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PLUTARCH's Life of Agesilaosm Response to Sources in The NEWCAS"r'LE UNIVERSI"TY L. 1EIRARO 099 54955 4 Týp PLUTARCH'S Life of Agesilaosm response to sources in the presentation of character (In Two Volumes) Volume Two by Donald Richard Shipleyp M. A. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Newcastle upon Tyne_ Department of Classics April 1990 0) CONTENTS VOLUME TWO PART SIX: CHARACTER CHAPTER 19: (2) Agesilaos at home 2 CHAPTER 20: Agesilaos' influence at Sparta 5 PART SEVEN: THE CORINTHIAN WAR CHAPTER 21: Games at Corinth contrasted with those at Sparta 20 CHAPTER 22: Retribution at Corinth: rehabilitation in Akarnania 27 PART EIGHT: THE PEACE OF ANTALKIDAS; PHOIBIDAS AND SPHODRIAS CHAPTER 23: Failures of Spartan justice: the'Peace of Antalkidas and the Kadmeia 37 CHAPTER 24: Spartan interventions in Thebes and Attika 54 CHAPTER 25: Negotiating the acquittal of Sphodrias 64 PART NINE: THEBES . CHAPTER 26: Growing unpopularity of Agesilaos 70 CHAPTER 27: The weakness of Agesilaos and Sparta: the Theban influence emerges 76 CHAPTER 28: Confrontation in conference and in battle 85 PART TEN: SPARTA CHAPTER 29: Spartans great in adversity 95 CHAPTER 30: A failure of nerve 102 PART ELEVEN: LAKONIA AND EPAMEINONDAS CHAPTER 31: Crisis in Sparta 110 CHAPTER 32: Epameinondas threatens Sparta 115 CHAPTER 33: The eclipse of Lykourgan standards 120 CHAPTER 34: Epameinondas again threatens Sparta 130 CHAPTER 35: Mantineia: Sparta isolated 139 i PART TWELVE: EGYPT AND DEATH CHAPTER 36: The humil iations of mercenary service in Egypt 145 CHAPTER 37: Agesilaos is accused of betrayal 152 CHAPTER 38: Agesilaos' generalship is not recognized 158 CHAPTER 39: Agesilaos reasserts his military superiority 161 CHAPTER 40: The final honours for Agesilaos 165 CONCLUSION 168 ENDNOTES 1: A survey of events leading to the choice of Agesilaos as king of Sparta (Chapters 1-3) 177 2: The proposed Karian expedition (Chapter 9) 182 3: The battle of Sardis (Chapter 10) 186 4: Sparta and the north (Chapter 16) 198 5: Narthakion (Chapter 16) 200 6: 06 JJAV6, \. \dl Kal (Chapter 23.4) 204 7: The trial of Sphodrias (Chapters 24-5) 205 8: Casualty figures at Leuktra (Chapter 28) 210 BIBLIOGRAPHIES (1) Works cited or of central importance 212 (2) Other works consulted 218 ii Corrigenda Please read: Volume Two Page: 20.11 Peisandros 21.3 organization 22.17 announcement 24.8 incompatible 27.29 peninsula 33.31 eastern Arkadia 34.16 The Achaians 38.1 Peisandros 44.6 Isaiah 49.1 seize 67.14 AWOV EVEKEV 67.18 , since 70.16 acquittal 70.27 interpretation 71.11 initiative 72.1 the innovatory strategy 73.8 Lykourgan 77.19 themselves may be 78.17 Erasistratos 104.30 Apophth. 117.17 (cf. P. A. Cartledge (1987) p. 164). 118.30 reliability 133.15 p. 10 n. ). 134.27 E606vou 141.6 (Diodoros XV. 89). 