Itto Fd 33195 Ecological, Social and Economic
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ITTO FD 33195 ECOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF INCREASED HARVESTING OF LESSER-USED SPECIES (LUS) (^Oof^. S^'^p^I(Bam'L ^^^^.I^ , ^., ^^, , *;. J , ^ ~< i. \;,."\,. I eq I ~, ,. ^., ^^ . .. ,,* ,;;.^. .~ ,. ". ,.* .,,. * !;, #,. ^,*. C ~^I\ f, r"" .re* A 1<n '-*! .\;-}!s" I "L " 6 2 ,.,,,* 'b. * *~ ~. * -.~ .. .,._ .,._,.=,.- ..,. ...,*--..-~ ,;~ .,;.,.*."..,~-~J. >'\ .'.;.' '.'t' "-~'., ' ., * . I~ , :*-. * , .^ * ,, , * . :,.;'; '-..,,:- 'L. ": " ~ , .-^.:-',.... ".'^'\* .\'*:;;.-' , ' ,,,,,.,... ,'*;';*~.,-I. J :;;>".*' ' a. ,^^!'~; E, ,;- .'*"" \J ."*";;'I. + .,, ":a, .t!;*'. --et'.'.\. .. e +~,. I. -*, ~:,:, t's~,*.; .'- , ' ,,*p-- . , * ,.. , By Appian, S. K. , Sjisi-Wilson, E. , Agyeman, V. K. , Onsin, G. and Binkorang, G. 'Timber Export Development Board (TEDB), Takoradi 'Ministry of Lands and Forestry (MLF), ACcra 'Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), KonTasi Forestry Consultant Table of Content Page Chapter One I .O Introduction I . I Objectives, Scope and Methodology 2 I .2 Forest Resources of Brazil 3 I .3 Forest Resources of Peru 4 I .4 The General Structure of Timber Industry in both Brazil and Peru 6 Chapter Two 2.0 Ecological Impacts if Logging and Harvesting 8 2. I Logging Experience and Studies 8 2.1. , Impacts of Harvesting on the Forest Ecology 10 2.1.2 Logging Damages 12 2.1.2.1 Effects on Canopy Cover 13 2.1.2.2 Logging Yields and Associated Harvesting Damage 14 2.1.3 Regeneration in Logged forest 15 2.14 Vine Abundance and Density 17 2.1.5 Micro Habitat Changes Following Logging 18 2.1.6 Effects on Other Biodiversity 22 2.2 Ecological Impacts of Increased Commercial Logging 22 2.21 Brazilian Situation 23 22.1. I Canopy Opening 23 2.2.1.2 Logging Disturbance to Trees 24 2.21.3 Ground Area Disturbance 25 2.2.1.4 Flora and Fauna 26 2.2. I .5 Biodiversity 27 2.2. I .6 Fire 28 2,217 Forest Health 29 2.22 Peruvian Situation 31 222.1 Impacts 31 22.3 Other Studies on Mitigating Ecological Impacts of Increased Harvesting Timber 33 Chapter Three 3.0 Social Perspectives of Increased Utilisation of Lesser Used Special(LUS) 36 3. I Experiences from Brazil 37 31.1 household Economy and Income Distribution 39 3.1.2 The role of Logging in The household Economy 40 3.2 Experiences From Peru 42 32.1 The Alexander Von Humboldt National Forest Activities 42 3.3 SOCio-Cultural Charateristics of some Forest Dependent Communities 44 3.4 Common Rights of Traditional Forest-Based Communities 45 3.4 Some factors Affecting the Harvesting and Use of Non-wood Forest Product(NWFP)/Non Timber Forest Products (N'TFP) 49 3.6 Other Social Perspectives of the utilisation of New Species 51 3.6. I An Examples from Peru 51 3.6.2 Examples from Brazil 53 Chapter Four 4.0 Economic and Trade Related Aspects of Increased Utilisation of Lesser Known (LUS) or Lesser Used Species (LUS) 55 4.1 The Timber Industry in Brazil 55 4.1. I Logging Investments 57 4.1.2 Investment for Transport of Logs from Forest to Mill Mechanisms for Transporting 61 4.1.2.1 Terra Firme Transportation 61 4.1.3 Processing of Timber: Choice of Technology and Productivity 63 4. I .3. I Wood Processing in Small Mills 62 4.1.3.2 Wood Processing in Medium-sized Mills 64 4.1.3.3 Wood Processing in Veneer and Plywood Factories 68 4.1.4 Productivity and Resources Transfer to Various Stakeholders 71 4. I .4. I Timber Raw Material Costs 71 4.1.4.2 Cost of Capital 74 4.1.4.3 Cost of Labour 74 4.1.4.4 Cost of Transportation 75 4.1.4.5 Cost of Energy 75 4.1.4.6 Prices of Products 75 4.1.4.7 Changes in Technology 76 4.1.4.8 Marketing Channels 76 4.2 Timber Processing in Peru 76 42.1 A General Industrial Outlook 78 4.22 Lessons From ITTO Project PD 37188 Rev 3 (1)- Industrial Utilisation of New Tropical Forest Species (phase I and 11) 80 4.3.3 Economic Impacts of Increased Utilisation of LUS/LKS 84 Acknowledgements Pages of Appendix List of Tables Page I .2 Area under Forest, Cleared of Forest and Disturbed by Forest Clearing in the Brazilian Amazon, 1988 in square kilometres 4 2.0 Charateristics of Timber harvest in three Logging Operations in the Paragiminas region of Eastern Amazonia 11 2.1 Damage caused in wood extraction in three Logging Operations in the Paragominas region of Eastern Amazonia 12 2.2 The Parameters used to evaluate the ability of Timber species in the Brazilian Amazon to persist in the fact of Logging 19 3.4 Extractive Reserves in Brazil 46 3.5 NWFP Production from "Extrativism" in Brazil in 1992 47 3.6. I Abundance of species in Residual 52 3.62 Assessment and Ranking of some selected primary Forest Species according to social needs and indigenous Knowledge 51 3.6.3 Assessment and Ranking of selected secondary Forest Species according to social needs and indigenous Knowledge 