Development and Application of an Urban Geographic Information
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UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Development and Application of an Urban Geographic Information System for Traffic Safety by Dae-Won Kwon A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INTERDISCIPLINARY GRADUATE PROGRAM CALGARY, ALBERTA JULY, 2010 © Dae-Won Kwon 2010 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-69486-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-69486-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. 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Abstract The objective of this research is to develop an urban Geographic Information System (GIS) database and to apply spatial analysis techniques to traffic safety using the GIS database. This study begins with a literature review of the geocoding method for collision locations and of GIS applications to traffic safety analysis. In order to examine the currently available geocoding tools in GIS software packages, i.e. ArcGIS® 9.2 and GeoMedia® 6.1, an intersection-based geocoding method is applied to 281 manually selected sample collision records in the City of Edmonton’s Motor Vehicle Collision Information System (MVCIS). In order to overcome those deficiencies found during the geocoding test, a new approach for geocoding collision locations utilizing the Location Code is proposed. Using this approach, all collision records from 2006 to 2008 are successfully geocoded in the GIS environment. Using the collision GIS database, applications of spatial analysis in traffic safety are performed in the following areas; query analysis, raster-based analysis, and display analysis. These demonstrate that GIS can provide useful spatial analytical tools as well as display analysis results on maps. Most particularly, change detection using the kernel density estimation method and map algebra provides a tool with which to identify collision density changes around the study area. Finally, recommendations are offered for continued research in this area. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I thank my supervisor, Dr. Nigel Waters, for his continuous support throughout my graduate studies. Nigel was always there to listen and to give advice. Without his encouragement and constant guidance, I could not have finished this dissertation. I am also very fortunate to have Dr. Richard Tay as my co-supervisor, and offer thanks for his guidance on the study of traffic safety. In addition to my supervisors, I would like to thank the rest of my supervisory committee: Dr. Mike Boyes and Dr. Richard Levy. Special thanks to Dr. Lina Kattan and Dr. Shih-Lung Shaw for acting as my external examiners. I would also like to mention and thank Dr. Tom Keenan, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program Director, and Ms. Pauline Fisk, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program Administrator, for their support during my Ph.D. program. Thanks to Mr. Gerry Shimko and Dr. Laura Thue for employing me as a GIS traffic safety analyst in the City of Edmonton, the Office of Traffic Safety and for their support during my dissertation project. Also, thanks to all of the members of the Office of Traffic Safety and friends in Canada and Korea. My family deserves more mention than space allows. Without them, I would not have been able to complete this project. To my sisters, Yookyung and Yoohee, brothers- in-law, and nephews and niece, my greatest thanks for your continued support. Last, but not least, I thank my mother, Young-Geon Shin, for her patience and encouragement, and for inspiring me to pursue higher education. My mother gave me everything I have. Without her sacrifice and love, I could not have reached my present place. iv Dedication To my parents… v Table of Contents Approval Page..................................................................................................................... ii Abstract.............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................ iv Dedication............................................................................................................................v Table of Contents...............................................................................................................vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures.................................................................................................................... ix List of Symbols and Abbreviations ................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..................................................................................1 1.1 Background................................................................................................................1 1.2 Objectives ..................................................................................................................3 1.3 Outline of Methodology and Scope...........................................................................4 1.4 Organization...............................................................................................................5 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................7 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................7 2.2 GIS database development for traffic safety analysis................................................8 2.2.1 Geocoding Procedure ........................................................................................8 2.2.2 Accuracy and Precision of Geocoding ............................................................10 2.2.3 Linear Reference System and Use of GPS......................................................15 2.3 Types of Analyses for Traffic Safety using GIS......................................................18 2.3.1 Display / Query Analysis.................................................................................18 2.3.2 Spatial Analysis...............................................................................................19 2.3.3 Network Analysis ............................................................................................21 2.3.4 Raster-based Modelling...................................................................................22 CHAPTER THREE: A NEW APPROACH TO GEOCODING COLLISION LOCATIONS............................................................................................................25 3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................25 3.2 Study Area and Datasets..........................................................................................26 3.3 Evaluation of Geocoding Method............................................................................27 3.3.1 Location Information in MVCIS.....................................................................28 3.3.2 Geocoding Test................................................................................................33 3.3.3 Test Results and Discussion ............................................................................36 3.4 A New Approach for Geocoding Collision Locations.............................................54 3.4.1 Location Code and Reference Layer ...............................................................54 3.4.2 Geocoding results and discussion of the new approach ..................................63 3.5 Chapter Summary ....................................................................................................72