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GEOLOGY of the CANNONBALL FORMATION (PALEOCENE) in the WILLISTON BASIN, with REFERENCE to URANIUM POTENTIAL by A

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GEOLOGY of the CANNONBALL FORMATION (PALEOCENE) in the WILLISTON BASIN, with REFERENCE to URANIUM POTENTIAL by A GEOLOGY OF THE CANNONBALL FORMATION (PALEOCENE) IN THE WILLISTON BASIN, WITH REFERENCE TO URANIUM POTENTIAL by A. M. CVANCARA REPORT OF I VESTIGATION NO. 57 NORTH DAKOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY E. A. oble, State Geologist 1976 PREPARED FOR THE U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION GRAND JUNCTION OFFICE UNDER CONTRACT NO. AT(05-1 )-1633 GJO-1633-3 GEOLOGY OF THE CANNONBALL FORMATION (pALEOCENE) IN THE WILLISTON BASIN, WITH REFERENCE TO URANIUM POTENTIAL by A. M. CVANCARA UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAXOTA DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY GRAND FORKS, NORTH DAKOTA 58202 ~. REPORT OF INVESTIGATION NO. 57 NORTH DAKOTA GEOWGICAL SURVEY E. A. Noble, State Geologist 1976 PREPARED FOR THE U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION GRAND JUNCfION OFFICE UNDER CONTRACf NO. AT(05-1)-1633 GJQ-1633-3 COVER: Reconstruction of a shoreline of the Cannonball sea with the crab Olmaroc(11'cinus l117Iesoni Holland and Cvancarll, shipwonn-bored driftwood, and a small bivalve. Drawing by A. Cvancara.. CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT . 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2 STRATIGRAPHY ...................................... .. 2 D~f~itio~ and relationship to other rock units. .. 2 Dlstnbutlon 2 Lithology and sedimentary structures ........................ .. 8 Persistence of lithologic units 9 Contacts 10 Thickness ........................................ .. 10 STRUCTURE 12 PALEONTOLOGY . 13 Fossil groups . 13 Occurrence of fossils . 13 AGE AND CORRELATION 14 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS . 15 URANIUM POTENTIAL . 16 General . 16 Cannonball Formation .. 17 REFERENCES . 19 11LUSTRATIONS Figures Page 1. Geologic map of Cannonball Formation and adjacent rock units in North Dakota . 6 2. Sedimentary and organic structures, and exposures of Cannonball Formation in North Dakota . 7 3. Selected outcrop sections of Cannonball Formation and adjacent rock units in Grant and Morton Counties, North Dakota. 11 plates 1. Northwest-southeast cross section (Dunn to Grant Counties) of cannonball Formation in southwestern North Dakota ..... ..... (in pocket) 2. Southwest-northeast cross section (Slope to Oliver Counties) of Cannonball Formation in southwestern North Dakota . (in pocket) 3. Southwest-northeast cross section (Bowman to Morton Counties) of Cannonball Formation in southwestern North Dakota . (in pocket) 4. Isopach and sandstone percentage map of Cannonball Formation in North Dakota (in pocket) Table 1. Stratigraphic data of the Cannonball Formation . .. 3 ,.. ABSTRACT rep e ti tive progradation seaward with in tervening transgressive pulses. The The Paleocene Cannonball Formation presence of the crustacean burrow is a marine. non-lignitic-bearing clastic Ophiomorpha in well-sorted sandstones, sequence in the lower part of the Fort the sandy content and small size of Union Group. It is overlain by the foraminiferids of the mudstones, and the lignite-bearing Tongue River Formation in relative thickness of mudstones associated places and both overlain and underlain by with certain sandstones. suggests relatively the lignite-bearing Ludlow Formation in shallow water depths, perhaps about 100 places. The Cannonball crops out primarily fee t and less. in southwest-central North Dakota and Although uranium in the Williston probably occurs throughout the western basin has been found almost entirely in one-half of the state. It occurs also in lignite and nonmarine carbonaceous rocks. northwestern South Dakota and may its occurrence in the marine Cannonball extend into parts of Saskatchewan and Formation is possible. If the Cannonball. Manitoba. Poorly consolidated. very fine­ Ludlow, Tongue River, and Sentinel Butte to fine-grained, light to medium brownish Fo rma tions are at least partly yellow-weathering sandstone and Ugh t penecontemporaneous, a variety of gray-weathering. sandy mudstone are the depositional environments were in areal principal types of lithology. Mudstone jux tap osition during the Paleocene. generally predominates in North Dakota Streams originating or passing through whereas sandstone seems to predominate in coastal plain bogs could have carried South Dakota. The thickest recognized uranium ions (derived from volcanic sequence is 385 feet in the subsurface in materials) to the Cannonball sea where southeastern Hettinger County, North they were deposited syngenetically. Dakota; thinning generally seems to occur Epigenetic uranium may occur in away from this area except for another Cannonball mudstones or sandstones that thickening to the north in Dunn County directly underlie the Ludlow Formation. and possibly