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Download (20MB) YSGOL Y GYMRAEG, PRIFYSGOL CAERDYDD EFFAITH DAD-DDIWYDIANNU AR YRIAITH GYMRAEG YNG NGHWM GWENDRAETH TRAETHAWD A GYFLWYNIR AR GYFER GRADD PhD PRIFYSGOL CYMRU HYWEL BEFAN OWEN MAI2005 UMI Number: U584014 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI U584014 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying underTitle 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 DATGANIAD Ni dderbyniwyd y gwaith hwn eisoes o ran sylwedd am unrhyw radd ac nid yw’ncael ei gyflwyno arhynobryd wrfhymgeisio amunrhywradd. Llofiiodwyd... W ,9 ..û ^ ............................. (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad .. .. W./.OJ./.OS................. GOSODIAD I Mae’r traethawd hwn yn ganlyniad fy ymchwiliadau i fy hun, ac eithrio lle y nodir yn wahanol. Cydnabyddir ffynonellau eraill gan droednodiadau sy’n rhoi cyfeiriadau manwl. Atodir llyfiyddiaeth. Llofiiodwyd... o . o _ ÇLr*....................................(ymgeisydd) Dyddiad.. ...\\./.05./.QS............ GOSODIAD 2 Yr wyf yn rhoi, drwy hyn, ganiatâd i’m traethawd, os derbynir ef, fod ar gael i’w lun-gopîo ac ar gyfer benthyciadau rhwng llyfrgelloedd ac i’r teitl a’r crynodeb fod ar gael i gyrff allanol. Llofnodwyd. (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad. W./.os/.û s .............. CRYNODEB Bwriad yr astudiaeth hon yw ystyried effaith datblygiadau economaidd ar yr iaith Gymraeg yng Nghwm Gwendraeth yn ystod y cyfnod 1891-2005. Ar ddechrau’r cyfnod yr oedd yr ardal yn un amaethyddol ond erbyn diwedd y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg profodd yr ardal ddatblygiadau diwydiannol ar raddfa helaeth. Y lofa oedd prif gyflogwr yr ardal am bron i hanner canrif ac yr oedd yn ganolog i bob agwedd o fywyd y trigolion. Fodd bynnag, arweiniodd cau’r pyllau glo at ddiweithdra, digofaint ac amrywiol broblemau eraill. Nid oes bellach un prif gyflogwr a gwelir amryw o ddiwydiannau yn darparu cyflogaeth i drigolion Cwm Gwendraeth. Yn wahanol i’r lofa, nid y Gymraeg yw iaith naturiol nifer o’r gweithwyr sydd yn y swyddi hyn. Ystyrir newidiadau eraill megis y rhai hynny sy’n ymwneud â thrafiiidiaeth yn sgîl datblygiad yr M4. Trafodir cefiidir hanesyddol ac ieithyddol yr ardal a rôl allweddol Cwm Gwendraeth yn y cyd-destun cenedlaethol. Yn ogystal, bydd trafodaeth o’r hyn sy’n digwydd mewn gwledydd eraill sef Israel, Iwerddon, Gwlad y Basg a Chatalonia ar gyfer deall y cyd-destun rhyngwladol. Dadansoddir yn fanwl dystiolaeth Cyfrifiadau 1891 a 1901 ym mhlwyf Llan-non ar gyfer ystyried tueddiadau ar lefel meicro. Trafodir nifer o agweddau sy’n graidd i’r astudiaeth gyfan gan gynnwys tueddiadau mudo a phatrymau iaith o fewn y teulu. Ystyrir y rhwydweithiau hynny fu’n cynnal y Gymraeg yn yr ardal yn ystod yr ugeinfed ganrif. Bu lleihad yn eu pwysigrwydd ac yr oedd hyn yn cyd- fynd â dadfeiliad y diwydiant glo. Arweiniodd hyn at sefydlu Menter Cwm Gwendraeth yn 1991 sef y fenter iaith gyntaf yng Nghymru a thrafodir ei dylanwad wrth gynnal y Gymraeg yn yr ardal. Cynhaliais waith maes yn yr ardal drwy gyfrwng dosbarthu holiaduron a chynnal cyfweliadau dwys a chyflwynir dadansoddiad manwl o’r canlyniadau. Yn yr