145.14 non-military 145.15 Ariobarzanes 146.27 Herodotos 153.14 support 156.9 apparently 180.8 Cunaxa 198-11 medizers 218.24 Phoenix 39 220.5 Harris 222.34 Travlos No# III PART SIX CHARACTER (Chapters 19-20) CHAPTER 19 (2) Agesilaos at home 5 tne! 51 dnEv6CFTIJOEV OrKQ5E, npoo(pLXýq PtV ýV EOOOq TOEq noXCTOLq tionEp K011 nEPC0xcnTO(; 6n6 TOO RCOU Kol Tý(Z 5LOCTIIC, - 6 oO y6p, of nXetGTOL T0V GTP0TnY(5V, KaLV6q tnovfiX0cv 6n6 Tfiq &eVflq, KaTO1KEKqXnPeVOq On' 6XXOTP(G)V 103V9 Kol 5UGKOXCM(vG)v np6q T6 OrKOL Kat CUYOPOY6V. In Hellenika Xenophon says nothing more about Agesilaos until at IV. iv. 19 he describes the attack on the territory of the Argives, who he had by then taken control of Corinth (HeIL IV. iv. 6). In Agesilaos (tK goes straight on to record this invasion as Agesilaos' next action deals 59 TOOTOU 11.17), without indicating the passage of time. Plutarch interval, has taken the with it in c. 21, and, perhaps to denote an opportunity of Agesilaos' return to Sparta -to comment on qualities relevant to the resumed domestic context. He has selected and Agesilaos. developed references found in several places in Xenophon's The first topic is Agesilaos' conduct at home as a private individual, him and the second, which occupies the next chapter, presents as a public figure. In the prepositional phrase, the nouns referring to be these two topics are in reverse order, D(oq being the Life to is written, UOLTa being the style of living, and the order again reversed in the following treatment. For the affection in which 6PYOVTa. Agesilaos was held cf. Xen. Agesilaos VI. 4: 5Ld 51 T6 (PLXEtY T6V Plutarch at this point appropriately praises Agesilaos as unaffected by service away from Sparta. The Athenian envoy at Thucydides 1.87 voiced the cultural dangers that Spartans faced in going abroad. For Agesilaos' rejection of Asia in favour of Spartan traditions, Plutarch could draw on Xenophon's judgements: IX6p&voq (5VT1 TOO PeVLOTOr. ENCIL tV Tt 'AOCQ1 OrKOL Td v6PLP(I PtV 6PYCLVp T6 v6ptpa U 6PYEGOOL and: OncGTAGOITO Tb TOO ntpoou &aCovEC9 (Agesilaos 11.16, IX. 1). 2 6XX6 6po(&)(; TOE(; pnE)r:, ncSnOTE T6v EOP6TUV E)LOREPTIK60L T6 nap6VTCI TtP6V KOC CFTePY(JV9 06 beEnvov JXXOECV, 06 XOUTp6v, oO Gepom(av YUVOLK6q, o6y 6nXG)V K6apov, 06K OCKCOq KOTCI(JKEU4V, dXXdl KOC Taq OOPOq 6ýOýKEV OGT(A)C, o6aaq aq)65pa naXaLdq (5q 50KEEV EZVOL TOOT01r, IKE(VO(Z (54; Inl0qKEV 'APLOT65TIpoq. 7 6 Ob5eV TL KQI T6 KdVVO0p6V (PlIOLv ---EVO(PG)V aEpv6TEPOV EZVOL Týq IKECVOU OUYCXTp6q ý T3V 6XXG)V. Xenophon treats Agesilaos' attitude to the pleasures of food and drink as part of a contrast with the King's expensive taste: A51wr, n(OL 45t(Jr. (16YOL (Agesilaos IX. 1). Agesilaos is above such pleasures: 'A, \Xdi PAV KaC (30M YE Aboval noXXOV KPWOOOLY div0p(Snov, notaq Olbe TLC 'Ayno(Xoov ATTnO&Ta; (Agesilaos V. 1). Xenophon stresses the simplicity of his house, the doors and the furnishings, his furniture, his sacrificial meals, and the carriage which takes his daughter to the festival: 6 52 OLITWC 6VTEGKE: U(3(YOTO T43V ONOV9 &FTE TOJTWV P115EV60, npoofttOOOL. Et 51 TLC TOOTO dnLGTEt, WTO PIV9 OrCI OIK(O 4PKEL 06TO, Oeoodoftft 59 Tdr. OOPOC U OedG(XGOaL 06TOCJI ... nELPdG()(a) TAV ZV50V KCITCIGKEU4V, tVVOIIGdT(A) Uj 6C tOO(VCICEV tV TaCC OUa(aLq, 6KOU06T(A) 51f, 6C ýnl nOXLTLK013 KCIVvdOPOU KCIT4EL E:Iq 'AptjK, \Q(; E)uy6TIlP 06TOD (Agesilaos VIII. 6-8). Plutarch has drawn extensively on Xenophon, not only for the carriage, but he has made it clear by the context that the reference is to contentment with the Spartan standards. Agesilaos is satisfied not to renew the old doors, installed by a legendary king, but for simplicity, rather than pride in their antiquity. For Xenophon, however, the stress is on the match between expenditure and income. 