Ward County. The Cannonball which is known to contain volcanic is known to thin to 25 feet or less in materials. western Slope County. Rocks of the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary. including INTRODUCTION the Cannonball, generally dip about 10-20 feet per mile toward the center of the The Early Tertiary marine Cannonball Williston basin, except locally, where dips Formation, of less than 400 feet of may be less or considerably greater. medium and fme clastic sediments, is Principal macrofossils are bivalve and restricted to the center of the North gastropod mollusks and principal larger American continent. Recognized only in microfossils are foraminiferids. Specific age western North Dakota and northwestern assignments for the Cannonball vary from South Dakota, the Cannonball Formation early to late Paleocene. The Cannonball by defmition lacks lignite but is overlain sediments are interpreted to have been and underlain by lignite-bearing strata. This deposited adjacent to a lowland in a report summarizes the geology of the complex of environments, including tidal Cannonball Formation, the stratigraphy of flat. lagoon, beach, shoreface. and shelf which is based on previous surface Certain sandstones, underlain with information and recent subsurface data, gradational contact by sandy mUdstones. and evaluates its potential for uranium. are considered to ·be barrier island or regressive shoreline deposits. The ACKNOWLEDGMENTS occurrence of these sandstones at two or more stratigraphic levels in places implies This study was supported by part of 2 grant AT(05-1)-1633 from the u.s. Atomic exposures along the bluffs of this river in Energy Commission. The North Dakota Tps 132 and 133N, R88W, southern Grant State Water Commission provided County, North Dakota. In 1915, he and unpublished subsurface stratigraphic data Hares added R87W to the type area (pI. 4). for Dunn, Grant, Morton, and Sioux General stratigraphic summaries of the Counties. W. E. Fenner, graduate student at formation have been provided by Cvancara the University of North Dakota, kindly (1965, 1972), Hall (1958), and Lloyd and allowed me the use of his Cannonball Hares (1915), and discussions of the unit in foraminiferid occurrences in many of the specific areas have been given by many we 11s, which aided greatly in the workers (e.g., Carlson, 1973; Kume and stratigraphic correlations. C. G. Carlson, Hansen, 1965; Laird and Mitchell, 1942; North Dakota Geological Survey, provided and Lemke, 1960). useful aid and advice during the course of The Cannonball Formation and its this study. continental equivalent, the Ludlow Formation, constitute the lower part of the MATERIALS AND METHODS Paleocene Fort Union Group. Overlying formations of this group are the Tongue The cross sections prepared for this River and Sentinel Butte. Underlying the report (pIs. 1-3) are, with one exception, Cannonball-Ludlow strata is the Hell Creek based exclusively on recent unpublished Formation of Late Cretaceous age. and published subsurface data of the North Dakota State Water Commission because Distribution complete outcrop sections of the Cannonball Formation are rare. These In North Dakota, the Cannonball subsurface data, although based on Formation probably occurs throughout samples, are, in certain cases, difficult to most of the western one-half of the state use because of inconsistent or incomplete (fig. 1). It has been positively identified as descriptions. The datum for the cross far east as northwestern Kidder County, as sections is the top of the Pierre Shale. The far west as western Slope County, and as Cannonball interval in many of the wells far north as northeastern Bottineau County was identified with the aid of foraminiferid (pI. 4). It crops out primarily in the occurrences compiled by W. E. Fenner of south-eentral part of the state in the the Department of Geology, University of drainage of the Missouri River, mainly North Dakota. Contacts of the Cannonball along its western tributaries-the Heart and were changed in many instances from those Cannonball Rivers and Cedar Creek. placed by previous workers. The isopach Outcrops are sparse in the southwestern and sandstone percen tage map (pI. 4) is part of the state; in the Little Missouri based primarily on the same type of Water Valley, the unit is exposed as two, thin Commission data; about 70 control points brackish tongues (pI. 2, sec. 8; fig. 2H, I). were used (table 1). Mechanical logs were Small, scattered outcrops also occur in the not utilized because I am presently unable Souris River area. Elsewhere, the to consistently identify the cannonball Cannonball is largely concealed by younger interval from them. The system of bedrock, or glacial drift, or both. designating the legal description of well or In South Dakota, the Cannonball is outcrop localities is that used by the Water restricted to the northwestern part of the Commission. state in northeastern Harding (Bolin, 1956; Denson, Bachman, and Zeller,
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