astudiaeth hon, rhoddir sylw i ardal sydd wedi profi effeithiau ôl ddiwydiannol niweidiol ond sy’n parhau yn un o gadamleoedd yr iaith, ac sydd yn allweddol yn yr ymdrechion i ddiogelu’r iaith Gymraeg. DIOLCHIADAU Yn ystod y cyfnod y bûm yn ymchwilio ar gyfer y traethawd hwn derbyniais gymorth gwerthfawr gan nifer o unigolion a hoffwn fynegi fy niolchgarwch i’r canlynol: Yr Athro Colin H. Williams, fy nghyfarwyddwr ymchwil, am ei arweiniad cadam, a’i anogaeth a chefiiogaeth gyson a chyfeillgar, Y Mri Cefin Campbell, Brin Davies, y Parchedig Elwyn Jenkins, Mrs. Deris Williams, a’r Cynghorwyr Eirwyn Williams a Terry Davies am eu parodrwydd i gael eu cyfweld ac am gyflwyno gwybodaeth ar faterion penodol. Prifathrawon a staff Ysgol Gynradd Cross Hands, Ysgol Gyfun Maes-yr-Yrfa ac Ysgol Gyfim y Gwendraeth am eu cydweithrediad parod, ynghyd â thrigolion yr ardal wrth gytuno i lenwi’r holiaduron fel rhan o’r gwaith maes. Yr Athro Geraint H. Jenkins, Cyfarwyddwr Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru a staff y Ganolfan, ynghyd â Dr Mari A. Williams am eu cymorth gwerthfawr pan dreuliais y cyfiiod Medi-Rhagfyr 1998 yn gwneud gwaith ar Gyfrifiad 1891 (Pennod 3) yn sgîl sicrhau ysgoloriaeth Syr Thomas Parry-Williams. Yr Athro Harold Carter; Staff Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru, Aberystwyth, Llyfrgell Prifysgol Caerdydd, Menter Cwm Gwendraeth, Mentrau Iaith Myrddin, Cyngor Sir Caerfyrddin a Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg. Yn ogystal, fy nghydweithwyr yn Uned Iaith Gymraeg Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru am eu cydweithrediad parod; dylwn ychwanegu fy mod wedi cychwyn ymchwilio a pharatoi’r traethawd tra’n fyfyriwr yn Adran y Gymraeg, Prifysgol Caerdydd a’i gwblhau yn fy amser ‘hamdden’ tra’n gweithio yn yr Uned Iaith, Llywodraeth y Cynulliad. Dymunaf bwysleisio nad yw’r sylwadau a gyflwynir yn adlewyrchu mewn unrhyw ffordd safbwynt swyddogol y Cynulliad Cenedlaethol. Hoffwn ddatgan fy ngwerthfawrogiad i'm teulu a ffrindiau am eu cefnogaeth, ac yn arbennig i'm brawd Tomos am ei sylwadau ar y llawysgrif. CYNNWYS Cyfrol 1 Tudalen Pennod 1: Cefiidir Hanesyddol ac Ieithyddol Cwm 1 Gwendraeth Mapiau 52 Pennod 2: Y Gymraeg mewn Cyd-destun 73 Rhyngwladol Pennod 3: Tystiolaeth Cyfiifiad 1891 ym Mhlwyf 125 Llan-non Pennod 4: Yr Iaith Gymraeg yng Nghwm 162 Gwendraeth 1891-1991 Pennod 5: Menter Cwm Gwendraeth: Y Fenter Iaith 199 Gyntaf yng Nghymru Pennod 6: Dadansoddiad o’r Gwaith Maes : 256 Strwythur yr holiadur, iaith yr aelwyd a sgiliau ieithyddol Pennod 7 : Dadansoddiad o’r Gwaith Maes : 286 Cyflogaeth, peuoedd cymdeithasol, cyfiyngau torfol a Menter Cwm Gwendraeth Ffìgurau (Gwaith Maes) 319 Pennod 8 : Diweddglo, Casgliadau a Thrafodaeth 340 Gyffredinol Liyfryddiaeth 371 PENNOD 1 : CEFNDIR HANESYDDOL A IEITHYDDOL CWM GWENDRAETH 1.1 Cyflwyniad a chefndir hanesyddol Pwrpas yr astudiaeth hon fydd asesu effeithiau dad-ddiwydiannu ar yr iaith Gymraeg yng Nghwm Gwendraeth gan ystyried y berthynas rhwng sefyllfa’r iaith â’r cyd-destun economaidd. Am gyfnod helaeth o’r ugeinfed ganrif, cynhyrchu glo oedd prif ddiwydiant yr ardal hon, a fu cyn hynny yn un amaethyddol. Yr oedd y diwydiant glo yn ei anterth