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Looting and the World's Archaeological Heritage: the Inadequate Response Author(S): Neil Brodie and Colin Renfrew Source: Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol

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Looting and the World's Archaeological Heritage: the Inadequate Response Author(S): Neil Brodie and Colin Renfrew Source: Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol Looting and the World's Archaeological Heritage: The Inadequate Response Author(s): Neil Brodie and Colin Renfrew Source: Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 34 (2005), pp. 343-361 Published by: Annual Reviews Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25064889 Accessed: 27-03-2017 23:16 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Annual Reviews is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annual Review of Anthropology This content downloaded from 165.123.34.86 on Mon, 27 Mar 2017 23:16:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Looting and the World's Archaeological Heritage: The Inadequate Response Neil Brodie and Colin Renfrew 'McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge CB2 3ER, United Kingdom; email: [email protected], [email protected] Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2005. 34:343-61 Key Words archaeology, antiquities, trade, museums The Annual Review of Anthropology is online at Abstract anthro.annualreviews.org doi: 10.1146/ The world's archaeological heritage is under serious threat from il annurev.anthro. 3 4.081804.12 05 51 legal and destructive excavations that aim to recover antiquities for Copyright 2005 by sale on the international market. These antiquities are sold with Annual Reviews. All rights out provenance, so that their true nature is hard to discern, and reserved many are ultimately acquired by major museums in Europe and 0084-6570/05/1021 North America. The adoption in 1970 by UNESCO of the Con 0343S20.00 vention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property created a new ethical environment in which museums and their representative as sociations adopted policies that were designed to guard against the acquisition of "unprovenanced," and therefore most probably looted, antiquities. Unfortunately, over the past decade, U.S. museum as sociations have been advocating a more relaxed disposition, and the broader archaeological and anthropological communities are in sig nificant measure responsible since they have met this unwelcome development largely in silence. 343 This content downloaded from 165.123.34.86 on Mon, 27 Mar 2017 23:16:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms find their collecting activities tacidy encour Contents aged and even legitimized by some promi INTRODUCTION. 344 nent museums, notably in Europe, in the WORLDWIDE LOOTING United States and in Japan. This problem is TODAY. 345 by no means a new one, but it is one that LEGISLATION hasAND grown more acuteITS and also more clear EFFECTIVENESS. 347 cut in recent decades. Although some major WHERE DOES THE museums have put in place ethical acquisi RESPONSIBILITY LIE? THE tion policies which prevent their acquiring re ROLE OF MUSEUMS. 348 cendy looted artifacts, we argue here that in THE LYDIAN TREASURE. 349 recent years the academic and museum com THE ETHICAL RESPONSE. 350 munities have been insufficiendy active, and Repositories of Last Resort. 351 certainly ineffective, in persuading more mu THE 1970 RULE. 351 seum directors and trustees of their duty not THE IMPORTANCE OF to permit the acquisition by museums of "un ACQUISITIONS POLICIES provenanced" .... 353 artifacts that are, in all prob FROM STEINHARDT TO ability, looted. Indeed, we detect evidence of SCHULTZ: MUSEUM retrograde movement on this issue by the ma RECIDIVISM. 355 jor U.S. museum associations. Unless leading WHERE DOES THE museums, who are widely seen as the keepers RESPONSIBILITY LIE? of THEthe public conscience in this area, can be ACADEMIC WORLD AND persuaded to adopt more exacting standards THE PUBLIC. 356 and to end their cozy and acquiescent rela tionships with private collectors, it is likely that the looting will continue undiminished. Already in 1970 the matter had be come one of such international concern that INTRODUCTION UNESCO adopted its Convention on the We in the academic community, and in parMeans of Prohibiting and Preventing the Il ticular archaeologists and other serious stu licit Import, Export and Transfer of Owner dents of the human past, are failing in ourship of Cultural Property, and the University responsibility to conserve and to persuade of Pennsylvania Museum formulated a pio others to conserve the world's archaeological neering declaration stating that it would ac heritage. This heritage that is to say, the