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From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East
REVOLUTIONIZING REVOLUTIONIZING Mark Altaweel and Andrea Squitieri and Andrea Mark Altaweel From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East This book investigates the long-term continuity of large-scale states and empires, and its effect on the Near East’s social fabric, including the fundamental changes that occurred to major social institutions. Its geographical coverage spans, from east to west, modern- day Libya and Egypt to Central Asia, and from north to south, Anatolia to southern Arabia, incorporating modern-day Oman and Yemen. Its temporal coverage spans from the late eighth century BCE to the seventh century CE during the rise of Islam and collapse of the Sasanian Empire. The authors argue that the persistence of large states and empires starting in the eighth/ seventh centuries BCE, which continued for many centuries, led to new socio-political structures and institutions emerging in the Near East. The primary processes that enabled this emergence were large-scale and long-distance movements, or population migrations. These patterns of social developments are analysed under different aspects: settlement patterns, urban structure, material culture, trade, governance, language spread and religion, all pointing at population movement as the main catalyst for social change. This book’s argument Mark Altaweel is framed within a larger theoretical framework termed as ‘universalism’, a theory that explains WORLD A many of the social transformations that happened to societies in the Near East, starting from Andrea Squitieri the Neo-Assyrian period and continuing for centuries. Among other infl uences, the effects of these transformations are today manifested in modern languages, concepts of government, universal religions and monetized and globalized economies. -
Indo-Iranian Personal Names in Mitanni: a Source for Cultural Reconstruction DOI: 10.34158/ONOMA.54/2019/8
Onoma 54 Journal of the International Council of Onomastic Sciences ISSN: 0078-463X; e-ISSN: 1783-1644 Journal homepage: https://onomajournal.org/ Indo-Iranian personal names in Mitanni: A source for cultural reconstruction DOI: 10.34158/ONOMA.54/2019/8 Simone Gentile Università degli Studi di Roma Tre Dipartimento di Filosofia, Comunicazione e Spettacolo via Ostiense, 234˗236 00146 Roma (RM) Italy [email protected] To cite this article: Gentile, Simone. 2019. Indo-Iranian personal names in Mitanni: A source for cultural reconstruction. Onoma 54, 137–159. DOI: 10.34158/ONOMA.54/2019/8 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.34158/ONOMA.54/2019/8 © Onoma and the author. Indo-Iranian personal names in Mitanni: A source for cultural reconstruction Abstract: As is known, some Indo˗Aryan (or Iranian) proper names and glosses are attested in documents from Egypt, Northern Mesopotamia, and Syria, related to the ancient kingdom of Mitanni (2nd millennium BC). The discovery of these Aryan archaic forms in Hittite and Hurrian sources was of particular interest for comparative philology. Indeed, some names can be readily compared to Indo˗Iranian anthroponyms and theonyms: for instance, Aššuzzana can likely be related with OPers. Aspačanā ‘delighting in horses’, probably of Median origin; Indaratti ‘having Indra as his guest’ clearly recalls Indra, a theonym which occurs both in R̥ gveda and Avesta. This paper aims at investigating the relationship between Aryan personal names preserved in Near Eastern documents and the Indo˗Iranian cultural milieu. After a thorough collection of these names, their 138 SIMONE GENTILE morphological and semantic structures are analysed in depth and the most relevant results are showed here. -
Anatolian Civilizations.Pdf
