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Monitoring the Socio-Economic Impacts of Marine Protected Areas: 2019 Report

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Monitoring the Socio-Economic Impacts of Marine Protected Areas: 2019 Report Monitoring the Socio-economic Impacts of Marine Protected Areas: 2019 Report AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND MARINE social research Contents Contents ........................................................................................................ 2 Executive Summary ........................................................................................ 4 Section 1. Introduction and Background ................................................... 9 Section 2. Methodological approach ....................................................... 15 2.1 Rationale for methodological approach............................................... 15 2.2 Quantitative Data ................................................................................ 17 2.3 Qualitative Data ................................................................................... 18 Section 3. Socio-economic impacts on the Fishing Industry ................ 23 Section 3 A Quantitative data analysis: Fishing Activity and Employment Data ............................................................................................................. 28 3.1 Trends in overall fishing activity by Scottish vessels .......................... 28 3.2 Activity of Scottish Registered Vessels by ICES Rectangle ............... 28 3.3 Port Analysis ....................................................................................... 32 3.4 Activity of vessels fishing in MPAs before management measures .... 35 3.5 Employment data ................................................................................ 40 Section 3 B Qualitative analysis: Views and perspectives of key informants and stakeholders on the impact of MPAs .................................................... 44 3.6 Access to fishing grounds ................................................................... 45 3.7 Displacement ...................................................................................... 46 3.8 Diversifying .......................................................................................... 47 3.9 Effort .................................................................................................... 48 3.10 Stocks and landings ......................................................................... 49 3.11 Financial impact ............................................................................... 50 3.12 Changes in Employment .................................................................. 51 Conclusions ............................................................................................. 52 Section 4. Socio-economic impacts on other key industries ................ 55 4.1 Seafood Processing ............................................................................ 57 4.2 Aquaculture ......................................................................................... 59 4.3 Tourism and recreational activities...................................................... 62 Conclusions ............................................................................................. 65 Section 5. Wider Social Impacts on Local Areas .................................... 66 5.1 Engagement with the marine environment.......................................... 68 5.2 Community relations ........................................................................... 70 5.3 Trust .................................................................................................... 71 2 5.4 Understanding of Marine Protected Areas .......................................... 72 Conclusions ............................................................................................. 75 Section 6. Wider context ........................................................................... 76 6.1 Cumulative impacts ............................................................................. 78 6.2 Shortage of Crew ................................................................................ 79 6.3 Markets ............................................................................................... 79 6.4 Licence or quota .................................................................................. 80 6.5 Rural communities .............................................................................. 80 6.6 Environmental concerns ...................................................................... 81 Conclusions ............................................................................................. 81 Section 7. Case Studies ............................................................................ 83 Case study: South Arran ............................................................................. 84 Case study: Wester Ross ............................................................................ 88 Case Study: Loch Sunart to the Sound of Jura ........................................... 91 Case Study: Orkney .................................................................................... 94 Section 8. Compliance ............................................................................... 96 8.1 Data on MPA incursions and reports .................................................. 96 8.2 Interview results .................................................................................. 98 Section 9. Overarching conclusions ...................................................... 100 Section 10. Annexes ............................................................................... 102 Annex 1. Social Attitudes Survey Questions............................................ 102 Annex 2. List of Stakeholder Organisations Represented in Key Informant Interview ..................................................................................... 103 Annex 3. Key Informant Interview Guide .................................................. 104 Annex 4. Stakeholder Interview Guides .................................................... 107 Annex 5. General Public Structured Interview Guide .............................. 110 Annex 6. Business Structured Interview Guide ....................................... 112 Annex 7. Management Measures ............................................................... 114 Annex 8. Full ICES rectangle data analysis .............................................. 116 Annex 9. Landings for ports within port districts near MPAs – Percentage change and absolute values .................................................. 118 Annex 10. Number of vessels registered in port districts near MPAs ... 124 Annex 11. Employment data for all districts on the west coast of Scotland ....................................................................................................... 125 Glossary ....................................................................................................... 128 3 Executive Summary This report provides an assessment of evidence on the socio-economic impacts of Scotland’s Marine Protected Areas (MPA) since management measures were introduced in 2016. In 2019 Marine Scotland began gathering evidence for the second review of socio- economic impacts of Marine Protected Areas on a range of sectors, stakeholders and communities. These included the fishing sector, seafood processing, aquaculture and tourism. A combination of quantitative (analysis of fishing activity and employment data) and qualitative (in-depth stakeholder interviews) methods were used to identify changes in marine industries and communities, to understand the causes of these changes, and to determine whether these changes could be attributed to MPA management measures. Four case studies were conducted, based around five MPAs (South Arran MPA, Loch Sunart to the Sound of Jura MPA, Wester Ross MPA, Wyre and Rousay Sounds MPA and Sanday SAC) to illustrate the impact of MPAs in specific geographic areas. This review found that there had been localised positive and negative impacts on coastal communities and industries, associated with MPA management measures. Where impacts were felt, this was often due to a combination of factors, one of which was MPAs. Socio-economic impacts on the fishing industry The new measures adopted since 2016 as part of Scotland’s MPA process affect fishing activity in a number of MPA sites and could have knock on effects for wider seafood industries as well as other marine users. The commercial fisheries sector is most likely to be directly impacted by MPA management measures, as a number of restrictions are placed on the type of vessel and gear that can be deployed within an MPA boundary. Landings data showed that, in some areas, there were changes in landings after MPA management measures were introduced. Impacts were more apparent at the local level, and both positive and negative impacts were felt in different parts of the fishing industry. ICES rectangle analysis indicated decreases in trawled Nephrops landings and dredged scallops in some rectangles containing MPAs, while increases in creeled Nephrops and hand-dived scallops were also evident. Analysis of landings from trawl vessels which fished within MPA boundaries before management measures were introduced, suggested catch reductions of 25-35% from rectangles containing MPAs, with vessels found to compensate for this by fishing more heavily in other rectangles, without MPA designations. Total landings for these vessels remained the same, or higher, apart from those which had been particularly heavy users of the fishing grounds within MPAs, whose total landings reduced by
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