quirema "no more art objects or antiquities for terial remains of past human activities is thebe Museum unless the objects are accompa ing destroyed at an undiminished pace. Part nied by a pedigree" (Biddle 1980). In view of of that destruction is brought about by natu these two important statements, the year 1970 ral agencies such as erosion and inundation. has come to be regarded as something of a Part comes from agricultural activities, which watershed insofar as "unprovenanced" antiq involve the reworking of the earth's surface, uities are concerned, and academic and mu or from mineral extraction, and part from seum ur treatments of such material that were ban development including the cons ruction unquestioned in the years before 1970 are now of buildings and of motorways. But distress often frowned upon. Moralities have evolved ingly a significant proportion of the ongoing (Renfrew 2000, pp. 77-80). Yet although since destruction is brought about by looters, acting then some legislative provisions have been from commercial motives, who are financed established, both nationally and internation indirectly by private collectors of antiqui ally, to restrict the traffic in "unprovenanced" ties. Moreover, these collectors sometimes antiquities, and ethical guidelines have been 344 Brodie Renfrew This content downloaded from 165.123.34.86 on Mon, 27 Mar 2017 23:16:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms made available to guide museum acquisitions, Museums, proclaimed in December 2002 by there are still many museums and private col 18 major museums (Lewis 2004), decries the lectors who, by their failure to exercise due illegal trade in cultural objects, it makes no AIA: the diligence [for instance by applying the "1970 clear statement about how it might be abated Archaeological Rule" (see below)], continue to give indirect by due diligence in continuing museum acqui Institute of America sition. It seems ironic that the ethical debate support to the looting process. Despite clear SAA: the Society for calls from many archaeologists, anthropolo currently focuses on the issue of restitution American gists, and museum curators and directors of antiquities looted decades ago, where the Archaeology and the clear positions adopted and energet contextual damage and associated loss of in ICOM: ically advocated, for instance by the AIA, the formation is long since accomplished, whereas International Council of Museums SAA, and ICOM, which will be noted below it largely ignores the much more urgent issue most museums continue to lack clear and of ongoing looting and the continuing loss of ACCP: the American Council transparent ethical acquisition policies. Some information about the past. for Cultural Policy museums continue to purchase or to accept It is disquieting also that the Presi AAMD: the loans or gifts of artifacts whose origin and his dent of a new organization, the ACCP, Association of Art tory has not been clearly established. And yet Ashton Hawkins, a former legal counsel to the Museum Directors they manage to do so without the widespread Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, public condemnation and apparendy with despite offering general words of support for out the evident concern among their trustees the 1970 UNESCO Convention, has argued which might be expected, and which may be for the relaxation rather the enforcement of the only way of putting an end to such traffick control in the acquisition of "unprovenanced" ing, and of reducing the looting upon which artifacts by collectors and museums in the it feeds. Although nearly all museums pro U.S. (D'Arcy 2002). The AAMD (2004) Re claim that they will not acquire cultural ma port of the AAMD Task Force on the Acqui terial emerging from Iraq in the aftermath of sition of Archaeological Materials and Ancient the war, we predict that, within a few years, Art is disturbing too in advocating acquisition some museums will do just that, either claim guidelines that are less stringent than those ing ignorance of the origins of the objects, adopted by the University of Pennsylvania or perhaps even claiming that they are sav Museum 34 years earlier. ing the cultural heritage of humankind. Some We first review the scale of the ongoing museums have already acquired material looting. We then describe the legislative and from Afghanistan. ethical responses that followed in the train Recendy, the focus on the destruction of of the 1970 UNESCO Convention. Next we the archaeological record through looting, consider where the responsibilities lie for the and the role of museums in acquiescing to current crisis. Finally, we conclude that un the flow of "unprovenanced" antiquities, has less the world of scholarship in general gets its been obscured
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