P a g e | 1 ANATOLIAN CIVILIZATIONS: “From Hittites to the Persian Domination” Text written by Erdal Yavuz Anatolia, also called Asia Minor, at the Their center was Hattusas (in Boğazköy near crossroads of Asia and Europe, has been the home Yozgat) which will also be the capital city of the of numerous peoples during the prehistoric ages, Hittite kingdoms. with well-known Neolithic settlements such as Hattians spoke a language related to the Çatalhöyük , Çayönü, Hacılar to name a few. Northwest Caucasian language group eventually The settlement of legendary Troy also starts merged with the Hittites, who spoke the Indo- in the Neolithic period and continues forward into European Hittite language. the Iron Age. In the east and south east Anatolia, one of Anatolia offered a mild climate with reliable the earliest state builders were the Hurrians, and regular rainfall necessary for a regular entering the scene toward the end of the 3rd agricultural production. Besides the timber and millennium BC stone essential for construction but deficient in Hurrians occupied large sections of eastern Mesopotamia, Anatolia had rich mines, which Anatolia and later the Cilicia region (From Alanya to provided copper, silver, iron, and gold. Mersin including the Taurus Mountains) and had a Since the peninsula is a land bridge between strong influence on the Hittite culture, language and Asia and Europe as well as the Mediterranean and mythology. the Black Sea, trade to and from the region also had However the Hurrians lost all political and been important since the prehistoric times. All the cultural identity by the last part of the 2nd above particularities made Anatolia very attractive millennium BC. -
People on Both Sides of the Aegean Sea. Did the Achaeans And
BULLETIN OF THE MIDDLE EASTERN CULTURE CENTER IN JAPAN General Editor: H. I. H. Prince Takahito Mikasa Vol. IV 1991 OTTO HARRASSOWITZ • WIESBADEN ESSAYS ON ANCIENT ANATOLIAN AND SYRIAN STUDIES IN THE 2ND AND IST MILLENNIUM B.C. Edited by H. I. H. Prince Takahito Mikasa 1991 OTTO HARRASSOWITZ • WIESBADEN The Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan is published by Otto Harrassowitz on behalf of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan. Editorial Board General Editor: H.I.H. Prince Takahito Mikasa Associate Editors: Prof. Tsugio Mikami Prof. Masao Mori Prof. Morio Ohno Assistant Editors: Yukiya Onodera (Northwest Semitic Studies) Mutsuo Kawatoko (Islamic Studies) Sachihiro Omura (Anatolian Studies) Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Essays on Ancient Anatolian and Syrian studies in the 2nd and Ist millennium B.C. / ed. by Prince Takahito Mikasa. - Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 1991 (Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan ; Vol. 4) ISBN 3-447-03138-7 NE: Mikasa, Takahito <Prinz> [Hrsg.]; Chükintö-bunka-sentä <Tökyö>: Bulletin of the . © 1991 Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden This work, including all of its parts, is protected by Copyright. Any use beyond the limits of Copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic Systems. Printed on acidfree paper. Manufactured by MZ-Verlagsdruckerei GmbH, 8940 Memmingen Printed in Germany ISSN 0177-1647 CONTENTS PREFACE -
Manali Project Prospectus
Manali Project Prospectus Brief Overview and Areas for Further Research (April, 2017) Contents A. Description of Manali Project B. Overview of Story (as currently envisioned) C. Effort to Highlight Ways of Creating Unprecedented Culture Change, Cultivating Spiritual Wisdom D. Areas for Further Research A. Description of Project The Manali Project is a fictionalized account of three story lines taking place in a time period of from maybe 2080-2150. Hopefully, the story lines would highlight—through both dramatic and everyday circumstances-- 1) the positive possibilities associated with permaculture, appropriate technology 2) the humor associated with salvaging material culture from the previous “advanced” civilization --and share much about ways to create unprecedented culture change, and arrive at communities which integrate spiritual wisdom into the everyday circumstances of daily life. Note: (the name Manali is taken from the name of a town in India)…“Manali is named after the Sanatan Hindu lawgiver Manu. The name Manali is regarded as the derivative of 'Manu-Alaya' which literally means 'the abode of Manu'. Legend has it that sage Manu stepped off his ark in Manali to recreate human life after a great flood had deluged the world.” (Wikipedia) Questions which this fictional account seeks to explore include “what is wisdom?”, and “how does cultural transmission of wisdom take place?”. There will also be an effort to be realistic about what kind of material culture each of the three story lines have. Included below are some sources which I have identified as starting points for giving the three story lines authentic material cultures. However, this kind of writing involves more research than what I’ve done before, and so I’m looking for ideas about how to develop the material culture piece of it. -
