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Screening Assessment Aromatic Azo and Benzidine-Based Substance

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Screening Assessment Aromatic Azo and Benzidine-Based Substance Screening Assessment Aromatic Azo and Benzidine-based Substance Grouping Certain Azo Solvent Dyes Environment and Climate Change Canada Health Canada May 2016 Information contained in this publication or product may be reproduced, in part or in whole, and by any means, for personal or public non-commercial purposes, without charge or further permission, unless otherwise specified. You are asked to: • Exercise due diligence in ensuring the accuracy of the materials reproduced; • Indicate both the complete title of the materials reproduced, as well as the author organization; and • Indicate that the reproduction is a copy of an official work that is published by the Government of Canada and that the reproduction has not been produced in affiliation with or with the endorsement of the Government of Canada. Commercial reproduction and distribution is prohibited except with written permission from the author. For more information, please contact Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Inquiry Centre at 1-800-668-6767 (in Canada only) or 819-997-2800 or email to [email protected]. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment and Climate Change, 2016. Aussi disponible en français Screening Assessment – Certain Azo Solvent Dyes Synopsis Pursuant to sections 68 or 74 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA 1999), the Ministers of the Environment and of Health have conducted a screening assessment on 22 Azo Solvent Dyes. These substances constitute a subgroup of the Aromatic Azo and Benzidine-based Substance Grouping being assessed as part of the Groupings Initiative of Canada’s Chemicals Management Plan (CMP) based on structural similarity and applications. Substances in this grouping were identified as priorities for assessment as they met the categorization criteria under subsection 73(1) of CEPA 1999 and/or were considered as a priority based on other human health concerns. The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS RN)1, Domestic Substances List (DSL) name, and Colour Index (C.I) name or common name of the 22 substances are presented in the following table. Identity of the 22 Azo Solvent Dyes in the Aromatic Azo and Benzidine-based Substance Grouping Colour Index name CAS RN DSL name or common name Solvent Yellow 1 or 60-09-3a Benzenamine, 4-(phenylazo)- p-Aminoazobenzene 60-11-7a Benzenamine, N,N-dimethyl-4-(phenylazo)- Solvent Yellow 2 2-Naphthalenol, 1-[[2-methyl-4-[(2- Solvent Red 24 85-83-6a methylphenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]- or Sudan IV Solvent Red 23 or 85-86-9b 2-Naphthalenol, 1-[[4-(phenylazo)phenyl]azo]- Sudan III Benzenamine, 2-methyl-4-[(2- 97-56-3a Solvent Yellow 3 methylphenyl)azo]- 101-75-7 Benzenamine, N-phenyl-4-(phenylazo)- 4-Anilinoazobenzene 103-33-3a Diazene, diphenyl- Azobenzene 495-54-5 1,3-Benzenediamine, 4-(phenylazo)- Solvent Orange 3 Solvent Yellow 14 842-07-9 2-Naphthalenol, 1-(phenylazo)- or Sudan I 1229-55-6b 2-Naphthalenol, 1-[(2-methoxyphenyl)azo]- Solvent Red 1 1 The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS RN) is the property of the American Chemical Society and any use or redistribution, except as required in supporting regulatory requirements and/or for reports to the government when the information and the reports are required by law or administrative policy, is not permitted without the prior written permission of the American Chemical Society. i Screening Assessment – Certain Azo Solvent Dyes Colour Index name CAS RN DSL name or common name Solvent Orange 2 2646-17-5 2-Naphthalenol, 1-[(2-methylphenyl)azo]- or Oil Orange SS 2653-64-7 2-Naphthalenol, 1-(1-naphthalenylazo)- Solvent Red 4 Acetamide, N-[4-[(2-hydroxy-5- 2832-40-8 Solvent Yellow 77c methylphenyl)azo]phenyl]- Solvent Orange 7 or 3118-97-6b 2-Naphthalenol, 1-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)azo]- Sudan II 5290-62-0 1-Naphthalenol, 4-[(4-nitrophenyl)azo]- Magneson II 2-Naphthalenamine, N-ethyl-1-[[4- 6368-72-5 Solvent Red 19 (phenylazo)phenyl]azo]- 3H-Pyrazol-3-one, 4-[(2,4- 6407-78-9b dimethylphenyl)azo]-2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2- Solvent Yellow 18 phenyl- 6535-42-8b 1-Naphthalenol, 4-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)azo]- Solvent Red 3 3H-Pyrazol-3-one, 2,4-dihydro-2-(3- 21519-06-2 hydroxyphenyl)-5-methyl-4-[[4- NA (phenylazo)phenyl]azo]- 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 7-(benzoylamino)- 4-hydroxy-3-[[4-[(4- 73507-36-5 sulfophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]-, compounds with NA N,N’-bis (mixed Ph and tolyl and xylyl)guanidine monohydrochloride- 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile, 5-[[4-[(2,6-dichloro-4- 73528-78-6 nitrophenyl)azo]-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]azo]- NA 2,6-bis[(2-methoxyethyl)amino]-4-methyl- 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile, 5-[[2-chloro-4- 85392-21-8 (phenylazo)phenyl]azo]-2,6-bis[(3- NA methoxypropyl)amino]-4-methyl- Abbreviations: NA, Not Available a This substance was not identified under subsection 73(1) of CEPA 1999 but was included in this assessment as it was considered as a priority based on other human health concerns. b