED BY THE MEMBERS, OF EACH FAMILY VOL. fL—NORTH AND EAST RIDING LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE COMPILER BY W. WILFRED HEAD, PLOUGH COURT, FETTER LANE, E.G. LIST OF PEDIGREES.—VOL. II. t all type refer to fa Hies introduced into the Pedigrees, i e Pedigree in which the for will be found on refer • to the Boynton Pedigr ALLAN, of Blackwell Hall, and Barton. CHAPMAN, of Whitby Strand. A ppleyard — Boynton Charlton— Belasyse. Atkinson— Tuke, of Thorner. CHAYTOR, of Croft Hall. De Audley—Cayley. CHOLMELEY, of Brandsby Hall, Cholmley, of Boynton. Barker— Mason. Whitby, and Howsham. Barnard—Gee. Cholmley—Strickland-Constable, of Flamborough. Bayley—Sotheron Cholmondeley— Cholmley. Beauchamp— Cayley. CLAPHAM, of Clapham, Beamsley, &c. Eeaumont—Scott. De Clare—Cayley. BECK.WITH, of Clint, Aikton, Stillingfleet, Poppleton, Clifford, see Constable, of Constable-Burton. Aldborough, Thurcroft, &c. Coldwell— Pease, of Hutton. BELASYSE, of Belasvse, Henknowle, Newborough, Worlaby. Colvile, see Mauleverer. and Long Marton. Consett— Preston, of Askham. Bellasis, of Long Marton, see Belasyse. CLIFFORD-CONSTABLE, of Constable-Burton, &c. Le Belward—Cholmeley. CONSTABLE, of Catfoss. Beresford —Peirse, of Bedale, &c. CONSTABLE, of Flamborough, &c. BEST, of Elmswell, and Middleton Quernhow. Constable—Cholmley, Strickland. Best—Norcliffe, Coore, of Scruton, see Gale. Beste— Best. Copsie—Favell, Scott. BETHELL, of Rise. Cromwell—Worsley. Bingham—Belasyse.
    [Show full text]
  • Italian Titles of Nobility
    11/8/2020 Italian Titles of Nobility - A Concise, Accurate Guide to Nobiliary History, Tradition and Law in Italy until 1946 - Facts, no… Italian Titles of Nobility See also: Sicilian Heraldry & Nobility • Sicilian Genealogy • Books • Interview ©1997 – 2015 Louis Mendola Author's Note An article of this length can be little more than a precis. Apart from the presentation of the simplest facts, the author's intent is to provide accurate information, avoiding the bizarre ideas that color the study of the aristocracy. At best, this web page is a ready reference that offers a quick overview and a very concise bibliography; it is intended as nothing more. This page is published for the benefit of the historian, genealogist, heraldist, researcher or journalist – and all scientific freethinkers – in search of an objective, unbiased summary that does not seek (or presume) to insult their knowledge, intelligence or integrity. The study of the nobility and heraldry simply cannot exist without a sound basis in genealogical science. Genealogy is the only means of demonstrating familial lineage (ancestry), be it proven through documentation or DNA, be it aristocratic or humble. At 300 pages, the book Sicilian Genealogy and Heraldry considers the subject in far greater detail over several chapters, and while its chief focus is the Kingdom of Sicily, it takes into account the Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946) as well. That book includes chapters dedicated to, among other things, historiography, feudal law and proof standards. Like this web page, the book (you can peruse the table of contents, index and a few pages on Amazon's site) is the kind of reference and guide the author wishes were available when he began to study these fields seriously over thirty years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • The Northern Clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace Keith Altazin Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected]
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2011 The northern clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace Keith Altazin Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Altazin, Keith, "The northern clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace" (2011). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 543. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/543 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. THE NORTHERN CLERGY AND THE PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Keith Altazin B.S., Louisiana State University, 1978 M.A., Southeastern Louisiana University, 2003 August 2011 Acknowledgments The completion of this dissertation would have not been possible without the support, assistance, and encouragement of a number of people. First, I would like to thank the members of my doctoral committee who offered me great encouragement and support throughout the six years I spent in the graduate program. I would especially like thank Dr. Victor Stater for his support throughout my journey in the PhD program at LSU. From the moment I approached him with my ideas on the Pilgrimage of Grace, he has offered extremely helpful advice and constructive criticism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Education and Training of Gentry Sons in Early Modern England
    Working Papers No. 128/09 The Education and Training of Gentry Sons in Early-Modern England . Patrick Wallis & Cliff Webb © Patrick Wallis, LSE Cliff Webb, Independent Scholar November 2009 Department of Economic History London School of Economics Houghton Street London, WC2A 2AE Tel: +44 (0) 20 7955 7860 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7955 7730 The Education and Training of Gentry Sons in Early-Modern England* Patrick Wallis and Cliff Webb Abstract: This paper explores the education and training received by the sons of the English gentry in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Using information from the herald’s visitations of four counties, it offers quantitative evidence of the proportion of gentry children who entered university, spent time at one of the inns of court or became apprentices in London. We show that over the period there was little change in the educational destinations of gentry sons: university and apprenticeship absorbed roughly equal proportions; the inns of court slightly less. We also show that a son’s position in the birth order had a very strong influence on the kind of education he received. Eldest sons were much more likely to go to university or one of the inns of court. Younger sons were much more likely to become apprentices in London – as we show, trade clearly was an acceptable career for the gentry. There is little sign of a change in the status of different educational choices in this period. Our findings confirm some traditional assumptions about the importance of birth order and normative expectations in determining the life-courses of gentry children in the seventeenth century: historians should not over-state the autonomy of elite children in deciding their futures.
    [Show full text]