Armenia and the Pontus
A r me n ia an d t he p on t u s BY E I R AM ARC D . S The Stat e of A rm e nia that is to be crea ted by th e Peace Co nference wi ll nat ura lly i nclude wi t hi nit s co n fi nes th e dis nd— l A t riet of Trebiz o the B lack Sea litt ora of rmenia . Ther e d in n n l i s t o be foun this regio a co siderab e Greek populat ion . V n l n . d l M r e iz e os , in the mem ora um on the t erri toria claims w S u d of Greece , hich he bmit te t o the Peace Conferenc e , advoca t ed that said district be incl uded in the pr opose d A — A n S tat e of Armenia . Greek rmenian com mi ssi o which held it s sessio ns in Pa ris has already agre ed upon a p lan which will insure the Greeks of Trebi zond full cu lt ural n \V e t n n and aut o om y . rej oice tha Arme ia Gre ek l eaders have thus laid t he foundation of an Arme no - Greek rap roch ement ld n and n p , which shou devel op i t o a clos e e during n friendshi p between the two ki dr ed races . Thi s paper has two purposes " (a ) To examine and det er t h e n and mine geographical , e th ographical , his torical eco nomic st atus of Po ntus and (b ) t o show tha t Pontus is an A n i nt egral part of rme ia . -
Egyptians Hittites Assyrians Babylonians Persians Seleukids
Egyptians Hittites Assyrians Babylonians Persians Seleukids Romans Language Cuneiform on clay Hittite cuneiform on Cuneiform Assyrian Aramaic, except to Royal Greek on papyri or Originals of high tablets. Int’l clay or wooden and Babylonian on temples, for which inscriptions in stone inscriptions, officials do not correspondence found tablets for state clay tablets. correspondence was Elamite, and some literary survive, but c. in Babylonian, letters. (Some on Aramaic on in Babylonian Babylonian, Old sources. Cities 9,000 copies Assyrian, Hurrian, and wooden tablets in parchment cuneiform Persian, & Egypt. could choose to survive of papyri Hittite, but mostly hieroglyphics.) discouraged, but hieroglyphs (cf. inscribe royal or inscriptions. Peripheral Akkadian. maybe used; none Esth 3:12). letters on stone. Greek and Latin extant. Admin. used for state Aramaic. correspondence. Records Armarna letters were Administrative “[N]othing much Unknown; Aramaic Depository room Archives of Little known, but Location? all (but one) found at rooms in Tapikka, can be said about letters on for Persepolis officials at different the commentarii, Tell el-Amarna and Hattusa (some in the original storage parchment no Treasury Texts. levels and of cities which had copies were likely kept in a temples), and royal and archival longer extant. Local archives and of associations. of hearings, records office. citadel Büyükkale. organization of the Cuneiform tablets kept by satraps. The kind had his official state found in temples Cf. Ezra 5:17- own royal archive. correspondence, & correspondence” Ebabbar of Sippar 6:2. imperial acts. (81). Most letters and Eanna of Uruk. found at Nineveh, not Assyria’s admin center. Authors Scribes trained in Trained scribes; Scribes trained by Trained scribes. -
Standing the Test of Time: Impact of the Sea Peoples on Phoenician Cultural Development
