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Further Frontier Work on the Bolivia-Brazil Northern Boundary Author(S): Herbert A Further Frontier Work on the Bolivia-Brazil Northern Boundary Author(s): Herbert A. Edwards Reviewed work(s): Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 45, No. 5 (May, 1915), pp. 384-402 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1779727 . Accessed: 28/12/2012 14:34 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Fri, 28 Dec 2012 14:34:13 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 384 FURTHER FRONTIER WORK ON THE meant to be a great German outpost from which, when the time came, they might have approached and isolated India. In the next place, he showed on the map that the most direct line of attack on England lay through Calais, and that although some said it was absurd of the Germans after they had failed on Paris to make their next attack on Calais, the Germans were acting on a simple geographical principle?they were taking the shortest road to London. We are also much indebted to Prof. Lyde, who always adds interest and instruction, and I may add entertainment to our evenings. By this time wc all know his views on the racial origin of the Prussian people. I regret we have not been happy enough to have Major Darwiu here to discuss how, by a better system of Eugenics, the Prussian stock may be moditied. But beneath Prof. Lyde's theory there does undoubtedly lie a fact which may give us some hope for that future to which we would fain look forward?a future of peace and good-will among men; and this fact is that the Prussian race and the German are essentially different. We may hope, there? fore, that in the future we may succeed in liberating not only Europe but also Germany from the burden of a military autocracy. FURTHER FRONTIER WORK ON THE ROLIVIA-BRAZIL NORTHERN BOUNDARY.* By Commander HERBEBT A. EDWARDS, R.D., R.N.R. (Retd.), F.R.G.S. In a former paper (May, 1913) I had the honour of presenting to you an account of the work that had been accomplished by the Joint Commission of Bolivia and Brazil on the northern boundary between the two countries during 1911 and 1912, and on August 6, 1913, the two Commissions met again in Manaos (river Amazon), and preparations were at once pushed forward to continue the exploration and delimitation of the frontier line of the rivers Abuna, Rapirran, and Madeira. In order to obviate the unavoidable errors in longitude inseparable from chronometric determina- tion under eircumstanees so inimieal to careful and satisfactory transport as those which confronted us, it was decided to attempt to utilize wireless telegraphic time signals from the powerful wireless station at Porto Velho. But as the position of Porto Velho itself was indefinite, our first work was to determine its longitude. For this purpose a survey party under Mr. Atkinson and Lieut. Mascarenhaes was sent forward to Porto Velho, whilst the main body of the Joint Commission camped at Point Ismail, near Manaos. By the courtesy of the Brazilian Government the wireless stations at Porto Velho and Point Ismail were placed at our disposal, and, after initial difficulties had been overcome, the position of Porto Velho was determined to be in lat. 8? 45' 33" S., long. 63? 54' 40" W. of Greenwich.f At the same time experiments were carried out by Mr. 0. C. Ohapman with a rough field set of receiving apparatus designed and made up by himself for use in the field, and on September 20, the * Royal Geographical Society, December 14, 1914. Map, p. 456. f See Appendix. This content downloaded on Fri, 28 Dec 2012 14:34:13 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions BOLIVIA-BRAZIL NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 385 Commission proceeded with all stores and instruments, on board one of the river steamers en route for Porto Velho. Leaving Manaos and pro- ceeding down the Rio Negro, after some hours' steaming we entered the river Madeira, one of the mighty afRuents of the river Amazon on its right bank, and steamed for nine days up this noble stream, calling at various stations on our way and passing the mouth of the "River of Doubt" (river Duvida), the source and upper courses of which have since then been brought within geographical knowledge by Col. Roosevelt and his band of adventurous pioneers. I may say that the Duvida is one of the many large tributaries of the Madeira, which are still unmapped and unexplored to their sources, though some portion of each river, from its mouth upwards, is more or less known to the local settlers and seekers after rubber, whose search for new and virgin trees never ceases and is carried into regions of the forest remote from the main routes. Unfor? tunately for geographical science, these pioneers are not equipped with even simple mapping outfit, and seldom, if ever, do they return with any sort of intelligible map or sketch of the country they pass through, or of the rivers they navigate by canoe and raft. The navigation of the river Madeira itself is open to ocean steamers as far as Porto Yelho, some 1500 miles from the ocean, during high water, and to river steamers of light draught all the year round, though great caution is necessary in following the tortuous channels of its upper course during dead low water. Porto Velho, the base of that wonderful forest railway, the Madeira Mamore, stands 2 or 3 miles below the first of the series of magnificent rapids and falls which make the river unnavi- gable above here, and is, of course, quite a considerable little town, with bungalows, engine shops and sheds, warehouses, some stores and shops, an hotel, and a wireless station in daily communication with Manaos. Here we received every kindness and assistance from the genial Dr. Kesselring, the manager of the railway, and his assistants. Our stores, instruments, launches, and canoes, etc, were landed from the steamer and transported by rail to Abuna, a station on the frontier, to which place we followed, leaving behind us at Porto Velho an observation party, under the charge of Mr. Atkinson and Lieut. Rabello Leite, with instructions to send time signals by wireless to us nightly at a specified time. Arrived at Abuna, our motor launches and canoes, fitted with motor godilles or auxiliary engines, were soon put together, our stores loaded up, and early in October a base was established at the island and falls of Fortaleza, some few miles up the Abuna river. At this point there is a break in the level of the river, the upper waters standing some 40 feet above the lower, and joining them by means of a narrow rocky channel gorge some 200 yards long, through which the water rushes with terrific speed, dashing from level to level with tremendous force and a great roaring noise which is unceasing and can be heard some distance away. The rocks are of beautiful red granite, worn smooth as velvet by the friction of the waters, This content downloaded on Fri, 28 Dec 2012 14:34:13 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 386 FURTHER FRONTIER WORK ON THE and in the watercourse are huge boulders, against which the water dashes, foaming and spraying the rocks on either side. No canoe or boat of any kind can live in the falls, even at high river, and we had to unload every? thing on the lower side, and carry it up the rocky portage across to the upper waters. Then by means of a winch and wire rope, which we had provided, we hauled our launches, canoes, etc, bodily out of the water on to special rollers, dragged them up the steep incline, across the level summit of the island, and then down again into the upper pool of the Abuna. Six days were occupied on the work of transportation from the lower to the upper level, and the nights were spent in testing and improving our field wireless receiving set, which we rigged up here for the first time under service conditions. The aerial wire was stretched across the upper level from a tree to a special pole, and we were delighted to find that we were able to hear the Porto Velho signals quite distinctly. By October 14 all stores, etc, were sorted out, the launches and canoes loaded and in the water above the falls, and we were able to start on our journey up-stream. Each commission had its own launch, 30 feet long, driven by a kerosene motor engine, and also a large native canoe, to which was fitted a petrol-driven motor godille. The Bolivian Commission had also a 30-foot steel lighter, which was towed alongside the launch; and both parties had several small specially built punts and canoes towing astern.
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