yn cyflogi nifer sylweddol o weithwyr a’r Gymraeg oedd iaith y lofa a’r pentrefi lleol. Caewyd y glofeydd yn ystod ail-hanner y ganrif a phrofwyd effeithiau dad-ddiwydiannu ar y gymdeithas leol gan wanhau nifer o’r peuoedd traddodiadol fu’n cynnal yr iaith. Profwyd diweithdra a gorfodwyd i nifer o bobl ifanc galluog adael yr ardal gan gynnwys rhai a fyddai wedi datblygu i fod yn arweinwyr naturiol yn y gymuned. Mae hyn efallai yn egluro’r diffyg hyder yn gyffredinol ac yn benodol mewn perthynas ag agweddau ieithyddol. Ystyrir yn fanwl effeithiau’r newidiadau hyn ar sefyllfa’r iaith, yr ymdrechion i hyrwyddo’r Gymraeg ac ail- greu rhai o rhwydweithiau cymdeithasol-ieithyddol yng Nghwm Gwendraeth. Cwm Gwendraeth yw’r ardal yn sir Gaerfyrddin sy’n ymestyn o’r Mynydd Mawr, tua deg milltir i’r gogledd o dref Llanelli a tharddle afonydd Gwendraeth Fawr a Gwendraeth Fach, i Gydweli, lle mae’r ddwy afon yn ymuno cyn iddynt lifo i Fae Caerfyrddin. Cafodd elfennau daearegol ddylanwad sylweddol ar ddatblygiad hanesyddol yr ardal hon. Mae porfeydd cymharol ffrwythlon yn nyffryn y Gwendraeth Fach gyda’r ffermydd gwasgaredig yn canolbwyntio ar gynhyrchion llaeth. Datblygodd pentrefi bychan megis Porthyrhyd, Llangyndeym, Pontantwn a Llandyfaelog. Ar y llaw arall, mae gwythiennau glo carreg cyfoethog yn nyffryn y Gwendraeth Fawr. Yn sgîl datblygiad y diwydiant glo tyfodd o amgylch y glofeydd bentrefi mawr Cross Hands, Y Tymbl, Pontyberem, Pont-iets a Thrimsaran. Profwyd newidiadau economaidd a chymdeithasol aruthrol yn y pentrefí hyn gyda dirywiad ac yna ddiflaniad y diwydiant glo. Cliriwyd y tipiau ac olion eraill y 1 diwydiant glo. Ym mhen uchaf y Cwm, ger pentref Cross Hands, sefydlwyd ar safle’r gwaith glo archfarchnadoedd enfawr. Ger y Parc Busnes llewyrchus adeiladwyd ffordd osgoi sy’n ddilyniant o draffordd yr M4, gyda phegwn gorllewinol y draffordd ym Mhont Abraham, dair milltir a hanner i ffẃrdd i’r dwyrain. Amgylchynir y Cwm gan drefi Caerfyrddin i’r gorllewin, Llanelli i’r de, Llandeilo i’r gogledd ac nid yw dinas Abertawe ond rhyw bymtheg milltir i’r dwyrain o bentref Cross Hands (Map 1). Serch hynny, tra bod rhai o’r canolfannau hyn yn cynnwys niferoedd cymharol isel o siaradwyr Cymraeg ar sail tystiolaeth Cyfrifiad 2001, sef 13.4 y cant yn Abertawe, 42.9 y cant yng Nghaerfyrddin a 33.2 y cant yn Llanelli, yr oedd 64.95 y cant o boblogaeth Cwm Gwendraeth yn siarad Cymraeg (Aitchsion & Carter 2004 : 150-151). Mae’r ganran am Gwm Gwendraeth yn seiliedig ar ystadegau a gasglwyd am wardiau yn ymestyn o Gors-las yn y gogledd hyd at Gydweli yn y de. Fodd bynnag, canolbwyntir yn yr astudiaeth hon ar yr ardaloedd gogleddol lle mae niferoedd y siaradwyr Cymraeg yn llawer uwch. Mae’r ffaith bod bron i dri chwarter y boblogaeth yn medru’r iaith yn adlewyrchu safle’r ardal fel un o gadamleoedd y Gymraeg ac yn un sy’n rhaid ei gwarchod os yw’r iaith i oroesi yn y dyfodol. Ar sail ystadegau a gyflwynwyd mewn cyfrifiad blaenorol, dywedod Aitchison a Carter For the most part centred on the Gwendraeth and Amman valleys, this outlier distinguishes itself from other regions in south Wales by the high proportion of Welsh speakers.
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