Standing the Test of Time: Impact of the Sea Peoples on Phoenician Cultural Development. By Marc Groenewald 26273706 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MA Ancient Languages and Cultures Faculty Humanities University of Pretoria Supervisor: Prof G. Prinsloo Co-supervisor: Prof W. Boshoff Submission Date: 08 November 2013 1 © University of Pretoria TABLE OF CONTENTS I. ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 10 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 16 EGYPT AND THE HITTITES............................................................................................................ 16 2.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 16 2.2 THE EGYPTIANS .................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1 Start of a Structured Society ........................................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Historical Sources on Egypt........................................................................................... -
Elamo-Hittitica I: an Elamite Goddess in Hittite Court 07 3
Samuel Jordan Center for Persian Studies and Culture www.dabirjournal.org Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review ISSN: 2470-4040 Vol.01 No.03.2017 1 xšnaoθrahe ahurahe mazdå Detail from above the entrance of Tehran’s fire temple, 1286š/1917–18. Photo by © Shervin Farridnejad The Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review (DABIR) ISSN: 2470-4040 www.dabirjournal.org Samuel Jordan Center for Persian Studies and Culture University of California, Irvine 1st Floor Humanities Gateway Irvine, CA 92697-3370 Editor-in-Chief Touraj Daryaee (University of California, Irvine) Editors Parsa Daneshmand (Oxford University) Arash Zeini (Freie Universität Berlin) Shervin Farridnejad (Freie Universität Berlin) Book Review Editor Shervin Farridnejad (Freie Universität Berlin) Editorial Assistants Ani Honarchian (UCLA) Sara Mashayekh (UCI) Advisory Board Samra Azarnouche (École pratique des hautes études); Dominic P. Brookshaw (Oxford University); Matthew Canepa (University of Minnesota); Ashk Dahlén (Uppsala University) Peyvand Firouzeh (Cambridge University); Leonardo Gregoratti (Durham University); Frantz Grenet (Collège de France); Wouter F.M. Henkelman (École Pratique des Hautes Études); Rasoul Jafarian (Tehran University); Nasir al-Ka‘abi (University of Kufa); Andromache Karanika (UC Irvine); Agnes Korn (Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main); Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones (University of Edinburgh); Jason Mokhtarain (University of Indiana); Ali Mousavi (UC Irvine); Mahmoud Omidsalar (CSU Los Angeles); Antonio Panaino (University of Bologna); Alka Patel (UC Irvine); Richard Payne (University of Chicago); Khoda- dad Rezakhani (Princeton University); Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis (British Museum); M. Rahim Shayegan (UCLA); Rolf Strootman (Utrecht University); Giusto Traina (University of Paris-Sorbonne); Mohsen Zakeri (University of Göttingen) Logo design by Charles Li Layout and typesetting by Kourosh Beighpour Contents Notes 1. -
Royal Inscriptions from Persepolis in Electronic Form Matthew W
oi.uchicago.edu THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE NEWS & NOTES SPRING 1998 ©THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ACHAEMENID ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS FROM PERSEPOLIS IN ELECTRONIC FORM MATTHEW W. STOLPER. PROFESSOR OF ASSYRIOLOGY GENE GRAGG. PROFESSOR OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND DIRECTOR OF THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE From 550 BC on, Cyrus the Great and his successors, the Persian structed narrative of Darius's triumph over his competitors for kings of the Achaemenid dynasty, conquered and held an em control of the empire, and it was not only addressed to posterity, pire on a scale that was without precedent in earlier Near East but also translated and disseminated to the conquered lands, and ern history, and without parallel until the formation of the an Aramaic version was copied out in Egypt about a century af Roman Empire. At its greatest extent, its corners were in Libya ter the text was composed. But the other inscriptions, for the and Ethiopia, Thrace and Macedonia, Afghanistan and Central most part, present the empire not as an accomplishment, the re Asia, and the Punjab. It incorporated ancient literate societies in sult of royal efforts, but as a divinely sanctioned order. Elam, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and elsewhere. It engaged the The characteristic that best represented this order was its di versity, which was in turn an expression of the empire's size. In I ~ 13DDO!lDC,lDcnIS I nybljc nm,'mms I I w< t?sjtc infocmali oo & SIlUj Sljcs I clIoyriyhl$ & pcn)Jjs.~ioos I ~ I a world where few people had seen maps, where area and dis I webs;l!! nllviegriQnal aid I tance could not be expressed in geometric figures, the most im pressive way of putting them in words was to name the many ACHAEMENID ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS people who served the king, and so some of the inscriptions give lists of subject lands, twenty, or twenty-three, or twenty-eight items long. -