This substance was previously assessed and concluded under the Challenge Initiative of the CMP. c Solvent Yellow 77 is also known as Disperse Yellow 3. The ecological assessment and the section 64 of CEPA 1999conclusions of this substance are deferred to the Azo Disperse Dyes assessment while the human health assessment for this substance is included in this assessment of Azo Solvent Dyes. Assessments to determine whether five of the Azo Solvent Dyes (Solvent Red 1, Solvent Red 3, Solvent Red 23, Solvent Yellow 18 and Solvent Orange 7) met one or more criteria under section 64 of CEPA 1999 were previously conducted under the Challenge Initiative of the CMP. Among them, one substance (Solvent Red 23) was concluded to meet the criteria set out in paragraph 64(c) of CEPA 1999. As outlined in ii Screening Assessment – Certain Azo Solvent Dyes the Notice of Intent for the Aromatic Azo and Benzidine-based Substance Grouping2, it was recognized that assessments and conclusions pertaining to some of the substances in the grouping may be subsequently updated as part of the current subgroup assessment. Specifically, significant new information has been identified to inform the ecological assessment of the Azo Solvent Dyes subgroup and the assessments for the five substances have been updated accordingly. Similarly, significant new information pertaining to human health has been identified for three of the five substances (Solvent Red 1, Solvent Red 3 and Solvent Yellow 18) and the human health risk assessments for these three substances have been updated. Solvent Yellow 77 (CAS RN 2832-40-8), also known as Disperse Yellow 3 is included in the Azo Solvent Dyes subgroup, which was established based on the similarity in physical-chemical properties of these substances. However, due to the use of Solvent Yellow 77 in textile dye formulation and textile dyeing reported under section 71 of CEPA 1999, the ecological assessment for this substance is deferred to the Azo Disperse Dyes assessment. However, the human health assessment for this substance, including exposure from its use as a textile dye, is part of the assessment of Azo Solvent Dyes. The section 64 conclusions of CEPA 1999 for this substance are in the Azo Disperse Dyes assessment. Azo solvent dyes are not expected to occur naturally in the environment. None of the 22 Azo Solvent Dyes were reported to be manufactured in Canada based on recent surveys conducted under section 71 of CEPA 1999; however, five of these substances were reported to be imported into Canada above reporting thresholds (during 2005 or 2008). Some of these substances were also identified as being used in products available to consumers in the Canadian marketplace. No measured concentrations in the Canadian environment have been identified for any of these substances. Environment Azo solvent dyes are generally hydrophobic substances that are sparingly soluble in water, with some monoazo substances in this subgroup having experimental water solubilities slightly above 1 mg/L. Given the import and use of five Azo Solvent Dyes in Canada above reporting thresholds, potential releases to the aquatic environment and to the terrestrial environment (via municipal wastewater sludge) have been estimated. When considering potential releases to water, sediment, and soil and the physical and chemical properties of these substances, it is expected that the Azo Solvent Dyes may remain in the water column up to their apparent water solubility limit, and may also 2 Canada, Dept. of the Environment, Dept. of Health. 2010. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999: Notice of intent to assess and manage the risks to the health of Canadians and their environment posed by aromatic azo substances which may break down to certain aromatic amines, substances which may break down to certain benzidines, and the corresponding aromatic amines or benzidines. Canada Gazette, Part I, vol. 144, no. 23, p. 1402– 1405. Available from: http://canadagazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2010/2010-06-05/html/notice-avis-eng.html#d101 iii Screening Assessment – Certain Azo Solvent Dyes ultimately partition to suspended solids, sediments or soil particles. Available experimental and modelled data regarding the abiotic and biotic degradation of the Azo Solvent Dyes indicates that these substances tend to persist in water, sediment and soil. In anaerobic environments (i.e., anoxic layers of sediments), there is the potential for these substances to degrade to aromatic amines as a result of cleavage of the azo bond under anaerobic or reducing conditions. Although there are limited experimental data available, information on the log octanol– water partition coefficients (Kow) and fish bioconcentration factors (BCFs) indicates that these substances are not likely to bioconcentrate or bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. These results were substantiated with modelled data that considered metabolism. All of the structurally related Azo Solvent Dyes (with the exception of CAS RN 73507- 36-5) are expected to have a common mode of action with respect to ecotoxicity (based on the reactivity of the amine, aniline, or phenolic functional groups) and thus the toxicity information for aquatic, sediment- and soil-dwelling organisms was applied to all of these 21 structurally-related substances.
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