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Lab 2: Endocrine Anatomy & Histology

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Lab 2: Endocrine Anatomy & Histology 1 Lab 2: Endocrine Anatomy & Histology Reading LABPAQ: Endocrine System pages 14-34 Objectives 1. To identify the major endocrine glands and tissues of the body. 2. To identify the histology of the major endocrine glands and relate their structure to their function. Identify the major endocrine glands and tissues of the body. 3. Relate each endocrine gland to the hormone(s) it produces. 4. Explain how hormones work to maintain homeostasis in the body. Introduction The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that are not physically interconnected. A gland makes a product and releases it. The endocrine glands create and release hormones into the blood stream which than function as chemical messengers. Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands like sweat glands in that they do not have a duct. Many organs such as the heart and thymus have a minor endocrine functions. We will not focus on those organs and functions at this time, we will pick them up when we get to those systems. In addition the reproductive organs have a major endocrine function but we will focus on the ovaries and testes when we cover the reproductive system. For this lab we will be focusing on the anatomy of all remaining endocrine organs and glands, and the histology of some of the glands. Why do we need to look at the tissues? The tissues produce the hormones, most problems with the endocrine system start in the tissues. Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is located under the thalamus in the lower part of the brain. It is part of the diencephalon of the brain. Histologically it looks a great deal like the posterior pituitary. Pituitary (hypophysis) The pituitary is attached to the distal part of the hypothalamus. It divides into to lobes: anterior and posterior. Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis) creates a number of different hormones. Looking at it under a microscope and it looks ‘busy.’ It contains a large number of cells called secretory cells. Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) does not create hormones it stores hormones from the hypothalamus. When compared to the anterior pituitary it looks empty. It contains neural cells called pituicytes. Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary Mark any cell as a secretory slide Mark any nuclei as a pituicyte Thyroid The thyroid is located anterior to the larynx. It consists of 2-lobes connected by an isthmus. Thyroid tissue looks like it contains bubbles. The bubble is a follicle. Each follicle is made up of follicular cells (those are the building blocks of a follicle) and it is filled with a colloid mixture. Parafollicular cells make up all of the cells outside of the follicle. Parathyroid The parathyroid is found on the posterior side of the thyroid. It is made up of 4 small glands although the number may vary. The tissue is densely packed with chief cells. Most of the cells present are chief cells and those are the cells that produce parathyroid hormone. Thyroid Parathyroid 3 Adrenal Gland (also called suprarenal gland) Paired adrenal glands are located on the top of the kidneys. They are made up of a capsule, cortex (outer region) and medulla (inner region). An opening in the middle of the adrenal medulla is just the blood vessel. The cortex divides into 3 zones or zona. Each zone produces a separate steroid hormone. Adrenal Gland To the left the adrenal cortex is broken into zones. For this lab students will not be asked to label the zones. The notation for the medulla means that it depends on how the slide was cut. Sometimes the medulla is not clear. That should not be a problem in this lab. Pancreas The pancreas is located under the stomach and close to the upper small intestine (duodenum). It looks like ‘knobby’ tissue. In addition to its endocrine function the pancreas is an exocrine organ. The exocrine function involves producing digestive enzymes released into the small intestine. We make more digestive enzymes than insulin so most of the cells are acinar cells that produce digestive enzymes. The pancreatic isles, also called isles of Langerhan, produce insulin. It is very difficult to identify islets. Many students identify ducts as islets. It is easy to tell the difference. If you focus closely and there is a hole in the middle than it is a duct. If not it is an islet. You have to use a lower power to identify them. If you are using a higher power you cannot separate them from the background acinar cells. Pancreas Pancreas under the stomach Pancreas at low scanning power Duct compared to islets Islet at high power, it is difficult to The duct has a very small opening and the seprate from the rest of the tissues. That islets are labeled with an I. is why it is best to identify them using a lower power. 5 Pineal gland The pineal gland is part of the diencephalon. It is located behind the thalamus. The histology is primarily nervous and it looks very much like the posterior pituitary. Reproductive Glands The ovaries and testes are very important endocrine glands, but we will focus on them in the upcoming unit. Thymus The thymus is located anterior to the heart distal to the thyroid. It primarily functions as a lymphoid tissue although it has an important endocrine function that involves the production of thymosins. We will view the histology during the lymphatic and immunity unit. Materials Microscope Slides LABPAQ Kit o Slide - Adrenal Gland o Slide - Anterior Pituitary Gland o Slide - Thyroid Gland o Slide – Pancreas Images (supplied) o Endocrine system o Posterior pituitary o Parathyroid Digital Camera Paint program or other labeling software Procedure Although the LABPAQ kit is pretty complete it does not include some of the slides that we need nor does it include some of the images that you need to review. When that happens I will supply the images in 2 locations. The first location will be embedded in the lab assignment; the second location will be as independent files that can be added to the write-up. All images must be completely labeled with all of the structures listed in blue. Points will be lost for images that are not completely labeled. HINT: When we examined tissue types in API, students needed to use the highest power possible to focus on the small structures. In APII we will be looking at larger structures so you will want to use 4x (40x total) or 10x (100x total) first, you may need 40x (400x) but use the best image. If you use the higher power you may not be able to identify structures. I will recommend a power for the first couple of labs but it is really up to what gives you the best image. I am just giving suggestions. Assignments will be graded based on: Images-do not ever turn in blanks. Properly labeled images and slides—are you labeling the right structure Completely labeled images and slides. Everything in blue must be labeled. Total magnification. Remember you multiply the ocular lens (10x) x the objective lens for the total magnification. Image 1: Endocrine System. Use the image at the right (image 1). Label: ALL lines 1 to 10. Photo 2: Anterior Pituitary Take a photo of the anterior pituitary slide. You may want to use 100x (total). Label: Secretory Cells. Image 3: Posterior Pituitary: Use the image given below (image 3). Magnification 40x. Label: Anterior pituitary Secretory cells Posterior pituitary Pituicytes. 7 Photo 4: Thyroid Take a photo of the thyroid slide. You may want to use 100x to 400x. Label: Thyroid Follicle Follicular Cells Colloid Parafollicular cells Image 5: Parathyroid Use the image given below (image 5). Magnification 40x. Label: Thyroid Follicle Follicular Cells Colloid Parafollicular cells Parathyroid Chief cells Photo 6: Adrenal Gland Take a photo of the adrenal gland slide. You may want to use 40x (total). You may have to take 2 slides to get all of the structures. For instance take one image that focuses on the capsule and cortex and another that focuses on the bottom cortex and medulla. Label: Capsule Cortex Medulla Capillary (only if an opening in the center is shown. Students will not lose points if their slide does not show the capillary.) Photo 7: Pancreas Take a photo of the pancreas slide. You may want to use 40x (total). Label: Acinar cells Pancreatic isles (isles of Langerhan) Pancreatic duct We will cover the slides of the gonads in the upcoming labs. .
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