Hittites and Hethites: a Proposed Solution to an Etymological Conundrum
JETS 54.2 (June 2011) 239–50 HITTITES AND HETHITES: A PROPOSED SOLUTION TO AN ETYMOLOGICAL CONUNDRUM !"#$%& '. ())** The name “Hittite(s)” appears forty-eight times in contemporary English Bibles, 1 stemming from the Reformation Geneva Bible published in 1560. All English translations prior to the Geneva Bible had “Hethite(s)” rather than “Hittite(s),” based on the Latin Vulgate. The Roman Catholic Douay English translation of the OT is the only modern English version to retain “Hethite(s)” from the Vulgate. 2 Should it be “Hethite(s),” “Hittite(s),” or a combination of חִ תִּי the two? Both names are Anglicized transliterations of the gentilic terms f. pl.) in the Hebrew Bible, which) חתִּיּ ֹת m. pl.), and) חִ ִ תּים ,(.f. sg) חִ ִ תּית ,(.m. sg) we shall examine in detail in this article. 3 There was a time when historians sco+ed at the name “Hittite(s)” in the OT since it was not known outside the Bible. 4 Archaeological discoveries in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Turkey, and Syria from the early nineteenth century on, however, have revealed an Indo-European group scholars have dubbed “Hittites” (as opposed to “Hethites”), who established an empire in Anatolia that became a major power in the ancient Near East. But a serious problem remains. The biblical references to Hittites living in Canaan appear to be unhistorical since there is no evidence—linguistic, historical, or archaeologi- cal—for a Hittite presence in Canaan. Kempinsky attempted to establish an early twelfth-century migration of Hittites to Canaan, requiring Abraham to be placed in the thirteenth-twelfth century BC, 5 but this scenario ,nds little support in the archaeological record. -
Mesopotamian Society Was a Man the TRANSITION Named Gilgamesh
y far, the most familiar individual of ancient Mesopotamian society was a man THE TRANSITION named Gilgamesh. According to historical sources, Gilgamesh was the fifth TO AGRICULTURE king of the city of Uruk. He ruled about 2750 B.C. E., and he led his community The Paleolithic Era in its conflicts with Kish, a nearby city that was the principal rival of Uruk. The Neolithic Era Gilgamesh was a figure of Mesopotamian mythology and folklore as well as his tory. He was the subject of numerous poems and legends, and Mesopotamian bards THE QUEST FOR ORDER made him the central figure in a cycle of stories known collectively as the Epic of Mesopotamia: "The Land Gilgamesh. As a figure of legend, Gilgamesh became the greatest hero figure of between the Rivers" ancient Mesopotamia. According to the stories, the gods granted Gilgamesh a per The Course of Empire fect body and endowed him with superhuman strength and courage. The legends declare that he constructed the massive city walls of Uruk as well as several of the THE FORMATION OF A COMPLEX SOCIETY city's magnificent temples to Mesopotamian deities. AND SOPHISTICATED The stories that make up the Epic of Gi/gamesh recount the adventures of this CULTURAL TRADITIONS hero and his cherished friend Enkidu as they sought fame. They killed an evil mon Economic Specialization ster, rescued Uruk from a ravaging bull, and matched wits with the gods. In spite of and Trade their heroic deeds, Enkidu offended the gods and fell under a sentence of death. The Emergence of a His loss profoundly affected Gilgamesh, who sought The Epic of Gilgamesh Stratified Patriarchal Society for some means to cheat death and gain eternal www.mhhe.com/ • bentleybrief2e The Development of Written life.