52 36.4 54 41.1 Cost of Production in Varzea and Terra Firme Operations 58 4.1 .2 Estimates of Logging and transport costs during one LoggingL Ithh season involving t' the f9200'f harvesting of 9200m of round logs in the Paregominas region of eastern Amazonia 60 4.13 The Comparative cost (Us$) of log transport using rafts, barges and trucks forthe requirements of a typical bandsaw type milllocated lookm from the timber source and requiring 10200m' of rounding year' (lower Amazon River and Estuary)' 62 4.14 Cost Structure and profitability in small sized, family Operated circular saw in the lower Amazon River and Estuary 65 4.15 The effects of timber source (terra firme vrs Varzea), transport mode, and market destination on production costs and profitability for a bandsaw milllocated in the lower Amazon River and Estuary 69 41.6 Annual Costs and profits for a large veneer/plywood mill In the Amazon estuary 70 4.17 Timber Species, Extraction Technology, Costs and yields By price class, 1995 72 42.2 List of New Species tested industrialIy under project PD 37188 Rev (1) 83 4.31 Likely Economic inputs of increased utilisation of Lesser Known/Lesser Used Species. (BRAZIL) 87 4.3.2 Likely Economic Impacts of increased utilisation of Lesser Known/Lesser Used Species (PERU) 88 List of Figures Map of the Vegetation Zones of Peru 5 Schematic presentation of vegetation types where timber harvested in Brazil 9 Pages of Appendices Appendix I. .. Madeiras Tropicals Brasileiras (Classified List of Timber Speices of Brazil) (i) Appendix 2 ... New species of Peru (x) Appendix 3 ... Estimates of Transportation Cost, Para Brazil (xi) Appendix 4 ... Wood Processing Mills Classified Based on Technology, type and Size In three Municipal Location of Brazil (XIIi) Appendix 5 ... ITTO Project No. P033195 Impacts Of Increased Utilization of Lesser Known Species (LKS)(Letter of Enquiry on impacts of increased utilization of LUS) (xv) ,, Wood-based panel products do represent one way of utilising the right secondary (;,. 05;L, !<. 5; newly commerciali5'ed etc) species, because primarily they offer a way of turning attention from the individual identit of the s Is In favour of presenting the consumer with another kind of_I^. r^ meetin a market err rinanc s ecification. Greater market intelligence and competition are pointing more toward specialist boards overlaid or otherwise treated and again this offers ways of using secondary species, (LUS) " * Preydell, G. J. (1972) " Increasing the utilization of secondary species through the manufacture of wood-based panels"(A Paper submitted to The seventh World Forestry Congress, Buenos Aires Argentina, 4- 18 October 1972) 7.0 Introduction While it is widely acknowledged that the harvesting of timber in general has some potential ecological, social, environmental as well as trade/economic impacts, it is also believed that such impacts can be reduced to a large extent by the implementation of environmentally sound harvesting practices. As in many areas of the world, species initially regarded as weeds have become valuable sources of raw material. The increased utilisation of these previously disregarded species is seen by many as a way to make the management of forest more valuable economicalIy, since increasing the volume removed generates more revenue per hectare (Sarre 1995)'. According to the annual review and assessment report on the world tropical timber situation of 1996 (ITT0 1997)', as analysed by (Pulkki 1997)', out of a total of 19 country summaries in this report, 11 make reference to initiatives to improve utilisation of currently under utilised or lessenknown species for veneer logs and sawlogs. Indeed, where logging intensities are low, under utilised species may be a good source of additional log volume (Yeom, 1984)'. However, for most forest, increased logging intensity can lead to greater disturbance (Wagner and Cobbinah, 1993)' and thus lead to reduced yields in subsequent cutting cycles and unsustainable forest management (FAO, 1989)'. In the view of Jonsson and Lindgren (1990)', any re-entry to a piece offorestland prior to the full rotation in order to harvest a species which becomes commercially attractive in the meantime ought to be prohibited. These and other issue such as the existence of only a thin line of differentiation between the categorisation of most naturally growing timber trees species as primary, preferred or choiced timber on one hand and others ' Sarre, A (1995) Opening the door to Lesser Used Species. (ITFO) Tropical Forest Update 5(2):I ' ITF0 (1997) Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. Yokohama, Japan 125 pp. ' Pulkki R. E (1997) Literature review and summaries on logging impacts in non-coniferous tropical forests; with concentration on logging intensity, cycles and waste and residual stand and site darne.