96 6VOP(X 'AynGLX6ou OUYOTPdq 6 ptv 013V --"EVOqZV Tfiq 06 YtYPQýXp KOC ALKCICOP)(Or, tnllyClVdKTTI(JEV (5(; PATE TýV 'AVTI(jt, \dou E)UYQTt'pa PATE TýV 'EnapELV(SV50U PnTtPa VLVCOGK(3VTCJVýPC)V* 10 APEtr, 69 EOPOIJEV IN TOE4; AOKG)VLKCltq 6VOVPCIWrq 6VOP(3COPtVnV YUVaCKCI P2V 'AyqatXdou KXEdpav, OUYC[TtPaq 61 EOnG)XCCIV KCIt np6OUyOlV. Antiquarian interest may be less significant here for Plutarch than the importance he attaches to details about members of Agesilaos' family, and especially the female members, perhaps brought to mind by the reference to the daughter's carriage. The prosopographical information is, however, potentially significant for hints of Agesilaos' political associates (P. A. Cartledge (1987) p-149). The daughters' names are not given at Xen. Agesilaos VIII. 7. Plutarch indicates that he had 3 access to archives of some kind at Sparta, but Xenophon says nothing about these. The inclusion of these names in archives suggests a domestic collection, perhaps reminiscent of those in Lysander's house. The digression on the absence from the tradition of the names of Agesilaos' close relatives was perhaps intended to contrast with the erection by others of monumental inscriptions from which such information could be obtained: it required special research to find these names tV TOCr, AOKG)VLKCIIC,dvaYPaw%, which reveals Plutarch's interest in the family, matching that of Agesilaos. 11 ECFTL 51 Kol X6y)(Tiv 16r:. tV CIOTOG KELPtVnV dypt VOV IV AC)KEbCICPOVL, PnblV T8V 6XXG)V 6LC1(PtpoUGaV. Again, the point is not the unique antiquarian value of the spear, but explicitly to show that what was on public display is exemplified by Agesilaos' very ordinary spear, a visual image with which Plutarch has rounded off the subject of Agesilaos' popular appeal through moderation in private self-advertisement, proving how ordinary the king's was. Xenophon contrasts the simplicity of Agesilaos' clothing with his concern for the army's equipment: KOE Y(5P &CXXXG)n(CETO Tt PtV dpýOt T6 GrJPa wu, \6TTITL, Tý) 51 6PCPI T6 crrp6TEUpa K6apQ, TO 51 OOTO(; PýV (5(; t, \a)(CCFTG)V 5ECOOQL (Agesilaos XI. 11). 4 CHAPTER 20 Agesilaos' influence at Spart In c. 19 Plutarch's moral comments arose from the point reached in the narrative. He described Agesilaos' influence on Spartan domestic life following his return home, advocating the gaining of respect and admiration without resorting to extravagant display and expenditure of wealth. Now Plutarch moves on to Agesilaos' influence in a more public context, and incidentally demonstrates the threefold nature of the Life, in which he interweaves the biographical element, the portrayal of Agesilaos' character, and the promotion of the moral values of Lykourgan Sparta. There is a series of five illustrations of Agesilaos' political influence, which focus on four named individuals and one anonymous group. The theme of extravagant display is continued from the previous chapter in the first of these.
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